December 2018 · The Teaching Ministry of Jay Mack

Af – The Oppression of Isra’el 1: 8-22

The Oppression of Isra’el
1: 8-22

Isra’el’s blessing, however, became Pharaoh’s problem. The new king, who did not know about Joseph, was Ahmose, who expelled the Hyksos invaders from Egypt and founded the Eighteenth Dynasty, which was probably the most brilliant age in all Egyptian history. The Eighteenth Dynasty lasted from 1570 to 1090 BC, beginning as Egypt reached its height of glory and ending in one of its weakest positions. Egyptian history will not tell what caused its downfall from such glorious heights. But ADONAI explains it in great detail here in the first third of Exodus. Ahmose did not want the Israelites to become so strong and numerous that they might win their freedom by joining forces with the Semitic Hittites and fight against Egypt. Pharaoh’s plan of oppression had three phases, each more ruthless than the one before it.³

Already at this early stage we see the real antagonist in the book of Exodus, which will become much more pronounced later on. This is not a battle of Isra’el versus Pharaoh, or even Moses verses Pharaoh, but of ADONAI verses Pharaoh. The Egyptian king, as we will see in the following chapters, is presented as an anti-god figure; he repeatedly places himself in direct opposition to God’s redemptive plan, and this behavior is already anticipated here. Pharaoh’s sin was not simply making slaves of God’s people. This is merely his solution to get at a much more basic problem: The Israelites are becoming too numerous, and are as such, a possible military threat to Egypt.⁴When he tried to reduce their number even though the LORD said He would make them very fruitful (Genesis 17:6), he violated universal spiritual principles: Anyone who chooses to be a friend of the world becomes an enemy of God and it is a dreadful thing to fall into the hands of the living God (James 4:4 and Hebrews 10:31).

David Mack2021-12-18T12:16:28+00:000 Comments

Ae – The Descendants of Jacob Numbered Seventy in All 1: 1-7

The Descendants of Jacob Numbered Seventy in All
1: 1-7

Parashah 13: Sh’mot (Names) 1:1-6:1
(See the commentary on Deuteronomy, to see link click Af – Parashah)

The Key People are descendants of Jacob, a new Pharaoh, midwives, Moshe, Mariam, Zipporah, Pharaoh’s daughter, and Jethro.

The Scenes include Egypt, Midian, and Mount Horeb in Sinai.

The Main Events include Jacob’s family multiplying, enslaved in Egypt; baby Moshe hidden in a basket, rescued, raised in the palace of the king of Egypt, killing an Egyptian, fleeing to Midian, and marrying; God’s call from the burning bush, identified as YHVH; staff, signs, wonders, and Aaron as spokesman; the first encounter with Pharaoh and tougher slavery without straw for bricks.

In the book of Exodus, we see the history of the children of Isra’el progress from being a family of a couple of hundred who descended into Egypt, to becoming a nation of about three million strong. The themes of exile and redemption come to the forefront. We learn that the first generation of Israelites to live in Egypt died. Then a new king arose over Egypt, who did not know of Joseph. That king put the children of Isra’el under harsh servitude. This was done in fulfillment of God’s promise to Abraham when He said that He was going to take his descendants down to Egypt to be foreigners in a land that is not theirs. They will be slaves and held in oppression there four hundred years (Genesis 15:13).

Moshe, the human author, opens the book of Exodus with the Hebrew word and, or waw. This conjunction is not reflected in most English translations. It is, however, important to recognize its existence because it connects the exodus story to the preceding material of Genesis. The first six words of Exodus are the same exact words of Genesis 46:8. And these are the names of the sons of Isra’el who went to Egypt with Jacob, each with his family (1:1). The names do not appear in order of birth, but according to their respective mothers. The children of Leah and Rachel come first, and then the children of Bilhah and Zilpah. They are listed as: Ruben, Simeon, Levi and Judah; Issachar, Zebulun and Benjamin; Dan and Naphtali; Gad and Asher (1:2-4).

The descendants of Jacob numbered seventy in all. The Hebrew readers would have immediately noticed that there were only eleven tribes listed above, so the writer now explains that Joseph did not enter the land with Jacob because he was already in Egypt (1:5). But seventy is merely a symbolic figure (see the commentary on Genesis, to see link click Km – All Who Went to Egypt with Joseph Were Sixty-Six in Number). The daughters-in-law and others were not numbered among the seventy. Thus the number of people who accompanied Jacob to Egypt must have amounted to hundreds, at least.

These verses bring the reader up to date. Now Joseph and all his brothers and all that generation died (1:6). It appears that there is no real leadership of Isra’el after the deaths of the twelve sons of Jacob. We find no key names between them and the rise of Moses four centuries later. From a human perspective, they seem to be in real danger of being absorbed by the Gentiles and disappearing. Nevertheless, Isra’el remained distinct and multiplied greatly, growing from about two hundred people to approximately two million.

But the Israelites were fruitful and multiplied greatly and became exceedingly numerous, so that the land of Goshen was filled with them (1:7). All five verbs Moshe uses in this verse remind us of the command to be fruitful and increase in number in Genesis 1:28 and 9:7. Moses does this to show that YHVH had blessed the Hebrews in Egypt. ADONAI’s promise to Abraham was that He would make his descendants as numerous as the stars of the sky and as the sand on the seashore (Genesis 22:17). Therefore, even though it was many centuries after the promise had been given, God kept His promise to Abraham. He always does His work according to His own timetable.

David Mack2021-12-18T12:07:11+00:000 Comments

Ag – Then a New King Who Did Not Know Joseph Came to Power 1: 8-14

Then a New King
Who Did Not Know Joseph
Came to Power
1: 8-14

Then a new king who did not know Joseph came to power DIG: How could someone rise to power in Egypt and not know about Joseph? Why is the story of Egypt’s rule over Isra’el tied to the story of Joseph’s rule over Egypt (and God’s rule over Joseph)?

REFLECT: The Psalmist lamented when he saw the prosperity of the wicked compared to his own trials, until he entered the sanctuary of God; then he understood their destiny (Psalm 73:17). When the ungodly seed of the serpent is oppressing you, do you recognize him for who he is? Or do you blame God?

Then a new king from another dynasty, who did know Joseph, came to power in Egypt (1:8). As prime minister, Joseph had risen to second in command in Egypt. Only Pharaoh was greater. But there was not merely a change in pharaohs, there was a change in dynasties altogether. Ahmose was the new Hamitic king, and the first king of the Eighteenth Dynasty. He hated the Semites, and he threw out the Hyksos rulers (see the commentary on Genesis, to see link click Jv – Joseph as Prime Minister). As Stephen pointed out in his speech before the Sanhedrin: Then another king, who knew nothing about Joseph, became ruler in Egypt (Act 7:18). This Greek word in the Septuagint for another is heteros, and means another of a different kind. So this was not a Hyksos king, he was a different kind of king. He was an Egyptian king, who overthrew the hated Hyksos that ruled Egypt during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Dynasties.

After Ahmose had gained control of Egypt, what would he do with the Semites who were now in the land as a result of the Hyksos rule? Some Semites he expelled from the land (such as the Hyksos), but other Semites he enslaved. So under the rule of Ahmose, the enslavement of Isra’el began. Notice that mose is the particular name for the Eighteenth Dynasty.

Pharaoh did not trouble himself with the past, and did not want to remember the good things that Joseph had done for Egypt, nor did he feel any indebtedness to him or his descendants. So the new king of the new dynasty spelled out the problem when he said: Look, the Israelites have become much too numerous for us (1:9). Even though the Israelites had lived in Egypt for four generations by this time, they had remained distinct. They had not assimilated into the Egyptian population, nor would they be assimilated into the Babylonian population in their captivity there. Neither the dispersion in 70 AD after the fall of Jerusalem, or Nazi Germany could destroy them. Even until the present day, the Jews have not been assimilated into the Gentile population. God will never let the Israelites disappear as a race.

King Ahmose said to the royal court: Come, we must deal shrewdly with them or they will become even more numerous. The war against the Hyksos had just recently been won, but the Egyptians worried that if war with the Hittites broke out, the Israelites would join their enemies, fight against the Egyptians and leave the country (1:10). Egypt responded to Israel’s growth with enslavement. As evil Cain killed his righteous brother Abel, so didEgypt try to destroy Isra’el by reducing their numerical strength. The ungodly seed of the serpent (Genesis 3:15) acts the same way in every generation.

First, he appointed slave masters over the Israelites to oppress them with forced labor (1:11a). The beating of a slave by such an overseer is vividly portrayed on a wall painting in the Theban tomb of Rekhmire (dated to the time of Thutmose III), and an associated inscription uses the Egyptian equivalent of the Hebrew word used here for slave master or sar.⁵The slavery in Egypt is compared to an iron smelting furnace (Deuteronomy 4:20).

This slave labor was used to build Pithom and Rameses as treasure cities for Pharaoh (1:11b). They became centers for Egyptian idolatry. Pharaoh said: Come, we must. . . These are the same introductory words that were used by the men of Babel who conspired to build a city (Genesis 11:4). Here, the Israelites are pictured as building cities out of brick and mortar just like the people of Babel. The point is that the ungodly act the same way throughout history. They reject God and build structures to their own glory and honor.⁶Although Pharaoh’s slave masters made their lives bitter (a fact later remembered in the Passover meal), the more they were oppressed, the more they multiplied and spread. So the Egyptians came to dread the Israelites and worked them ruthlessly (1:12-13). The reaction of the Egyptians shows that sin, as it were, creates its own momentum: the feeling of dread did not cause them to leave the Hebrews alone. Rather, they now became ruthless in their oppression and made the Israelites’ lives bitter by increasing the demands placed on them, both in building and in the fields. And along with all of this, they mistreated them.⁷

They made their lives bitter, later to be remembered with bitter herbs (12:8), with hard labor in brick and mortar and with all kinds of work in the field. In all their hard labor the Egyptians used them ruthlessly (1:14). The word hard is used later in the book of Exodus when ADONAI hardens Pharaoh’s heart (7:3). Because Pharaoh made the Israelite’s labor hard, God made his heart hard. More on that later.

Peter told the early community of believers: Do not be surprised at the painful trial you are suffering, as though something strange was happening to you (First Peter 4:12). Persecution is the way that the unbelieving world treats the children of God. Let’s not be naive in this matter; if we do not see it in our own first-hand experience, it is because of the Lord’s restraining, gracious hand. Even then, the hatred is there, festering and ready to pounce. We would be foolish to think otherwise. Yet ADONAI will bless His righteous ones, either in this world or the next, in times of adversity, as he blessed those who believed in the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob during the time of the Exodus.⁸

David Mack2024-01-05T16:58:44+00:001 Comment

Ad – Slavery in Egypt 1:1 to 12:51

Slavery in Egypt
1:1 to 12:51

Exodus is the story of an enslaved people. As part of their slavery, Isra’el was forced to build two of Egypt’s greatest cities, Pithom and Ra’amses (1:11). It was in this inhuman treatment of this nation of slaves that we find some of the factors compelling the LORD to bring them up out of Egypt. When we come to one of the great climaxes of Exodus, the miraculous deliverance though the Sea of Reeds, we will see how Pharaoh’s army was devastated by YHVH while Isra’el escaped. Egypt would never again have the power it once had.

David Mack2021-12-18T11:52:57+00:000 Comments

Ac – Introduction to the Book of Exodus from a Messianic Jewish Perspective

Introduction to the Book of Exodus from a
Messianic Jewish Perspective

To my Uncle Dale and Aunt Pat Cain who have been a positive example to me my entire life. My Uncle Dale was a meat cutter who volunteered to pastor very small churches, built them up to where they could afford to hire a permanent pastor, and then he moved on to do it again. That was his ministry when he returned home from serving in World War II. My Aunt Pat is a wife of noble character; her children arise and call her blessed (Proverbs 31).

The Outline of Exodus

I have not organized the book in the traditional way. From Exodus Ae – Slavery in Egypt to Eo – The Sh’khinah Glory Settled on Mount Sinai, the book is in chronological order as you see it in the Bible. However, from Ep – The Camp of the Twelve Tribes of Isra’el to Hh – The Glory of the LORD Filled the Tabernacle, the book is organized in a topical manner (the Tabernacle, then the Levitical Priesthood, and then the Renewal of the Nation of Isra’el) because Chapters 27 and 38 repeat themselves, and are historically out of order. Therefore, I have taken a different approach to the book so the reader is not jumping around trying to make sense of it all. As a result, the different Parashah (see the commentary on Deuteronomy, to see link click Af – Parashah), Haftorah and B’rit Chadashah readings are listed correctly in the chronological section, but they are out of order in the topical section, so the reader should keep this in mind when reading this commentary.

The Title of Exodus

Hebrew Scriptures name the book of Exodus differently than the NIV, the New American Standard, or any other Bible. The Jewish tradition is to call the names of the books by its first or second words. Therefore, the Hebrew name of this particular book is: And these are the names of, which are the first two Hebrew words.

Around 250 BC, a group of seventy Jewish scholars in Alexandria, Egypt translated the entire Hebrew Scriptures into the Greek, which was the common language of the day. This translation became known as the Septuagint, but they titled the book based upon its content, and named it Exodus, which means to go out. Thus, the English title comes from the Greek title.

The Author of Exodus

Both Scripture and tradition agree that Moses was the human author of Exodus. God, working through Moses, inspired him to write the first five books of the Bible, or the Pentateuch (Exodus 17:14; Leviticus 1:1-2; Numbers 33:2; Deuteronomy 1:1). This was enough to satisfy most people in the synagogue and the church for centuries. He sat down and wrote the books of Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. He was the human originator and source of these books; however, as far as Genesis is concerned he was a compiler and editor of eleven family documents because he was not an eyewitness of the events of Genesis. He had not been born yet, although he was an eyewitness to almost everything in Exodus, and all of Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy (Joshua 1:7; Matthew 8:4; Mark 12:26; Luke 16:29; John 7:19; Acts 26:22; Romans 10:19; First Corinthians 9:9; Second Corinthians 3:15). Therefore, there is a long list from both testaments declaring that Moses is the human author of the Torah, or the first five books of the TaNaKh, of which Exodus is a part.

The Theme of Exodus

The establishment of God’s chosen people of Isra’el as a kingdom of priests and a holy nation (19:6) is the major theme of Exodus. The story is here told of: how God fulfilled one of His promises to Abraham by making him very fruitful (1:7), how God freed Isra’el from Egyptian slavery, how God renewed the Abrahamic Covenant with them at Mount Sinai, and how He provided them with rules for life and worship. The story of Exodus is the story of how God bought back, or redeemed His people.¹

Egyptian History

The rulers of the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt were the Hyksos. They were a people of mixed Semitic-Asiatic descent and definitely not Egyptian. Because of their superior military technology, the Hyksos, using iron chariots and Asiatic bows, dominated Egypt for five hundred years. After conquering Egypt, the first thing they did was to invite other Semites into the land of Egypt to help them subdue the Hamitic Egyptians. They welcomed these fellow Semites with open arms and even gave them portions within Egypt to live. It was no accident that Joseph arose to power when the Semitic Hyksos controlled the country. Therefore, the Hyksos king, in keeping with this policy, gave Joseph’s family the choice area of Goshen in which to live. However, gradually the Egyptians gained power and an Egyptian named Ahmose led a revolt against the Hyksos and overthrew them, and, in doing so, established the Eighteenth Dynasty. This was one of the most brilliant periods in Egyptian history. Egypt emerged as an international power and extended her influence beyond the Euphrates River. It was during the Eighteenth Dynasty that the events of Exodus took place. This was a time when a new wave of nationalism had supplanted the older Hyksostolerance of foreigners. The Egyptians embarked on empire building as a means of defense, pushing their borders into Palestine. The Egyptian Pharaohs used the Hebrews as slave labor for building defense projects and royal palaces.²There were nine kings in the Eighteenth dynasty.

The first king was Ahmose. He led the revolt that expelled the Hyksos out of Egypt and was the first of whom came to be known as the Warrior Pharaohs. After Ahmose followed them into Canaan and destroyed them and their capital, the Hyksos faded into history. He had a brother named Kamose. Eventually there would also be an Egyptian king named Thutmose, so mose was the typical name of the Eighteenth Dynasty.

The next Pharaoh was Amenhotep I. He was the son of Ahmose, and made several raids into the land of Canaan, but he died childless.

The third Pharaoh of this dynasty was Thutmose I, who was the son-in-law of Ahmose. He was married twice. He produced a famous daughter, Hatshepsut, by the first marriage and a son, Thutmose II, by the second.

After his father died, Thutmose II became the fourth Pharaoh. He gave birth to a son, Thutmose III, who was about nine years old when his father, Thutmose II, died.

Technically, Thutmose III was the fifth Pharaoh. But because he was a young boy in the earlier years of his reign, the throne was actually controlled by Queen Hatshepsut. He was her half-nephew and later would marry her daughter, but he hated her with a passion. He did not like the fact that he was under her control and she was the real power behind the throne. After her death, he liquidated the entire royal court in an attempt to obliterate her name from all the monuments in the land. All of her statues were smashed to pieces and her name was desecrated in such a way that it was as if she never existed. In fact, anyone associated with her after her death was in danger of execution. After killing those close to her, he invaded Canaan several times and put them totally under Egyptian rule. He was called the Napoleon of Ancient Egypt. He had three successive chief queens in his lifetime, and while he had a veritable flock of daughters, he only had five sons.

After him comes the sixth Pharaoh, Amenhotep II. He was the son of Thutmose III and he also made raids into Canaan. He experienced the ten plagues, including the death of his firstborn son and was the Pharaoh of the Exodus. He was not, however, the firstborn of Thutmose III’s five sons, so he did not die on the night of the Egyptian Passover.

Amenhotep II’s son, Thutmose IV, was the seventh Pharaoh. He was the second born son of Amenhotep II, and his older brother was killed on the night of the Egyptian Passover. Because he was not the firstborn son, he desperately tried to legitimize his position of Pharaoh and his right to rule over Egypt by inventing a story called the Dream Stella. He said that the Egyptian god Harem-akht appeared to him one night in a dream and promised that if he would uncover the Sphinx that was buried in the sand, he would become Pharaoh. That he did, so by uncovering and restoring the Sphinx, he claimed that the gods of Egypt gave him the right to rule. During the remainder of his reign, Isra’el was in her wilderness wanderings.

The eighth Pharaoh was Amenhotep III. He was a weak king and the son of Thutmose IV. During his rule, Egypt began to lose control over the land of Canaan, which is why Joshua begins his conquest of the Promised Land.

This decline continued under his son, Amenhotep IV, the ninth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty. Later he changed his name to Akhnaton, meaning the sun disk, because he tried to change Egypt’s religion and move to monotheism, the worship of only one god, the sun disk. This was met with much resistance and a civil war broke out. The result was that Egypt lost control over Canaan altogether. It was during his reign that we have the period of the Judges. So the Eighteenth Dynasty is crucial for an understanding of what is happening in Exodus.

Biblical History

The Book of Genesis is the history of the three patriarchs, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. God said to them on several occasions that to them and their descendants He would give the Promised Land. Therefore, the children of Isra’el were destined to possess Canaan. The question then becomes: Why did God have the Jews spend over four hundred years in Egypt? The Bible gives us two reasons.

First, because the sin of the Amorites had not yet reached its full measure (Genesis 15:12-16). YHVH does not punish a nation until its measure of sin is full because: He is patient with them, not wanting anyone to perish, but everyone to come to repentance (Second Peter 3:9b). Secondly, Isra’el served other gods while they were in Egypt (Joshua 24:14; Ezeki’el 20:5-10, 23:2-3, 8, 19, 21, 27). Being involved in deliberate, active sin separates us from the LORD and can delay His acting on our behalf.

But God had told the patriarchs that He would bring them back again to the Promised Land. As Jacob prepared to leave the land of Canaan for Egypt he stopped at Beersheba, which was the southern most point of the Promised Land. But Jacob was reluctant. He had left the Land once before without God’s blessing. Both Abraham and Isaac were told not to leave the Land, but to live in it where God would bless them. Would Jacob be out of God’s blessing again if he left the Land? That night he offered sacrifices to the God of his father Isaac. And God spoke to Isra’el in a vision at night and said: Jacob! Jacob! He replied: Here I am. Then God said: Do not be afraid to go down to Egypt, for I will make you into a great nation there. I will go down to Egypt with you, and I will surely bring you back again (Genesis 46:1-4). ADONAI promised to bring them back to the Promised Land.

As Joseph lay on his deathbed, he said: I am about to die. But God will surely come to your aid and take you up out of this land to the Land He promised in an oath to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. And Joseph made the sons of Isra’el swear an oath and said: God will surely come to your aid, and then you must carry my bones up from this place (Genesis 50:24-25). Even before the Egyptians would make slaves of them, the Jews viewed their stay in Egypt as temporary. Joseph was so sure of this that he made his descendants swear an oath that they would carry his bones back to thePromised Land for his final resting place.

Lastly, the book of Exodus shows us the outworking of the Abrahamic Covenant. God had said to Abraham, “I will bless those who bless you, and whoever curses you I will curse” (Genesis 12:3a). Consequently, those who bless Isra’el are blessed, and those who curse Isra’el are cursed. As we go through the book of Exodus, we will find the Israelites coming in contact with various Gentile nations or tribes. Those who bless the Jews find themselves blessed, and those who curse the Jews find themselves cursed.

The Use of the Hebrew name ADONAI for YHVH

A basic problem in Judaism is that God’s personal name is never spoken. When Moses saw a bush that burned without being consumed in the wilderness of Midian, God revealed Himself to Moshe and told him His own personal name. That Hebrew name consists of four letters. It is forbidden to speak the four-letter name of God, YHVH (Yud-Hay-Vav-Hay), also known as the Tetragrammaton meaning four-letter writing. Today, ADONAI is a word that is commonly used by many people of the Jewish faith instead of YHVH, which simply means, the Name.

The Talmud (Pesachim 50a) made it a requirement not to pronounce the Tetragrammaton, the four-letter name of God, and this remains the rule in most modern Jewish settings. In deference to this tradition, which is unnecessary but harmless, I will be using ADONAI or Ha’Shem where YHVH is meant. In ancient times when the scribes were translating the Hebrew Scriptures, they revered the name of YHVH so much that they would use a quill to make one stroke of the name and then throw it away. Then they would make another stroke and throw that quill away until the name was completed. His name became so sacred to them that they started to substitute the phrase the Name, instead of writing or pronouncing His Name. Over centuries of doing this, the actual letters and pronunciation of His Name was lost. The closest we can come is YHVH, with no vowels. The pronunciation has been totally lost. Therefore, the name Yahweh is only a guess of what the original name sounded like. Both ADONAI and Ha’Shem are substitute names for YHVH. ADONAI is more of an affectionate name like daddy, while Ha’Shem is a more formal name like sir.

Therefore, God does not have many names, He has only one name – YHVH (Yud Hay Vav Hay). All the other names in the Bible describe His characteristics and His attributes. Hear, O Israel! ADONAI our God, ADONAI is One (Deuteronomy 6:4). The Jewish tradition, then, forbids the pronunciation of the Divine Name, and many choose to use ADONAI in its place.

The Use of the Hebrew word Torahrather than the Greek word Law

Most English translations use the word Law, from the Greek word nomos; however, those translations give the wrong idea for both interpretation and application of the Scriptures because nomos is not a correct rendering of the Hebrew word Torah. The legalistic element, which might rightly be called the Law, only represents one side of the Torah, which never has the perspective of the Jews in their history. To the Jew, the word Torah means a teaching or an instruction of any kind. As such, the true essence of Torah in the mind of the Jew is nothing more than teaching the Way (Acts 9:2). The Hebrew word Torah is derived from the Hebrew root yarah, which means to shoot an arrow or to teach. Torah means teaching or instruction that is true and straight as if the words of Torah are shot in a direct path like an arrow, with power and force for living life to the fullest. Therefore, to give the most accurate translation possible, I will be using the Hebrew word Torah throughout this devotional commentary.

The Use of the Hebrew term TaNaKh

The Hebrew word TaNaKh is anacronym, based on the letters T (for “Torah”), N (for “Neviim,” the Prophets), and K (for “Ketuvim,” the Writings). In the word TaNaKh, both A’s are silent, and the H at the end is also silent. TaNaKh is simply the Jewish term for the Old Covenant Scriptures. As a result, I will be using the Hebrew acronym TaNaKh instead of the phrase, the Old Covenant, throughout this devotional commentary.

The Use of the Hebrew word Messiah and the Greek word Christ

Messianic synagogues, and the Jewish messianic community in general, prefer to use the Messiah that means the Anointed One. The Greek word Christalso means the Anointed One. I use both Messiahand Christin this devotional commentary.

The Use of the Hebrew word Yeshua and the Greek word Jesus

Messianic synagogues, and the Jewish messianic community in general, prefer to use the Hebrew word Yeshua that means Jesus. Usually, I will be using both Yeshua and Jesus.

The Theology of Exodus

1. He is the God who exists. God said to Moses, “I am who I am. This is what you are to say to the Israelites: I AMhas sent me to you”(3:14). Exodus never tries to prove God’s existence. His existence is assumed and the book goes on from there, but throughout the book there are constant references that ADONAI does exist.

2. He is the God who controls history. ADONAI said to Moses, “When you return to Egypt, see that you perform before Pharaoh all the wonders I have given you the power to do. But I will harden his heart so that he will not let the people go” (4:21). Why does Pharaoh act the way he acts at times? Why do nations do what they do? It is because God controls history. The king’s heart is in the hand of ADONAI; He directs it like a watercourse wherever he pleases (Proverbs 21:1).

3. He is the God who is holy. “Do not come any closer,” God said. “Take off your sandals, for the palace where you are standing is holy ground” (3:5). The holiness of God will be brought out clearly in the book of Exodus. Even the Jews will be punished greatly when they violate God’s holiness, and His righteous standards.

4. He is the God who remembers. God heard their groaning and he remembered his covenant with Abraham, with Isaac and with Jacob (2:24 also see 3:16-17). God made certain promises to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, and although four hundred years have passed since those promises have been made, His promises are always kept no matter how long it may seem from the human perspective. When He fulfills His promises, He does so completely. We don’t need to allegorize God’s promises away. What The LORD has said, He will do.

5. He is the God of salvation. Sometimes the salvation is physical, like with the Exodus (3:7-9), and sometimes it is spiritual as He works in the life of Moses.

6. He is the God who speaks. Later, the LORD will say that He will do nothing until He first reveals it to His prophets. YHVH speaks and has made known to us His word. Fortunately for us, God has chosen to put what He has said in the Bible (3:4-22).

7. He is a God who will act in judgment. So I will stretch out my hand and strike the Egyptians with all the wonder that I will perform among them. After that, he will let you go (3:20 also see 4:22-23). ADONAI will act in judgment eventually, but He will be long suffering. Therefore, everyone who receives the judgment of God deserves it. The opportunity of repentance is always available until death.

8. He is a God of law. YHVH is not one who is chaotic, but He is a God of order, and if we love him – we will keep His commandments. As we go through the portions of the Torah contained in the book of Exodus, we will see that His commandments serve as a blueprint for living, not to attain salvation, but as a rule of life for those who have already been saved by God’s grace (Chapters 20 to 23).

9. He is the God who lives among His people. Then I will dwell among the Israelites and be their God (29:45). The reason that the Tabernacle needed to be built was within the Most Holy Place. God would live as the Sh’khinah glory, or the visible manifestation of God. Today, God has chosen a different way to live among His people. Now He lives among His people by means of the indwelling of the Ruach ha-Kodesh; but, God has always lived among His people.

10. He is a God whose anger may be turned aside. After the sin of the golden calf, God is ready to annihilate the entire nation with the exception of Moses. ADONAI said that for Moses’ sake He would make a completely new nation, but Moshe interceded for the nation even to the point of offering himself as a substitute for it, and because of the intercession of Moses, God’s anger was turned aside (32:9-14).

11. He is a God who transcends. He said: But you cannot see My face, for no one may see Me and live (33:20). Although God has spoken to mankind, (both verbally and in written form), and has become visible in various forms (as a man, an angel, a cloud, as fire, and as thunder), yet no one is able to see God in His full glory because the sinfulness of man would kill him. So while the LORD is as near as our breath, He is also very far from us.

The Importance of Exodus

It is also important in five other areas. First, it is important historically because it tells us how Isra’el became a nation, and how the Torah was given to Moshe. Secondly, it is important religiously because it gives us the origin of many Jewish practices such as the Passover. Thirdly, it is important from a dispensational standpoint because Exodus gives us a transition from the Dispensation of Promise (Genesis 12:1 to Exodus 18:27), to the Dispensation of Torah (Exodus 19:1 to Acts 1:26). Fourthly, it is important as a type, because the Passover Lamb (Exodus 12:1-28; John 1:29, 1:36 and Revelation 5:6), the Manna (Exodus 16:1-36; John 6:35, 6:48 and 6:51), the Rock (Exodus 17:5-7; Matthew 7:24-25; Romans 9:33; First Corinthians 10:4; First Peter 2:8) and the Tabernacle (Exodus 25:1 to 31:18; 35:1 to 40:38 and John 1:14) are types of Christ. Fifthly, it is important spiritually because while the events happening in Exodus are historically true, they contain spiritual lessons for believers today. In First Corinthians 10:1-13, Rabbi Sha’ul makes several references to Israel’s wilderness wanderings in the book of Exodus, but in verse 6 he says: Now these things occurred as examples, to keep us from setting our hearts on evil things as they did. Therefore, the story of Exodus was not just for the Jews of old, but there are spiritual lessons for us today.

Genesis is the book of beginnings; Exodus shows the giving of the Torah and exit from Egypt.

David Mack2023-08-27T13:06:19+00:000 Comments

Ab – The Outline of the Book of Exodus From a Messianic Jewish Perspective

The Outline of the Book of Exodus
From a Messianic Jewish Perspective

The basis for this commentary and outline is taken from the Exodus Tape Series
by Arnold Fruchtenbaum and Ariel Ministries in San Antonio, Texas.

The Book of Exodus From a Jewish Perspective (Ac)

I. The Slavery in Egypt – 1:1 to 12:51 (Ad)

A. The Descendants of Jacob Numbered Seventy in All – 1:1-7 (Ae)

B. The Oppression of Isra’el – 1:8-22 (Af)

1. Then a New King Who Did Not Know About Joseph Came to Power – 1:8-14 (Ag)

2. So God Was Kind to the Midwives – 1:15-22 (Ah)

C. The Preparation and Call of Moses – 2:1 to 4:31 (Ai)

1. Moses in Egypt – 2:1-15 (Aj)

a. A Man of the House of Levi Married a Levite Woman – 2:1-10 (Ak)

b. Moses Fled from Pharaoh and Went to Live in Midian – 2:11-15 (Al)

2. Moses in Midian – 2:16-25 (Am)

a. Now a Priest in Midian has Seven Daughters – 2:16-22 (An)

b. God Remembered His Covenant With Abraham – 2:23-25 (Ao)

3. The Call of Moses – 3:1 to 4:17 (Ap)

a. Flames of Fire from within a Burning Bush – 3:1-5 (Aq)

b. I Am Sending You to Pharaoh – 3:6-10 (Ar)

c. Who Am I That I Should Go to Pharaoh – 3:11-12 (As)

d. I Am Has Sent Me to You – 3:13-22 (At)

e. Put Your Hand Inside Your Cloak – 4:1-9 (Au)

f. I Am Slow of Speech and Tongue – 4:10-12 (Av)

g. I Know Aaron Can Speak Well – 4:13-17 (Aw)

4. Moses Arrives in Egypt 4:18-31 (Ax)

a. Go Back to Egypt, All Who Wanted to Kill You are Dead – 4:18-23 (Ay)

b. Surely You are a Bridegroom of Blood to Me – 4:24-26 (Az)

c. Moses’ Meeting with Aaron and the Elders of Egypt – 4:27-31 (Ba)

D. God and the Struggle with Pharaoh – 5:1 to 11:10 (Bb)

1. Pharaoh as God and Upholder of Ma’at (Bc)

2. The First Encounter with Pharaoh – 5:1 to 6:27 (Bd)

a. You Are No Longer to Supply the People with Straw – 5:1-9 (Be)

b. You Must Produce Your Full Quota of Bricks – 5:10-21 (Bf)

c. Now You Will See What I Will Do to Pharaoh – 5:22 to 6:13 (Bg)

d. The Heads of the Families of Moses and Aaron – 6:14-27 (Bh)

3. Throw Your Staff Before Pharaoh, It Will Become a Snake – 6:28 to 7:13 (Bi)

4. The Ten Plagues of Egypt– 7:14 to 12:36 (Bj)

a. Strike the Nile and It Will Be Turned into Blood – 7:14-25 (Bk)

b. Stretch Out Your Hand and Make Frogs Come Up – 8:1-15 (Bl)

c. Strike the Ground and the Dust Will Become Gnats – 8:20-32 (Bm)

d. Dense Swarms of Flies Poured throughout Egypt – 8:20-32 (Bn)

e. The LORD Will Bring a Terrible Plague on Your Livestock – 9:1-7 (Bo)

f. Moses Tossed Soot in the Air, Festering Boils Broke Out – 9:8-12 (Bp)

g. So the LORD Rained Down Hail on the Land of Egypt – 9:13-35 (Bq)

h. The Locusts Devoured Everything in Egypt – 10:1-20 (Br)

i. Total Darkness Covered All Egypt for Three Days – 10:21-29 (Bs)

E. The Tenth Plague and the Passover – 11:1 to 12:51 (Bt)

1. I Will Bring One More Plague on Pharaoh – 11:1-10 (Bu)

2. The Egyptian Passover – 12:1-28 (Bv)

a. Christ and the Passover – 12:1-20 (Bw)

b. He Will See the Blood and Pass Over that Doorway – 12:21-28 (Bx)

3. At Midnight the LORD Struck Down all the Firstborn in Egypt – 12:29-36 (By)

4. Redemption – 12:31-42 and 13:17 to 15:21 (Bz)

5. At the End of the 430 Years, to the Very Day – 12:37-42 (Ca)

6. These are the Regulations for the Passover – 12:43-51 (Cb)

II. The Exodus – 13:1 to 15:21 (Cc)

A. Redemption of the Firstborn – 13:1-16 (Cd)

B. Salvation at the Sea of Reeds – 13:17 to 14:31 (Ce)

1. Moses Took the Bones of Joseph With Him – 13:17-19 (Cf)

2. After Leaving Succoth they Camped at Etham – 13:20-22 (Cg)

3. The LORD Will Fight For You, You Need Only To Be Still – 14:1-14 (Ch)

4. The Waters Were Divided and the Jews Went Through the Sea – 14:15-31 (Ci)

C. Songs of the Sea – 15:1-21 (Cj)

1. Then Moses and the Israelites Sang This Song – 15:1-18 (Ck)

2. Then Miriam the Prophetess Took a Tambourine in Her Hand – 15:19-21 (Cl)

III. The Journey From Egypt to Sinai – 15:22 to 19:2 (Cm)

A. When They Came to Marah the Water was Bitter – 15:22-26 (Cn)

B. Then They Came To Elim – 15:27 (Co)

C. The Wilderness of Sin – 16:1-36 (Cp)

1. If Only We Had Died by the LORD’s Hand in Egypt – 16:1-3 (Cq)

2. I Will Rain Down Manna from Heaven for You – 16:4-12 (Cr)

3. That Evening Quail Came and Covered the Camp – 16:13-36 (Cs)

D. The Preparation of the Israelites for Sinai – 17:1 to 18:27 (Ct)

1. Strike the Rock and Water Will Come Out of It – 17:1-7 (Cu)

2. The Amalekites Attacked the Israelites at Rephidim – 17:8-16 (Cv)

3. Moses and Jethro – 18:1-27 (Cw)

a. Now Jethro Heard Everything God Had Done – 18:1-12 (Cx)

b. Moses Chose Men From All Isra’el – 18:13-26 (Cy)

c. Jethro Returned To His Own Country – 18:27 (Cz)

E. The Dispensation of the Torah – Exodus 19:1 to Acts 1:26 (Da)

IV. The Revelation at Mount Sinai – 19:3 to 40:38 (Db)

A. The Arrival at Sinai – 19:1-2 (Dc)

B. The Mosaic Covenant – 19:3-25 (Dd)

1. The Calling of Isra’el – 19:3-9 (De)

2. Go to the People and Consecrate Them – 19:10-15 (Df)

3. Under the Chupah – 19:16-25 (Dg)

C. ADONAI and the Torah – 20:1-26 (Dh)

1. I Am the LORD, Who Brought You Out of the Land of Slavery – 20:1-2 (Di)

2. The Ten Commandments – 20:3-17 (Dj)

a. You Shall Have No Other Gods Before Me – 20:3 (Dk)

b. You Shall Not Make for Yourself an Idol – 20:4-6 (Dl)

c. You Shall Not Misuse the Name of the LORD Your God – 20:7 (Dm)

d. Remember the Sabbath Day by Keeping It Holy – 20:8-11 (Dn)

e. Honor Your Father and Your Mother – 20:12 (Do)

f. You Shall Not Murder – 20:13 (Dp)

g. You Shall Not Commit Adultery – 20:14 (Dq)

h. You Shall Not Steal – 20:15 (Dr)

i. You Shall Not Give False Testimony Against Your Neighbor – 20:16 (Ds)

j. You Shall Not Covet Anything of Your Neighbors – 20:17 (Dt)

D. Do Not Think That I Have Come to Abolish the Torah – Matthew 5:17-20 (Du)

E. The Book of the Covenant – 20:18 to 23:33 (Dv)

1. Do Not Have God Speak to Us or We Will Die – 20:18-21 (Dw)

2. Make an Altar of Earth and Sacrifice on It – 20:22-26 (Dx)

3. Moses and the Torah – 20:22 to 23:19 (Dy)

a. If You Buy a Hebrew Servant – 21:1-11 (Dz)

b. A Life for a Life, an Eye for an Eye – 21:12-32 (Ea)

c. A Thief Must Certainly Make Restitution – 21:33 to 22:15 (Eb)

d. Do Not Allow a Sorceress to Live – 22:16 to 23:9 (Ec)

e. The Festivals of Isra’el – 23:10-17 (Ed)

(1) During the Seventh Year Let the Land Lie Unused – 23:10-11 (Ee)

(2) Six Days Work, but on Seventh Day Do Not Work – 23:12 (Ef)

(3) Be Careful to Do Everything I Have Said to You – 23:13 (Eg)

(4) Three Times a Year Celebrate a Festival to Me – 23:14-17 (Eh)

f. A Holy People – 23:18-19 (Ei)

4. I Am Sending an Angel Ahead of You – 23:20-33 (Ej)

F. The Ratification of the Sinai Covenant – 24:1-18 (Ek)

1. The Sinai Covenant Oath of Allegiance – 24:1-3 (El)

2. Then Moses Read It to the People – 24:4-8 (Em)

3. They Saw the God of Isra’el – 24:9-11 (En)

4. The Sh’khinah Glory Settled on Mount Sinai – 24:12-18 (Eo)

G. The Camp of the Twelve Tribes of Isra’el – Numbers 2:1-34 (Ep)

H. Christ in the Tabernacle – 25:1 to 27:21; 30:1 to 31:18; 35:1 to 38:31 (Eq)

1. Observe the Sabbath Because It is Holy to You – 31:12-18; 35:1-3 (Er)

2. The Offerings of Materials for the Tabernacle (Es)

a. Make Tabernacle Exactly As I Show – 25:1-2, 8-9 and 35:4, 20-21 (Et)

b. The Atonement Money for the Tabernacle – 30:11-16 (Eu)

c. The Materials for the Tabernacle – 25:3-7, 35:5-29; 38:21, 24-31 (Ev)

3. The Appointment of Bezalel and Ohaliab – 31:1-11, 35:30-36:7, 38:22-23 (Ew)

4. Courtyard and Gate of Tabernacle – 26:1-37, 27:9-19, 36:8-38, 38:1-20 (Ex)

a. Make Courtyard for Tabernacle – 27:9-15, 18-19 and 38:9-13, 20 (Ey)

b. The Gate of the Tabernacle: Christ, The Way to God – 27:16-17 and 38:14-19 (Ez)

c. Build Altar of Acacia Wood Overlaid with Bronze – 27:1-8, 38:1-7 (Fa)

d. The Five Offerings of the Tabernacle: Christ, Our Sacrificial Offering – Leviticus 1:1 to 7:38 (Fb)

(1) The Sin Offering – Leviticus 4:1 to 5:13, 6:24-30; Numbers 15:22-31 (Fc)

(2) The Guilt Offering – Leviticus 5:14 to 6:7, 7:1-6 (Fd)

(3) The Burnt Offering – Leviticus 1:1-17 and 6:8-13 (Fe)

(4) The Grain Offering – Leviticus 2:1-16, 6:14-23 (Ff)

(5) The Peace Offering – Leviticus 3:1-17, 7:11-38 (Fg)

e. The Bronze Basin: Christ, Our Cleanser – 30:17-21 and 38:8 (Fh)

5. The Sanctuary in the Tabernacle – Chapters 25, 26, 30, 36, 37 (Fi)

a. The Outer Veil of the Sanctuary – 26:36-37 (Fj)

b. The Linen Curtains: Christ Our Righteousness – 26:1-6, 36:8-13 (Fk)

c. The Goat Hair Curtains on the Sanctuary – 26:7-14, 36:14-19 (Fl)

d. The Structure of the Sanctuary – 26:15-29 and 36:20-29 (Fm)

e. The Menorah in the Sanctuary: Christ, the Light of the World- 25:31-40, 27:20-21; 37:17-24, and Leviticus 24:1-4 (Fn)

f. The Bread of the Presence in the Sanctuary: Christ, the Bread of Life – 25:23-30; 37:10-16 and Lev 24:5-9 (Fo)

g. Altar of Incense in the Sanctuary: Christ, Our Advocate with the Father – 30:1-10, 22-38; 37:25-29 (Fp)

h. The Inner Veil of the Sanctuary: That is Christ, His Body – 26:30-35, 36:35-36 and 40:21 (Fq)

i. The Ark of the Covenant in the Most Holy Place: Christ at the Throne of Grace – 25:10-16 and 37:1-5 (Fr)

j. The Mercy Seat in the Most Holy Place: Christ at the Throne of Grace – 25:17-22; 37:6-9 (Fs)

I. The Levitical Priesthood – Ex 28:1 to 29:46; 39:1-31; Levi 8:1 to 9:24 (Ft)

1. The Introduction to the Levitical Priesthood – 39:1-2 (Fu)

2. The Selection of Aaron and His Sons as Priests – 28:1-5 (Fv)

3. The Clothing of the Levitical Priesthood – 28:6-43; 39:1-31 (Fw)

a. The Linen Undergarments of Aaron and His Sons – 28:42-43 (Fx)

b. Make the Robe of the Ephod – 28:31-35; 39:22-26 (Fy)

c. Make the Ephod of Gold, Blue and Purple Yarn – 28:6-14; 39:3-7 (Fz)

d. Fashion a Breastpiece for Making Decisions – 28:15-29; 39:8-21 (Ga)

e. The Urim and Thummim: The Means of Making Decisions – 28:30 (Gb)

f. Make an Engraved Plate: Holy to the LORD– 28:36-38; 39:30-31 (Gc)

g. Make Tunics, Sashes and Headbands for Aaron’s Sons – 28:39-41 (Gd)

4. The Dedication of Aaron and His Family – Ex 29:1-37 and Lev 8:1-36 (Ge)

a. Dedicate Aaron and His Sons So They May Serve Me as Priests – Exodus 29:1-9, 30:22-33, 40:9-16; Leviticus 8:1-13 (Gf)

b. Take Seven Days to Dedicate Aaron and His Sons – 29:35-37 (Gg)

c. Bring a Bull to the Front of the Tabernacle and Slaughter It There – Exodus 29:10-14; Leviticus 8:14-17 (Gh)

d. Take One of the Rams and Aaron and His Sons Will Slaughter It – Exodus 29:15-18; Leviticus 8:18-21 (Gi)

e. Take the Other Ram as Peace Offering – Ex 29:19-28; Lev 8:22-30 (Gj)

f. Aaron’s Sacred Garments Will Belong to His Descendants So They Can Be Ordained – 29:29-30 (Gk)

g. Take the Ram for the Dedication and Cook the Meat in a Sacred Place – Exodus 29:31-34 and Leviticus 8:31-32 (Gl)

5. The Priests Begin Their Ministry – Leviticus 9:1-24 (Gm)

6. I Will Dwell Among the Israelites and Be Their God – 29:42b-46 (Gn)

7. The Day of Atonement – Leviticus 16:1-34, 23:26-32; Numbers 29:7-11 (Go)

J. The Renewal of the Nation of Isra’el – 32:1 to 34:35; 39:32 to 40:38 (Gp)

1. The Golden Calf Incident – 32:1 to 34:35 (Gq)

a. Aaron Made an Idol in the Shape of a Calf – 32:1-6 (Gr)

b. Now Leave Me Alone So That My Anger May Burn – 32:7-14 (Gs)

c. It is the Sound of Singing That I Hear – 32:15-20 (Gt)

d. They Gave Me This Gold, I Threw It into a Fire 32:21-24 (Gu)

e. And All the Levites Rallied to Moses – 32:25-29 (Gv)

f. Please Forgive Their Sin, but if not, Blot Me Out of the Book You Have Written – 32:30-35 (Gw)

g. The People Began to Mourn, No One Put On any Ornaments – 33:1-6 (Gx)

h. Moses and the Tent of Meeting – 33:7-11 (Gy)

i. When My Glory Passes By I Will Put You in the Cleft – 33:12-23 (Gz)

2. Two New Stone Tablets – 34:1-35 (Ha)

a. The LORD said to Moses, Chisel Out Two Stone Tablets – 34:1-9 (Hb)

b. Moses Was There With The LORD For Forty Days – 34:10-28 (Hc)

c. The Radiant Face of Moses – 34:29-35 (Hd)

3. Moses Inspected the Work on the Tabernacle – 39:32-43 (He)

4. The LORD said to Moses: Set Up the Tabernacle – 40:1-16 (Hf)

5. The Tabernacle was Set Up on First Day of the First Month – 40:17-33 (Hg)

6. The Glory of the LORD Filled the Tabernacle – 40:34-38 (Hh)

David Mack2024-06-25T15:24:54+00:000 Comments

Aa – Exodus, Where Life and the Bible Meet

Exodus, Where Life and the Bible Meet

1. To get the most out of this commentary look at the outline (Ab), and the Introduction (Ac) before starting on the commentary itself.

2. The DIG and REFLECT questions are in bolded gray, and will help to give you a deeper understanding of the book and make it more personal to you. Go slowly and give yourself time to answer these questions. They really strike at the heart of the commentary. What are the DIG questions for? To dig into the Scripture “story.” To find out what’s going on, to figure out the main idea, the plot, the argument, the spiritual principle, and so on. What are the REFLECT questions for? To apply the “story” in the Scripture to your own life; to take personal inventory and to decide what you are going to do about it! Many of the DIG and REFLECT questions are taken from the Serendipity Bible.

3. I would strongly suggest that you look up the references that are given in each section. Many times this will greatly enhance the background, and hence, your understanding of the scriptures that you are reading about on that particular day. Take your time, read only as much as you can digest.

There are times when I refer you to either another file in Exodus, or a file in another commentary that I have written, to give you more detail on a particular person, topic, concept or theology. An example might be something like the Great Sanhedrin (see the commentary on The Life of Christ, to see link click Lg – The Great Sanhedrin). If you feel you already know enough about the Great Sanhedrin, you can skip the reference and continue reading. But if it interests you, or if you don’t know what the Great Sanhedrin is, you can go to that file and read it first before continuing. It’s your choice.

4. All scripture is in bold print. The NIV is used unless indicated otherwise. But sometimes the purpose of the bold print is merely for emphasizing a certain point. When bolded maroon is used, it is for special emphasis. The words of Jesus are bolded in red.

5. When bolded teal is used, it is quoted from one of the two Jewish commentaries listed in the bibliography. This will give you the moderate Orthodox Jewish interpretation. It is useful for word studies, but its Christology is obviously entirely wrong. Where rabbinical interpretation is cited, I will add, “The rabbis teach. . .” in front of the passage. Although it is not a Christian interpretation, I think it is interesting to see how the rabbis interpret these passages.

6. Read the scriptures for that day first, then skim the DIG or REFLECT questions. Read the commentary and reflect on it; answer the DIG or REFLECT questions, then read your Bible again. Hopefully, it will have greater meaning for you the second time you read it. Then live it out.

7. If you come to a Jewish word or phrase you do not understand, see the Glossary at the end of the book (see Hi – Glossary).

8. To download a pdf file, click on the red rectangle on the top of any page.

David Mack2024-05-17T18:33:01+00:000 Comments

Mk – End Notes

End Notes

Chapter 1

1 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 15.

2 The Story of Christianity (Volume 1), by Julio Gonzalez, Harper and Rowe Publishers, San Francisco, California, 1984, page 12.

3 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, pages 30-32.

4 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, pages 27-28.

5 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 37.

6 Commentary on the Old Testament (Volume 1): The Pentateuch, by C. F. Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1985, page 46.

7 How It All Began, by Ronald Youngblood, Regal Books, Ventura, CA, 1980, page 22.

8 The Names of God, by Nathan Stone, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1944, page 12.

9 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, pages 38-39.

10 Ibid, page 38.

11 How It All Began, by Ronald Youngblood, Regal Books, Ventura, CA, 1980, page 23.

12 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, pages 46-48.

13 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1998, page 25.

14 The Battle for the Beginning, by John MacArthur, Nelson Books, Nashville, TN, 2001, p 74.

15 Commentary on the Old Testament (Volume 1): The Pentateuch, by C. F.Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1985, pages 48-49.

16 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page52.

17 The Battle for the Beginning, by John MacArthur, Nelson Books, Nashville, TN, 2001, p 79.

18 Ibid, page 80.

19 Ibid, page 83.

20 Ibid, page 89.

21 How It All Began, by Ronald Youngblood, Regal Books, Ventura, CA, 1980, page 30.

22 The Battle for the Beginning, by John MacArthur, Nelson Books, Nashville, TN, 2001, p 91.

23 How It All Began, by Ronald Youngblood, Regal Books, Ventura, CA, 1980, page 30.

24 The Battle for the Beginning, by John MacArthur, Nelson Books, Nashville, TN, 2001, p 90.

25 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, pages 61-62.

26 The Battle for the Beginning, by John MacArthur, Nelson, Nashville, TN, 2001, pgs 97-98.

27 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 63.

28 Ibid, 64.

29 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 1-15, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 66.

30 The Battle for the Beginning, by John MacArthur, Nelson, Nashville, TN, 2001, page 113.

31 Ibid, page 119.

32 Ibid, page 129.

33 Ibid, pages 137-138.

34 Ibid, page 143.

35 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 1-17, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1990, page 140.

36 Hebrews, by John MacArthur, Moody Press, Chicago, Illinois, 1983, pages 293-294.

Chapter 2

37 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 80.

38 How It All Began, by Ronald Youngblood, Regal Books, Ventura, CA, 1980, page 34.

39 The Battle for the Beginning, by John MacArthur, Nelson, Nashville, TN, 2001, page 191.

40 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 32.

41 The Names of God, by Nathan Stone, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1944, page 19.

42 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 1-15, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 77.

43 Genesis, by Derek Kinder, Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries, Downers Grove, Illinois, 1967, page 59.

44 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker Books, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1998, pages 33-34.

45 How It All Began, by Ronald Youngblood, Regal Books, Ventura, CA, 1980, page 40.

46 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 1-17, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1990, page 171.

47 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 31.

48 A Commentary on the Book of Genesis, Part One, by U. Cassuto, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 1989, page 125.

49 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, pages 94-95.

50 Ibid, page 98.

51 How It All Began, by Ronald Youngblood, Regal Books, Ventura, CA, 1980, pages 50-51.

52 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 102.

Chapter 3

53 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1998, page 36.

54 The Battle for the Beginning, by John MacArthur, Nelson, Nashville, TN, 2001, pgs 200-201.

55 How It All Began, by Ronald Youngblood, Regal Books, Ventura, CA, 1980, page 60.

56 The Battle for the Beginning, by John MacArthur, Nelson, Nashville, TN, 2001, page 204.

57 Ibid, page 206.

58 How It All Began, by Ronald Youngblood, Regal Books, Ventura, CA, 1980, page 61.

59 Christian Theology, by Millard Erickson, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1985, page 429.

60 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, pages 114-115.

61 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 1-15, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 83.

62 The NIV Application Commentary on Genesis, by John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2001, pages 217-221.

63 The Battle for the Beginning, by John MacArthur, Nelson, Nashville, TN, 2001, page 214.

64 How It All Began, by Ronald Youngblood, Regal Books, Ventura, CA, 1980, page 66.

65 Genesis: Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries, by Derek Kinder, Inter-Varsity Press, Downers Grove, Illinois, 1967, page 70.

66 The Battle for the Beginning, by John MacArthur, Nelson, Nashville, TN, 2001, page 219.

67 Commentary on the Old Testament (Volume 1): The Pentateuch, by C. F. Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1985, page 102.

68 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1998, page 39.

69 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 125.

70 Romans 1-8, by John MacArthur, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1991, pages 455-456.

71 Commentary on the Old Testament (Volume 1): The Pentateuch, by C. F. Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1985, page 104.

72 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 1-15, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 98.

73 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 33.

74 The Battle for the Beginning, by John MacArthur, Nelson, Nashville, TN, 2001, page 213.

75 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 1-15, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 99.

76 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by Griffin Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, pages 50-52.

77 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 1-15, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 101.

Chapter 4

78 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 133.

79 Hebrews, by John MacArthur, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1983, page 416.

80 Second Peter and Jude, by John MacArthur, Moody, Press, Chicago, IL, 2005, page 177.

81 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1998, page 40.

82 Ibid, page 41.

83 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 139.

84 How It All Began, by Ronald Youngblood, Regal Books, Ventura, CA, 1980, page 74.

85 Hebrews, by John MacArthur, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1983, page 303.

86 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 142.

87 The Bible Has The Answer, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1971, page 100.

88 The NIV Application Commentary on Genesis, by John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2001, pages 278.

89 Ibid, pages 278-279.

90 Commentary on the Old Testament (Volume 1): The Pentateuch, by C. F. Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1985, page 120.

91 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 1-17, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1990, page 243.

Chapter 5

92 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 152.

93 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 1-17, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1990, page 255.

94 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, page 64.

95 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 1-17, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1990, pages 256-257.

96 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 156.

97 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 1-15, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 115.

Chapter 6

98 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 165.

99 Ibid, pages 166-167 and 169.

100 Second Peter and Jude, by John MacArthur, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 2005, page 85.

101 First Peter, by John MacArthur, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 2004, page215.

102 How It All Began, by Ronald Youngblood, Regal Books, Ventura, CA, 1980, page 98.

103 Ibid, pages 100-101.

104 Ibid, page 104.

105 The Genesis Debate, edited by Ronald Youngblood, Thomas Nelson Publishers, Nashville, TN, 1986, pages 210-229.

106 Gleanings in Genesis, by Arthur W. Pink, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1950, page 103.

107 How It All Began, by Ronald Youngblood, Regal Books, Ventura, CA, 1980, page 105.

108 Gleanings in Genesis, by Arthur W. Pink, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1950, page 103.

109 Ibid, page 103-104.

110 Ibid, page 105.

111 Baker Theological Dictionary, edited by Walter Elwell, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996, page 42.

112 Gleanings in Genesis, by Arthur W. Pink, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1950, page 106.

113 Ibid, page 104.

114 How It All Began, by Ronald Youngblood, Regal Books, Ventura, CA, 1980, page 107.

115 Genesis: Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries, by Derek Kinder, Inter-Varsity Press, Downers Grove, Illinois, 1967, page 90.

Chapter 7

116 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 189.

117 How It All Began, by Ronald Youngblood, Regal Books, Ventura, CA, 1980, page 108.

118 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 1-15, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 132.

119 How It All Began, by Ronald Youngblood, Regal Books, Ventura, CA, 1980, page 109.

120 The Great Dinosaur Mystery and the Bible, by Paul Taylor, Chariot Books, Elgin, Illinois, 1989, page 32.

121 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 39.

122 The NIV Application Commentary on Genesis, by John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2001, pages 333-334.

123 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, pages 194-195.

124 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 1-17, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1990, page 293.

125 How It All Began, by Ronald Youngblood, Regal Books, Ventura, CA, 1980, page 115.

126 Ephesians, by John MacArthur, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1986, pages 34-35.

127 How It All Began, by Ronald Youngblood, Regal Books, Ventura, CA, 1980, page 116.

128 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, pages 199-203.

129 How It All Began, by Ronald Youngblood, Regal Books, Ventura, CA, 1980, pages 117-119.

The Science of a Young Earth

130 Thousands…Not Billions, by Dr. Don DeYoung, Master Books, Green Forest, Arizona, 2005, pages 26-27.

131 Ibid, page 60.

132 Ibid, pages 141-154.

133 Impact: Carbon Dating Undercuts Evolution’s Long Ages, by John Baumgardner, The Institute for Creation Research, Santee, CA, 2003, page 1.

134 Thousands…Not Billions, by Dr. Don DeYoung, Master Books, Green Forest, Arizona, 2005, page 46.

135 Ibid, pages 48-49.

136 Brainwashed, by Duane Gish, The Institute for Creation Research, Santee, California, 1994, pages 17-22.

137 Thousands…Not Billions, by Dr. Don DeYoung, Master Books, Green Forest, Arizona, 2005, pages 49-50.

138 Ibid, page 61.

139 Ibid, pages 67 and 78.

140 Impact: New R.A.T.E Data Support a Young World, by Russell Humphreys, The Institute for Creation Research, Santee, CA, 2003, page 4.

141 Thousands…Not Billions, by Dr. Don DeYoung, Master Books, Green Forest, Arizona, 2005, page 83.

142 Ibid, pages 83 and 86.

143 Ibid, page 104.

144 Ibid, page 100.

145 Ibid, page 106.

Chapter 8

146 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers,

Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 85.

147 How It All Began, by Ronald Youngblood, Regal Books, Ventura, CA, 1980, page 119.

148 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 209.

149 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 1-17, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1990, page 301.

150 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers,

Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 87.

151 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 1-17, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1990, page 302.

152 Commentary on the Old Testament (Volume 1): The Pentateuch, by C. F. Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1985, page 149.

153 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 1-15, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, pages 138-139.

154 The Dispensations of God, by Arnold Fruchtenbaum, Ariel Ministries, Tustin, California, 1983, pages 4-5.

155 How It All Began, by Ronald Youngblood, Regal Books, Ventura, CA, 1980, page 123.

156 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by Griffin Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, page 89.

157 The Great Dinosaur Mystery, by Paul Taylor, Chariot Books, Elgin, IL, 1989, pages 34-35.

158 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, pages 88-89.

159 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 1-15, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 141.

Chapter 9

160 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 223.

161 The NIV Application Commentary on Genesis, by John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2001, pages 336.

162 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 40.

163 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 227.

164 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 40.

165 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 228.

166 Genesis: Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries, by Derek Kinder, Inter-Varsity Press, Downers Grove, Illinois, 1967, page 102.

167 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 40.

168 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 61.

169 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, page 94-95.

170 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 96.

171 Genesis, by Hermann Gunkel, Mercer University Press, Macon, GA, 1977 page 80.

172 Current Critical Questions Concerning the “Curse of Ham” (Genesis 9:20-27), by O. Palmer Robertson, Jets 41/2 (June 1998), page 179.

173 The Bible and Homosexual Practice: Texts and Hermeneutics, by Robert Gagnon, Abingdon Press, Nashville, Tennessee, 2002, pages 63-67.

174 How It All Began, by Ronald Youngblood, Regal Books, Ventura, CA, 1980, page 146.

175 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 41.

176 Ibid, page 42.

177 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 244.

178 How It All Began, by Ronald Youngblood, Regal Books, Ventura, CA, 1980, page 147.

Chapter 10

179 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, page 101.

180 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 246.

181 Bibliotheca Sacra, Volume 164, Number 613, by Eugene Merrill,Dallas Theological Seminary, Dallas, Texas, January-March 1997, page 5.

182 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 62.

183 Bibliotheca Sacra, Volume 164, Number 613, by Eugene Merrill,Dallas Theological Seminary, Dallas, Texas, January-March 1997, page 22.

184 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 246.

185 Ibid, page 247.

186 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 42.

187 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 100.

188 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 1-15, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 157.

189 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 251.

190 Gleanings in Genesis, by Arthur W. Pink, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1950, page 103.

191 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 253.

192 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 1-17, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1990, page 342.

193 Ibid, page 342.

194 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 256.

194 Ibid, page 257.

195 How It All Began, by Ronald Youngblood, Regal Books, Ventura, CA, 1980, page 155.

196 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 258.

197 Ibid, page 259.

198 Ibid, page 262.

199 How It All Began, by Ronald Youngblood, Regal Books, Ventura, CA, 1980, page 152.

200 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 263.

Chapter 11

201 Genesis: Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries, by Derek Kinder, Inter-Varsity Press, Downers Grove, Illinois, 1967, page 109.

202 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 264.

203 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 47.

204 How It All Began, by Ronald Youngblood, Regal Books, Ventura, CA, 1980, page 149.

205 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, page 110.

206 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 269.

207 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 44.

208 The Four Trojan Horses of Humanism, by Harry Conn, Mott Media, Milford, Michigan, 1982, pages 45-46.

209 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 272.

210 How It All Began, by Ronald Youngblood, Regal Books, Ventura, CA, 1980, page 149.

211 Ibid, page 150.

212 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 1-17, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1990, page 355.

213 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 1-15, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 157.

212 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 1-17, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1990, page 355.

213 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 62.

215 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 1-15, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 164.

216 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 279.

217 Ibid, page 281.

218 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 63.

219 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, page 115.

220 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 287.

221 Ibid, page 288

222 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 1-15, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 167.

223 Bibliotheca Sacra, Volume 164, Number 613, by Eugene Merrill,Dallas Theological Seminary, Dallas, Texas, January-March 1997, page 9.

224 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 64.

Chapter 12

225 The Dispensations of God – Manuscript Number 41. By Arnold Fruchtenbaum, Ariel Ministries, Tustin, California, 1983, pages 6-7.

226 Gleanings in Genesis, by Arthur W. Pink, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1950, page 141.

227 Ibid, page 142.

228 Destination 2000: Moving the Church Into The Twenty First Century, by Bob Sjogren, Frontiers Ministry, Pasadena, 1990, pages 13 and 25.

229 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, pages 294-295.

230 Hebrews, by John MacArthur, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1983, page 328.

231 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 1-17, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1990, page 367.

232 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 1-15, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 174.

233 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 47.

234 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 71.

235 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker Book, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 296.

236 Ibid, page 298.

237 Ibid, page 298.

238 Ibid, pages 300-301.

Chapter 13

239 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, IL, 1986, page 50.

240 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 75.

241 The NIV Application Commentary on Genesis, by John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2001, pages 415.

242 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 302.

243 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 1-17, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1990, page 394.

244 Gleanings in Genesis, by Arthur W. Pink, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1950, page 157.

245 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 306.

Chapter 14

246 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 123.

247 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 1-15, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 185.

248 Ibid, page 186.

249 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 53.

250 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 123.

251 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 1-15, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, pages 186-187.

252 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 317.

253 The Tender Warrior, by Stu Weber, Multnomah Books, Sisters, OR, 1993, page 41.

254 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, page 132.

255 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers,

Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 125.

256 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 1-15, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 191.

257 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 322.

Chapter 15

258 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 114.

259 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 92.

260 The Names of God, by Nathan Stone, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1944, pages 45-46.

261 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 131.

262 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 55.

263 Gleanings in Genesis, by Arthur Pink, Moody, Chicago, IL, 1950, page 171.

264 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 55.

265 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 132.

266 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 96.

267 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 56.

268 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 133.

Chapter 16

269 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 1-15, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 170.

270 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 16-33, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, pages 18-19.

271 Ibid, page 19.

272 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, pages 329-330.

273 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 16-33, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 19.

274 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 330.

275 Ishmael, Rejected and Loved, by Kees van Dieren. www.godlovesishmael.com, 2014

276 Gleanings in Genesis, by Arthur W. Pink, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1950, page 141.

277 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 331.

Chapter 17

278 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, page 157.

279 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 98.

280 The Baker Theological Dictionary of the Bible, edited by Walter Elwell, Baker Books, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1996, page 770.

281 Gleanings in Genesis, by Arthur W. Pink, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1950, page 187.

282 Galatians, by John MacArthur, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1987, pages 95-96.

283 Names of God, by Nathan Stone, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1944, pages 31 and 33.

284 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 16-33, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 25.

285 Ibid, page 25.

286 Manners and Customs of the Bible, by James M Freeman, Logos International, Plainfield, New Jersey, reprinted in 1972, page 191.

287 Revelation 1-11, by John MacArthur, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1999, page 91.

288 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 332.

289 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 143.

290 Ibid, page 143.

291 Romans 1-8, by John MacArthur, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1991, page 161.

292 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, pages 155-156.

293 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 16-33, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1998, page 32.

294 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 336.

295 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, page 157.

Chapter 18

296 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 337.

297 Hebrews, by John MacArthur, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1983, pages 426-427.

298 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 338.

299 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 11.

300 Ibid, page 11.

301 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 339.

302 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 101.

303 Thru The Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 16-33, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 38.

304 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 340.

305 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 102.

306 The NIV Application Commentary on Genesis, by John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2001, pages 470-471.

307 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 17.

308 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 342.

309 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 21.

310 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 60.

311 The NIV Application Commentary on Genesis, by John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2001, page 485.

312 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 25.

313 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, pages 344-345.

Chapter 19

314 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 16-33, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1998, page 35.

315 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 154.

316 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 103.

317 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 16-33, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 47.

318 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 35.

319 Tyndale Old Testament Commentary: Genesis, by Derek Kidner, Inter-Varsity Press, Downers Grove, Illinois, 1967, page 134.

320 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 155.

321 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 61.

322 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 44.

323 Second Peter and Jude, by John MacArthur, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 2005, page 90-91.

324 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 16-33, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 52.

325 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 49.

326 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, page 174.

327 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 357.

328 Ibid, page 358.

329 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, pages 157-158.

Chapter 20

330 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 359.

331 Ibid, page 360.

332 Gleanings from Genesis, by Arthur W. Pink, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1950, page 192.

333 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 162.

334 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, pages 360-361.

335 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 60.

336 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 363.

337 Keil and Delitzsch Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis, by C. F. Keil, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1985, page 242.

Chapter 21

338 Gleanings in Genesis, by Arthur W. Pink, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1950, page 207.

339 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, pages 366-367.

340 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 74.

341 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 16-33, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 61.

342 Ibid, pages 61-63.

343 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, page 187.

344 Romans 9-16, by John MacArthur, Moody Books, Chicago, IL, 1994, page 22.

345 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 369.

346 Ibid, page 370.

347 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 171.

348 Christian and Muslim Dialogue Pamphlet, by Nubee, Muhammad, 1984, page 34.

349 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Stardust Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 172.

350 Commentary on the Old Testament (Volume 1): The Pentateuch, by C. F. Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1985, page 247.

Chapter 22

351 Gleanings in Genesis, by Arthur W. Pink, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1950, page 221.

352 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Stardust Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 180.

353 Christian and Muslim Dialogue Pamphlet, by Nubee, Muhammad, 1984, page 35.

354 Names of God, by Nathan Stone, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1944, page 58.

355 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, pages 373-374.

356 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Stardust Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 177.

357 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, pages 378-379.

358 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 16-33, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, pages 70-71.

359 Ibid, page 70.

360 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 377.

361 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 16-33, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, pages 71-72.

362 The NIV Application Commentary: Genesis, by John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2001, pages 514-515.

363 Commentary on the Old Testament (Volume 1): The Pentateuch, by C. F. Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1985, page 250.

364 The NIV Application Commentary: Genesis. By John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2001, page 514.

365 Names of God, by Nathan Stone, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1944, pages 60-61.

366 The NIV Application Commentary: Genesis, by John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2001, page 520.

367 Destination 2000, by Bon Sjogren, Frontiers, Pasadena, California, 1990, page 35.

368 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 16-33, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 75.

369 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, page 198.

370 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, pages 384-385.

371 Ibid, page 385.

Chapter 23

372 Netivyah, Hayei Sarah, by Joseph Shulam, 2021.

373 The NIV Application Commentary: Genesis, by John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2001, page 534.

374 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 387.

375 Manners and Customs of the Bible. By James Freeman, Logos International, Plainfield, New Jersey, 1972, page 23.

376 Commentary on the Old Testament (Volume 1): The Pentateuch, by C. F. Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1985, page 257.

377 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, pages 389-390.

378 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 111.

Chapter 24

379 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 16-33, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 83.

380 The NIV Application Commentary: Genesis, by John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2001, pages 534-535.

381 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 391.

382 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 191.

383 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 16-33, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, pages 85-86.

384 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 393.

385 The NIV Application Commentary: Genesis, by John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2001, page 537.

386 Ibid, page 530.

387 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 193.

388 Ibid, page 194.

389 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 399.

390 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 67.

391 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 401.

392 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 196.

393 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 401.

394 Ibid, page 403.

395 Manners and Customs of the Bible. By James Freeman, Logos International, Plainfield, New Jersey, 1972, page 23.

396 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 197.

Chapter 25

397 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 200.

398 The NIV Application Commentary: Genesis, by John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2001, page 533.

399 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, pages 200-201.

400 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 409.

401 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 68.

402 Ibid, page 68.

403 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 176.

404 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 119.

405 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 202.

406 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 16-33, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 106.

407 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 203.

408 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 181.

409 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 70.

410 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, page 235.

411 Commentary on the Old Testament (Volume 1): The Pentateuch, by C. F. Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1985, page 269.

412 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 418.

Chapter 26

413 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 418.

414 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 16-33, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 113.

415 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 195.

416 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 421.

417 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 197.

418 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 120.

419 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 422.

420 Commentary on the Old Testament (Volume 1): The Pentateuch, by C. F. Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1985, page 271.

421 Manners and Customs of the Bible. By James Freeman, Logos International, Plainfield, New Jersey, 1972, page 33.

422 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 423.

423 Matthew 1-7. By John MacArthur, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1985. pages 209-218.

424 The NIV Application Commentary: Genesis, by John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2001, page 553.

425 Gleanings in Genesis, by Arthur W. Pink, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1950, page 233.

426 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, page 244.

427 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 208.

428 Second Corinthians, by John MacArthur, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 2003, page 254.

Chapter 27

429 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 122.

430 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, page 259.

431 The NIV Application Commentary: Genesis, by John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2001, page 556.

432 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 16-33, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 123.

433 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 122.

434 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 430.

435 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 217.

436 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, pages 435-436.

437 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 217.

438 The NIV Application Commentary: Genesis, by John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2001, page 556.

439 The Blessing, by Gary Smalley and John Trent, Nelson, Nashville, TN, 1986, pages 25-26.

440 Commentary on the Old Testament (Volume 1): The Pentateuch, by C. F. Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1985, page 276.

441 The Blessing, by Gary Smalley and John Trent, Nelson, Nashville, TN, 1986, pages 17-18.

442 The NIV Application Commentary: Genesis, by John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2001, page 557.

443 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 439.

444 Gleanings in Genesis, by Arthur W. Pink, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1950, page 243.

445 The Blessing, by Gary Smalley and John Trent, Nelson, Nashville, TN, 1986, pages 17.

446 Hebrews, by John MacArthur, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1983, page 408.

447 Gleanings in Genesis, by Arthur W. Pink, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1950, page 244.

448 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 219.

449 The NIV Application Commentary: Genesis, by John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2001, page 569.

450 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 444.

Chapter 28

451 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, page 266.

452 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 450.

453 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 16-33, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 138.

454 Gleanings in Genesis, by Arthur W. Pink, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1950, page 252.

455 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 125.

Chapter 29

456 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 455.

457 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 16-33, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 142.

458 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, pages 456-457.

459 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 226.

460 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 127.

461 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 459.

462 Ibid, page 460.

463 Manners and Customs of the Bible. By James Freeman, Logos International, Plainfield, New Jersey, 1972, page 37.

464 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, pages 262-263.

465 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 462.

466 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 258.

467 Ibid, page 263.

468 Gleanings in Genesis, by Arthur W. Pink, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1950, pages 259-260.

469 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 16-33, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 149.

470 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 264.

471 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 126.

472 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 77.

473 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 127.

474 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 266.

475 Ibid, page 268.

Chapter 30

476 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 270.

477 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 466.

478 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 126.

479 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 466.

480 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 272.

481 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 467.

482 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 266.

483 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 473.

484 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 77.

485 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 232.

486 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 477.

Chapter 31

487 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 232.

488 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 477.

489 The NIV Application Commentary: Genesis, by John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2001, page 590.

490 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 481.

491 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 289.

492 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 481.

493 Ibid, page 482.

494 Ibid, page 482-483.

495 Ibid, page 488.

496 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 313.

497 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 79.

498 Commentary on the Old Testament (Volume 1): The Pentateuch, by C. F. Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1985, page 300.

499 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, pages 491-492.

Chapter 32

500 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 493.

501 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, page 292.

502 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 495.

503 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 80.

504 Manners and Customs of the Bible. By James Freeman, Logos International, Plainfield, New Jersey, 1972, page 41.

505 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 133.

506 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 500.

507 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 81.

508 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 16-33, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 176.

509 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 337.

510 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 134.

511 Commentary on the Old Testament (Volume 1): The Pentateuch, by C. F. Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1985, page 306.

512 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 134.

Chapter 33

513 The NIV Application Commentary: Genesis, by John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2001, pages 615-616.

514 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, pages 505-506.

515 Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 34-50, by J. Vernon McGee, Nelson Books, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 18.

516 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, page 319.

517 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, pages 507-508.

Chapter 34

518 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 135.

519 Tyndale Old Testament Commentary: Genesis, by Derek Kidner, Inter-Varsity Press, Downers Grove, Illinois, 1967, page 173.

520 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 356.

521 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, page 321.

522 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 150.

523 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 83.

524 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 361.

525 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker Books, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2004, page 135.

526 The NIV Application Commentary: Genesis, by John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2001, page 630.

527 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 514.

528 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, page 324.

529 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 136.

530 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 517.

Chapter 35

531 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 244.

532 The NIV Application Commentary: Genesis, by John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2001, page 640.

533 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 137.

534 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 520.

535 Ibid, page 521.

536 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 138.

537 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 521.

538 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, pages 335-336.

539 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 139.

540 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, pages 170-171.

541 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, page 340.

542 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 524.

Chapter 36

543 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand R, MI, 2004, pages 138-139.

544 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 175.

545 Commentary on the Old Testament (Volume 1): The Pentateuch, by C. F. Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1985, page 321.

546 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 392.

547 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 85.

548 Ibid, page 86.

549 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, page 349.

550 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 247.

Chapter 37

551 Gleanings in Genesis, by Arthur W. Pink, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1950, pages 344-408.

552 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 205.

553 Joseph, From the Pit to the Palace Tape Series: Joseph and Jesus, by John Hagee, John Hagee Ministries, San Antonio, Texas, 2005, Side B.

554 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, pages 535-536.

555 Joseph, From the Pit to the Palace Tape Series: Behold the Dreamer Cometh, by John Hagee, John Hagee Ministries, San Antonio, Texas, 2005, Side A.

556 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 410.

557 Ibid, page 411.

558 The NIV Application Commentary: Genesis, by John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2001, page 664.

559 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 87.

560 Tyndale Old Testament Commentary: Genesis, by Derek Kidner, Inter-Varsity Press, Downers Grove, Illinois, 1967, page 181.

561 Joseph, From the Pit to the Palace Tape Series: Behold the Dreamer Cometh, by John Hagee, John Hagee Ministries, San Antonio, Texas, 2005, Side B.

562 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 193.

563 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, page 358.

564 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 539.

565 The NIV Application Commentary: Genesis, by John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2001, page 664.

566 Genesis: Chapters 34-50, by J. Vernon McGee, Thomas Nelson Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 50.

567 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 417.

568 The NIV Application Commentary: Genesis, by John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2001, page 665.

569 Joseph, From the Pit to the Palace Tape Series: Joseph in the Pit, by John Hagee, John Hagee Ministries, San Antonio, Texas, 2005, Side B.

570 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 421.

571 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 198.

572 Commentary on the Old Testament (Volume 1): The Pentateuch, by C. F. Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1985, page 337.

573 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 257.

574 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 545.

575 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 428.

576 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, page 360.

577 Genesis: Chapters 34-50, by J. Vernon McGee, Thomas Nelson Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 55.

578 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 88.

Chapter 38

579 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 205.

580 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 547.

581 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 434.

582 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 209.

583 The NIV Application Commentary: Genesis, by John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2001, page 668.

584 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 551.

585 Tyndale Old Testament Commentary: Genesis, by Derek Kidner, Inter-Varsity Press, Downers Grove, Illinois, 1967, page 188.

586 The NIV Application Commentary: Genesis, by John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2001, page 669.

587 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 439.

588 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 553.

589 Ibid, page 555.

590 Ibid, pages 556-557

591 Ibid, page 557.

592 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 259.

Chapter 39

593 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 151.

594 Joseph, From the Pit to the Palace Tape Series: The Favor of God, by John Hagee, John Hagee Ministries, San Antonio, Texas, 2005, Side A.

595 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, pages 560-561.

596 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, page 372.

597 Genesis: Chapters 34-50, by J. Vernon McGee, Thomas Nelson Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 71.

598 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 465.

599 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 227.

600 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 151.

601 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 90.

602 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 563.

603 Genesis: Chapters 34-50, by J. Vernon McGee, Thomas Nelson Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 83.

604 The NIV Application Commentary: Genesis, by John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2001, page 672.

605 Joseph, From the Pit to the Palace Tape Series: Joseph in Prison, by John Hagee, John Hagee Ministries, San Antonio, Texas, 2005, Side A.

606 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 266.

607 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 151.

608 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, pages 231-232.

Chapter 40

609 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, pages 567-568.

610 Manners and Customs of the Bible. By James Freeman, Logos International, Plainfield, New Jersey, 1972, page 45.

611 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 233.

612 Manners and Customs of the Bible. By James Freeman, Logos International, Plainfield, New Jersey, 1972, page 194.

613 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 475.

614 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 239.

615 Genesis: Chapters 34-50, by J. Vernon McGee, Thomas Nelson Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, pages 80-81.

616 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 571.

617 Commentary on the Old Testament (Volume 1): The Pentateuch, by C. F. Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1985, page 347.

618 Manners and Customs of the Bible. By James Freeman, Logos International, Plainfield, New Jersey, 1972, page 45.

619 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 152.

620 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 268.

621 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 243.

622 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 483.

623 Commentary on the Old Testament (Volume 1): The Pentateuch, by C. F. Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1985, page 348.

624 The NIV Application Commentary: Genesis, by John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2001, page 673.

625 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, pages 245-246.

626 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 574.

627 Manners and Customs of the Bible. By James Freeman, Logos International, Plainfield, New Jersey, 1972, page 46.

628 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker Book, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 575.

629 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 248.

630 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, page 383.

Chapter 41

631 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand R, MI, 2004, pages 153-154.

632 Manners and Customs of the Bible. By James Freeman, Logos International, Plainfield, New Jersey, 1972, page 46.

633 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 91.

634 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 253.

635 Genesis: Chapters 34-50, by J. Vernon McGee, Thomas Nelson Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 87.

636 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, page 390.

637 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 578.

638 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, page 390.

639 Manners and Customs of the Bible. By James Freeman, Logos International, Plainfield, New Jersey, 1972, page 47.

640 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 152.

641 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 257.

642 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 580.

643. Ibid, pages 582-583.

644. Ibid, page 582.

645. The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 91.

646 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 504.

647 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 270.

648 Manners and Customs of the Bible. By James Freeman, Logos International, Plainfield, New Jersey, 1972, page 49.

Chapter 42

649 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 516.

650 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 158.

651 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 600.

652 Ibid, page 601.

653 Genesis: Chapters 34-50, by J. Vernon McGee, Thomas Nelson Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 108.

654 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 93.

Chapter 43

655 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 603.

656 Commentary on the Old Testament (Volume 1): The Pentateuch, by C. F. Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1985, page 359.

657 Ibid, page 361.

658 The NIV Application Commentary: Genesis, by John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2001, page 679.

659 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 299.

660 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 281.

661 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, pages 545-546.

662 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 300.

663 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 548.

664 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 282.

665 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 549.

666 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 303.

667 Ibid, pages 303-304.

668 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 607.

669 Manners and Customs of the Bible. By James Freeman, Logos International, Plainfield, New Jersey, 1972, page 51.

670 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 283.

671 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 93.

672 The NIV Application Commentary: Genesis, by John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2001, page 680.

Chapter 44

673 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 309.

674 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1976, page 611.

675 Genesis: Chapters 34-50, by J. Vernon McGee, Thomas Nelson Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 119.

676 Manners and Customs of the Bible. By James Freeman, Logos International, Plainfield, New Jersey, 1972, page 52.

677 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 558.

678 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 615.

679 Ibid, page 615.

680 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 566.

681 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 315.

682 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, page 424.

683 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 321.

Chapter 45

684 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 619.

685 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 323.

686 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 159.

687 Joseph, From the Pit to the Palace Tape Series: When Dreams Come True, by John Hagee, John Hagee Ministries, San Antonio, Texas, 2005, Side B.

688 Genesis: Chapters 34-50, by J. Vernon McGee, Thomas Nelson Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 130.

689 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 94.

690 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 577.

691 Genesis: Chapters 34-50, by J. Vernon McGee, Thomas Nelson Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 130.

692 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 158.

693 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, pages 622-623.

694 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 581.

695 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 327.

696 Ibid, page 330.

697 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 587.

Chapter 46

698 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 160.

699 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker Book, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 627.

700 Genesis: Chapters 34-50, by J. Vernon McGee, Thomas Nelson Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 135.

701 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 161.

702 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 336.

703 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 629.

704 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 593.

705 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 338.

706 Matthew, 8-15, by John MacArthur, The Moody Bible Institute, Chicago, IL, 1987, page 431.

707 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 597.

708 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 339.

709 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 633.

710 Genesis: Chapters 34-50, by J. Vernon McGee, Thomas Nelson Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 138.

711 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 634.

712 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 602.

713 Commentary on the Old Testament (Volume 1): The Pentateuch, by C. F. Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1985, page 375.

714 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 287.

715 Genesis: Chapters 34-50, by J. Vernon McGee, Thomas Nelson Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 135.

Chapter 47

716 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 347.

717 Commentary on the Old Testament (Volume 1): The Pentateuch, by C. F. Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1985, page 375.

718 The NIV Application Commentary: Genesis, by John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2001, page 687.

719 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 637.

720 Genesis: Chapters 34-50, by J. Vernon McGee, Thomas Nelson Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 146.

721 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 638.

722. Ibid, pages 638-639.

723 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 613.

724 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, pages 351-352.

725 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 288.

726 Genesis: Chapters 34-50, by J. Vernon McGee, Thomas Nelson Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, pages 147-148.

727 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, page 451.

728 Genesis: Chapters 34-50, by J. Vernon McGee, Thomas Nelson Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 147.

729 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 639.

730 Tyndale Old Testament Commentary: Genesis, by Derek Kidner, Inter-Varsity Press, Downers Grove, Illinois, 1967, page 211.

731 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 639.

732 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 355.

733 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 640.

734 Tyndale Old Testament Commentary: Genesis, by Derek Kidner, Inter-Varsity Press, Downers Grove, Illinois, 1967, page 211.

735 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, page 453.

736 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 359.

737 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, pages 641-642.

738 Commentary on the Old Testament (Volume 1): The Pentateuch, by C. F. Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1985, page 381.

739 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 625.

740 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 643.

741 Genesis: Chapters 34-50, by J. Vernon McGee, Thomas Nelson Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 151.

Chapter 48

742 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 289.

743 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 363.

744 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 646.

745 Commentary on the Old Testament (Volume 1): The Pentateuch, by C. F. Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1985, page 382.

746 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 290.

747 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 365.

748 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 648.

749 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 638.

750 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 97.

751 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 369.

752 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, page 463.

753 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 642.

754 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 98.

755 Commentary on the Old Testament (Volume 1): The Pentateuch, by C. F. Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1985, pages 385-386.

756 Genesis: Chapters 34-50, by J. Vernon McGee, Thomas Nelson Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, page 160.

757 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, pages 370-371.

Chapter 49

758 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 162.

759 Genesis: Chapters 34-50, by J. Vernon McGee, Thomas Nelson Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, pages 161-162.

760 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 651.

761 Ibid, page 650.

762 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 162.

763 Tyndale Old Testament Commentary: Genesis, by Derek Kidner, Inter-Varsity Press, Downers Grove, Illinois, 1967, page 216.

764 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 652.

765 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 374.

766 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 653.

767 Commentary on the Old Testament (Volume 1): The Pentateuch, by C. F. Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1985, page 391.

768 Genesis: Chapters 34-50, by J. Vernon McGee, Thomas Nelson Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee, 1991, pages 164-165.

769 The NIV Application Commentary: Genesis, by John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2001, page 714.

770 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, page 473.

771 Commentary on the Old Testament (Volume 1): The Pentateuch, by C. F. Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1985, page 393.

772 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 656.

773 Ibid, page 655.

774 Revelation 12-22, by John MacArthur, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 2000, pages 219 and 239.

775 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 656.

776 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 378.

777 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 644.

778 Tyndale Old Testament Commentary: Genesis, by Derek Kidner, Inter-Varsity Press, Downers Grove, Illinois, 1967, page 219.

779 Jets 29/4 (December 1986), Issachar: Slave or Freedman? by Joel Heck, pages 386-387.

780 Notes of the New Translation of the Torah, the Jewish Publication Society, by Harry Orlinsky, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1969, page 142.

781 Jets 29/4 (December 1986), Issachar: Slave or Freedman? by Joel Heck, pages 394-395.

782 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 658.

783 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 670.

784 Tyndale Old Testament Commentary: Genesis, by Derek Kidner, Inter-Varsity Press, Downers Grove, Illinois, 1967, pages 219-220.

785 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 658.

786 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 380.

787 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, page 474.

788 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 659.

789 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 381.

790 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, page 474.

791 Sermon by Rabbi Barney Kasdan, October 2011, Naphtali: Speaking Beautiful Words.

792 David Stern, The Jewish New Testament Commentary, Jewish New Testament Publications, Clarksville, Maryland, 1992, pages 499-500.792

793 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 1522.

794 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 382.

795 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 293.

796 What Should We Learn from the Tribe of Joseph? Got Questions?org, CEO, S. Michael Houdman.

797 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 384.

798 Tyndale Old Testament Commentary: Genesis, by Derek Kidner, Inter-Varsity Press, Downers Grove, Illinois, 1967, page 222.

799 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 686.

800 Genesis, A Devotional Commentary, by W. H Griffith Thomas, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1946, page 475.

801 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 661.

802 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 687.

803 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 661.

804 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 688.

805 The Bible Knowledge Commentary on the Old Testament, by John Walvoord and Roy Zuck, Victor Books, Wheaton, Illinois, 1986, page 99.

806 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 388.

807 Ibid, page 389.

808 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 663.

809 Christian Theology, by Millard Erickson, Baker Bookhouse, Grand R, MI, 1985, page 1172.

810 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 663.

Chapter 50

811 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 162.

812 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 664.

813 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 694.

814 The NIV Application Commentary: Genesis, by John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2001, page 720.

815 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 697.

816 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 665.

817 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 396.

818 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 666.

819 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 396.

820 Ibid, page 397.

821 Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept, by Joyce Gibson, Starburst Publishers, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1999, page 296.

822 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 398.

823 Encountering the Book of Genesis, by Bill Arnold, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, page 163.

824 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 667.

825 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 399.

826 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 667.

827 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 711.

828 A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19-50:26, by John Currid, Evangelical Press, Webster, New York, 2003, page 400.

829 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50, by Victor Hamilton, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, page 712.

830 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 668.

The Witness of the Stars

831 The Witness of the Stars, by E. W. Bullinger, London, England, 1983.

832 Baker Theological Dictionary, Edited by Walter Elwell, Baker Books, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1996, page 42.

833 The Feast of Tabernacles, by Arnold Fruchtenbaum, Manuscript 120, Tustin, CA, 1987.

834 Commentary on the Old Testament (Volume 1): The Pentateuch, by C. F. Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1985, page 384.

835 Ephesians, by John MacArthur, Moody Bible Institute, Chicago, IL, 1986, page 77.

836 Revelation: 12-22, by John MacArthur, Moody Bible Institute, Chicago, IL, 2000, page 203.

837 Commentary on the Old Testament (Volume 10): The Minor Prophets, by C. F. Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1985, page 448.

838 Christian Theology, by Millard Erickson, Baker Bookhouse, Grand R, MI, 1985, page 1186.

839 The Genesis Record, by Henry Morris, Baker, Grand Rapids, MI, 1976, page 264.

840 Ibid, page 120.

841 The Footsteps of the Messiah, by Arnold Fruchtenbaum, Ariel Ministries, Tustin, CA, 2004, pages 463-464.

842 Matthew 1-7, by John MacArthur, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1985, pages 452-458.

843 Revelation: 12-22, by John MacArthur, Moody Bible Institute, Chicago, IL, 2000, page 203.

844 Ibid, pages 240-242.

845 Ibid, pages 245-246

846 The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Leviticus, by Gordon Wenham, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1979, pages 174-175.

847 Revelation: 12-22, by John MacArthur, Moody Bible Institute, Chicago, IL, 2000, page 256.

David Mack2024-05-14T17:19:30+00:000 Comments

Ml – Bibliography

Bibliography

Arnold, Bill. Encountering the Book of Genesis. Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1998.

Barker, Kenneth. NIV Study Bible. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1985.

Baumgardner, John. Impact: Carbon Dating Undercuts Evolution’s Long Ages, Santee: The Institute for Creation Research, 2003.

Bright, John. A History of Isra’el. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1972.

Bullinger, Ethelbert W. The Witness of the Stars. Grand Rapids: Kregel Publications, 1893.

Cason, F. Connor, Triumph of the Mockers. San Diego, David’s Son Press, 2003.

Cassuto, Humberto. A Commentary on the Book of Genesis, Part One. Jerusalem: Magnes Press at the Hebrew University, 1984.

Cassuto, Humberto. A Commentary on the Book of Genesis, Part Two. Jerusalem: Magnes Press at the Hebrew University, 1984.

Cohen, Aaron. Genesis: The Soncino Chumash.London: The Soncino Press, 1947.

Cohen, Abraham. Every Man’s Talmud: The Major Teachings of the Rabbinic Sages, New York: Schocken Books, 1949.

Coleman, Lyman. The Serendipity Bible for Groups, New International Version. Littleton: Serendipity House, 1988.

Conn, Harry. The Four Trojan Horses of Humanism. Milford: Mott Media, 1982.

Currid, John. Genesis, Volume 2, 25:19 to 50:26: Webster: Evangelical Press, 2003.

Delitzsch, Franz. Commentary on the Old Testament (Volume 1): The Pentateuch. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1985.

DeYoung, Don. Thousands…Not Billions. Green Forest: Master Books, 2005.

van Dieren, Kees. Ishmael, Rejected and Loved.www.godlovesishmael.com, 2014

Elwell, Walter. Baker Theological Dictionary of the Bible. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1996.

Erickson, Millard. Christian Theology. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1985.

First Fruits of Zion, Torah Club.

Freeman, James. Manners and Customs of the Bible. Plainfield: Logos International, 1972.

Fruchtenbaum, Arnold. Genesis Tape Series. Tustin: Ariel Ministries, 1990.

Fruchtenbaum, Arnold. The Dispensations of God, Manuscript Number 41. Tustin: Ariel Ministries, 1983.

Fruchtenbaum, Arnold. The Footsteps of the Messiah.Tustin: Ariel Ministries, 1982.

Gonzalez, Julio. The Story of Christianity, Volume 2.San Francisco: Harper and Row Publishers, 1985.

Gibson, Joyce. Genesis: God’s Word for the Biblically Inept. Lancaster: Starburst Publishers, 1999.

Gish, Duane. Brainwashed. Santee: The Institute for Creation Research, 1994.

Heck, Joel. Article from Jets29/4 (December 1986), Issachar: Slave or Freedman?

Hagee, John. Joseph, From the Pit to the Palace Tape Series: Lincoln: Hagee Ministries, 2006.

Hamilton, Victor. The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 1-17. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990.

Hamilton, Victor. The New International Commentary on the Old Testament: Genesis 18-50. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995.

Humphreys, Russell. Impact: New R.A.T.E. Data Support a Young World, Santee: The Institute for Creation Research, 2003.

La Sor, William. Old Testament Survey. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987

MacArthur, John. Second Corinthians. Chicago: Moody Press, 2003.

MacArthur, John. Galatians. Chicago: Moody Press, 1987.

MacArthur, John. Ephesians. Chicago: Moody Press, 1986.

MacArthur, John. Matthew 1-7. Chicago: Moody Press, 1985.

MacArthur, John. Matthew 8-15. Chicago: Moody Press, 1987.

MacArthur, John. Romans 1-8. Chicago: Moody Press, 1991.

MacArthur, John. Romans 9-16. Chicago: Moody Press, 1994.

MacArthur, John. Hebrews. Chicago: Moody Press, 1983.

MacArthur, John. First Peter. Chicago, Moody Press, 2004.

MacArthur, John. Second Peter and Jude. Chicago: Moody Press, 2005.

MacArthur, John. Revelation 1-11. Chicago: Moody Press, 1999.

MacArthur, John. Revelation 12-22. Chicago: Moody Press, 2000.

MacArthur, John. The Battle for the Beginning. Nashville: Nelson Books, 2001.

MacArthur, John. Twelve Unlikely Heroes. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2012.

Maalouf, Tony. Arabs in the Shadow of Israel: The Unfolding of God’s Prophetic Plan for Ishmael’s Line. Grand Rapids, Kregel Publications, 2006.

Malick, Faisal. The Destiny of Islam in the End Times: Understanding God’s Heart for the Muslim People. Shippensburg, Destiny Image Publishers, 2007.

McGee, J. Vernon. Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 1-15. Nashville: Nelson Books, 1991.

McGee, J. Vernon. Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 16-33. Nashville: Nelson Books, 1991.

McGee, J. Vernon. Thru the Bible Commentary Series, Genesis 34-50. Nashville: Nelson Books, 1991.

Merrill, Eugene. Bibliotheca Sacra, Volume 164, Number 613. Dallas: Dallas Theological Seminary, January-March 1997.

Morris, Henry. The Genesis Record. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1976.

Morris, Henry. The Bible Has The Answer. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1971.

Orlinsky, Harry. Notes of the New Translation of the Torah. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 1969.

Pink, Arthur. Gleanings in Genesis. Chicago: Moody Press, 1950.

Sjogren, Bob. Destination 2000: Moving The Church Into The Twenty First Century. Pasadena: Frontiers Ministry, 1990.

Smalley, Gary. The Blessing. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1986.

Stone, Nathan. The Names of God. Chicago: Moody Press, 1944.

Taylor, Paul. The Great Dinosaur Mystery. Elgin: Chariot Books, 1989.

Thomas, Griffin. Genesis, A Devotional Commentary. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1946.

Towns, Elmer. My Father’s Names. Ventura, Regal Books, 1991.

Walch, John. Chiasmus in Antiquity. Provo: Research Press Publications, 1981.

Walton, John. The NIV Application Commentary on Genesis. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2001.

Walvoord, John and Zuck, Roy. The Bible Knowledge Commentary of the Old Testament. Wheaton: Victor Books, 1986.

Warren, Rick. The Purpose Driven Life. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2002.

Weber, Stu. The Tender Warrior. Sisters: Multnomah Books, 1993.

Wenham, Gordon. The Book of Leviticus.Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979.

Woudstra, Marten. The Book of Joshua. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1981.

Yancy, Philip. Disappointment With God. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1988.

Youngblood, Ronald. How It All Began. Ventura: Regal Books, 1980.

Youngblood, Ronald. The Genesis Debate. Tennessee: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1986.

David Mack2024-05-14T18:42:02+00:000 Comments

Mj – Glossary

Glossary

Abba: an affectionate way to say Father, hence dear Father, or even Daddy,Papa.

Adar: the twelfth month of the Jewish biblical calendar.

Adonai: literally, my Lord, a word the TaNaKh uses to refer to God.

ADONAI: the Tetragrammaton, meaning the four-letter name of YHVH. Both ADONAI and Ha’Shem are substitute names for YHVH. ADONAI, however, is more of an affectionate name like daddy.

ADONAI Elohei-Tzva’ot: The LORD God of heaven’s angelic armies.

ADONAI Eloheinu: LORD our God.

ADONAI Nissi: The LORD my Banner.

ADONAI Shalom: The LORD of Peace.

ADONAI Tzidkenu: The LORD our Righteousness.

ADONAI-Tzva’ot: The LORD of heaven’s angelic armies.

Adversary, the: Satan, the devil, and the old dragon.

Afikomen: Literally, “That which comes after.” Piece of matzah that is hidden during the Seder, to be found and eaten after the third cup of redemption.

Amen: “It is true,” or “So be it,” or “May it become true.”

Ariel: lion of God, fireplace on God’s altar.

Aviv: the first month of the biblical year, corresponding to the modern Jewish month of Nisan.

Avraham: Abraham.

Azazel: a scapegoat or goat demon sent out in the wilderness on Yom Kippur.

Ba’al: the chief male god of the Phoenicians and Canaanites. The word means lord or master.

Bar or Bat Mitzvah: Son or daughter of the commandments. The ceremony by which a boy or girl at 13 or 12 is considered an adult.

Beit-Lechem: Bethlehem, birthplace of David and Yeshua, meaning house of bread.

Bnei-Yisrael: The children of Isar’el.

B’rit Chadashah: The New Covenant, New Testament.

Chesed: Mercy, righteousness (see the commentary on Ruth Af – The Concept of Chesed).

Cohen of Ha’Elyon: Priest of the God Most High.

Cohen Rosh Gadol: Great High Priest.

Cohen: priest.

Cohanim: priests.

Diaspora, the Dispersion: The scattering of the Jewish people in exile. Today over 6 million Jews live in Isra’el, and over 8 million Jews live in the Diaspora.

Echad: The Hebrew word for “one” or “unity.” Echad is used in the Shema (Deut 6:4).

El ‘Elyon: the Most High God.

El Shaddai: God Almighty.

Emissaries: Apostles

Goyim: Nations, non-Jews, Gentiles.

Halacha: The way, the Oral Law(see the commentary on The Life of Christ Ei – The Oral Law), or the rules governing Jewish life.

Ha’Shem: While ADONAI is more of an affectionate name like daddy, while Ha’Shem is a more formal name like sir.

Hag ha-Matzah: The Feast of Unleavened Bread.

Hanukkah: Meaning “dedication,” the feast commemorating the rebuilding and dedication of the Temple after its desecration by Syrian invaders.

Kadosh: Holy.

Malki-Tzedek: Melchizedek.

Matzah: Unleavened bread, bread made without yeast.

Meshugah: A Yiddish word meaning crazy.

Messiah (Greek): Christ, the Anointed One.

Mashiach (Hebrew): Messiah, the Anointed One.

Midrash: An allegorical interpretation or application of a text. The hearer is expected to understand that the maker of the midrash is not expounding the plain meaning of the text, but introducing his own ideas.

Mikveh: A bath o pool with a flow of fresh water; used in Orthodox Judaism to this day for ritual purification or ceremonial cleansing, performed at various times in a person’s life.

Mitzvah: A good deed; literally command or commandment; more broadly, a general principle for living.

Mitzvot: commandments.

Moshe: Moses.

‘Olam haba, the: the coming age.

Omer: Meaning “sheaf,” the bundle of barley used in the Firstfruits offering. After the Temple period it came to be identified with Sefirat ha’Omer, or the counting of the omer, the counting of the days from Firstfruits to Shavu’ot.

Pesach: Passover. It is one of the three “pilgrim festivals” that all able bodied Jews were expected to celebrate before YHVH in Yerushalayim.

Purim: Meaning “lots,” the holiday based on the story of Esther.

Redeemed: Setting free from slavery, buying back something lost, for a price.

Resheet: The Feast of Firstfruits.

Righteous of the TaNaKh, the: Old Testament believers.

Ruach: Wind or spirit.

Ruach ha-Kodesh: The Spirit of God, the Holy Spirit.

Shabbat: The Sabbath Day, the seventh day of the week, when work ceases.

Shalom: Peace, wholeness, wellness; a greeting used when meeting or departing.

Sh’khinah: The visual manifestation of the glory of God.

Sukkot: The festival of Booths or Tabernacles, celebrating the forty years when the people of Isra’el lived in booths, tens, shacks, in the desert between Egypt and the land of Isra’el.It is one of the three “pilgrim festivals” that all able bodied Jews were expected to celebrate before YHVH in Yerushalayim.

Shavu’ot: the festival of Weeks (Hebrew) or Pentecost (Greek), since it comes seven weeks after Pesach; also called Pentecost, from the Greek word for fifty because one counts fifty days after Passover. It is one of the three “pilgrim festivals” that all able bodied Jews were expected to celebrate before YHVH in Yerushalayim.

Sinai: the mountain in the desert between Egypt and the land of Isra’el.

Shuwb: turn, turning, and the big idea of Jeremiah.

Synagogue: Meaning “assembly,” an adopted Greek word for a house of prayer and study.

Talmud: Student.

Talmud: The codified body of Jewish Oral Law; includes literary creations, legends, scriptural interpretations, comprised of the Mishnah and the Gemara.

TaNaKh: The Hebrew word TaNaKh is an acronym, based on the letters T (for “Torah”), N (for “Nevi’im,” or the Prophets), and K (for “Ketuv’im,” or the Sacred Writings). It is the collection of the teachings of God to human beings in document form. This term is used instead of the phrase, “the Old Testament.”

Torah: literally, means teaching or instruction. It can be used for the five books of Moshe, or the whole TaNaKh (John 10:34). Uncapitalized, torah can be understood generally as a law or principle (Romans 7:21-8:2).

Tziyon: Zion, Mount Zion, was originally the City of David, south of the modern Old City of Yerushalayim. Later the name Tziyon came to refer metaphorically to the Temple Mount, Jerusalem, or the people of Isra’el. The hill now called Mount Tziyon was given its name in the fourth century AD.

Yeshua: Jesus, and is a masculine form, and a word play on yeshu’ah (salvation).

Yerushalayim: Jerusalem.

Y’hudah: Judah.

YHVH: the Tetragrammaton, meaning the Name, the four-letter name of God. Therefore, God does not have many names, He has only one name – YHVH (Yud Hay Vav Hay). All the other names in the Bible describe His characteristics and His attributes.

Yisra’el: Isra’el.

Yochanan: John.

Yom Kippur: the Day of Atonement, the close of the High Holy Days, and considered the holiest day of the year in traditional Judaism.

David Mack2024-05-14T17:20:28+00:000 Comments

Mi – Leo: The Lion Chapter Four: The Fulfillment of the Ultimate Triumph

Leo: The Lion
Chapter Four: The Fulfillment of the Ultimate Triumph

Here we come to the end of the circle. We began with Virgo and we end with Leo. It is not only the end of the inspired Word of God, it is also the end as it is written in the heavens. And the one great truth of the last chapter of the last book of The Witness of the Stars is that the Lion of the tribe of Judah, the Root of David, has triumphed (Revelation 5:5). Amen! The Hebrew name of the sign is Arieh, which means the Lion. There are six Hebrew words for lion, and this one is used of the lion hunting down his prey. The Syriac name is Aryo, the lion that dismembers, and the Arabic is Al Asad; both mean a lion coming violently, leaping forth as a flame! The Bible identifies the Messiah as the Lion (Genesis 49:8-9; Numbers 24:8-9; Isaiah 42:13; Amos 3:4-8).

It is a beautiful constellation of 95 stars, two of which are of the first magnitude, two of the second, six of the third, and thirteen of the fourth. The brightest star, alpha(on the Ecliptic), marks the heart of the lion. Its ancient name is Regulus, which means treading under foot, and that is exactly what we see in the heavens as the Lion is shown treading down the Serpent. The next star, beta(in the tip of the tail), is of the first magnitude and is named Denebola, the Judge or Lord who comes. The Word of God confirms this: The Father judges no one, but has entrusted all judgment to the Son (John 5:22). The star, delta (on the back) is called Zosma, shining forth. Other stars that are not identified are Minchir al Asad (Arabic), the punishing or tearing of the lion, Deneb Aleced, the coming judge who seizes, and Al Dafera (Arabic), the enemy put down. In Genesis 3:15 God said that the Seed of the woman would crush Satan’s head, or deal him a deathblow. This pictures the fulfillment of that prophecy.

What we find in the three constellations of Leo is the return of Satan, the last great rebellion and the last day in the court of the LORD.

1. Hydra (The Serpent): At the end of the millennial Kingdom, when the thousand years are over, Satan will be released from his prison (Revelation 20:7) to lead a final rebellion of sinners (those unbelievers who survived the Great Tribulation, entered the messianic Kingdom and multiplied). It is remarkable that despite the personal rule of Jesus Christ from the earth, despite the most moral society the world will ever know, many will love their sin so much that they will reject Him (Romans 8:7-8). Even the utopian conditions of the Millennium will not change the sad fact that humans have a sin nature. Just as when Christwas on the earth, sinners will reject the King of all the earth. This should not be surprising because the perfect conditions of the garden of Eden were not enough to keep sinless Adam and Eve from rebelling against the LORD. The issue regarding salvation is never lack of information (Romans 1:18-20); it is love of sin (John 3:19).⁸⁴³

Satan is pictured as the female serpent Hydra, the mother and author of all evil. Hydra means detestable. It is an immense constellation extending far above one hundred degrees from east to west, beneath the Virgin, the Lion and the Crab. It is composed of 60 stars, one of the second magnitude, three of the third, and twelve of the fourth. The brightest star is alpha (in the heart of the serpent); its ancient name is Al Phard (Arabic), which means the separated, put away. Another star is named Minchar al Sugia, the piercing of the deceiver. Amazingly enough, by the end of the Millennium, Satan will have deceived so many people that in number they are like the sand on the seashore (Revelation 20:8b).

2. Crater (The Cup): The cup of God’s wrath will be poured out on the last great rebellion. Satan will find fertile ground in which to sow his seeds of rebellion. Many of those unsaved descendants of those who entered the Messianic Kingdom will love their sin so much that they will reject the Meshiach. The actual strategy and method of Satan’s deception is not revealed, but it will succeed in deceiving an uncountable number from the four corners of the earth into revolting against the Lord Jesus Christ.

This cup has 13 stars. The star alpha means the Cup and the star beta marks the bottom of the Cup. This Cup is deep and wide and fastened on by the stars to the very body of the Serpent. The same stars that are at the bottom of the Cup are thought of as belonging to both constellations.

The earth’s topography will have been drastically reshaped by the catastrophic events of the Great Tribulation (Revelation 16:20; Zechariah 14:4 and 9-11) which will allow the rebel forces to march across the breadth of the earth and surround the camp of God’s people. The saints will be encamped around Jerusalem, the city He loves, which is the place of Messiah’s throne and the center of the millennial world. They will be enjoying the glorious presence of the Lord when the attack comes. But like Armageddon a thousand years earlier (Revelation 19:11-21), the “battle” will really be an execution. As the rebel forces move in for the attack, fire will comedown from heaven and devour them (Revelation 20:9b). The Adversary’s forces will be killed physically, but they still await their final sentencing to eternal hell.⁸⁴⁴

3. Corvus (The Raven): Each chapter ends in glory and here we see the fulfillment of the ultimate triumph of ADONAI over evil. It represents the last day in God’s court and is called the Great White Throne Judgment (Revelation 20:11-12). The accused, all the unsaved who have ever lived, will be resurrected to experience a trial like no other that has ever been. There will be no debate over their guilt or innocence. There will be a prosecutor, but no defender, an accuser, but no advocate. There will be an indictment, but no defense mounted by the accused; the convicting evidence will be presented with no rebuttal or cross-examination. There will be an extremely unsympathetic Judge and no jury. There will be no appeal of the sentence He pronounces. The guilty will be punished eternally with no possibility of parole in a prison from which there is no escape and no hope.

No one will have the slightest grounds for complaint about his or her sentence. Those who reject God’s grace and mercy in this life will have to face justice in the life to come. A long time ago Ha’Shem said to Isra’el, “My people would not listen to Me; Isra’el would not submit to Me” (Psalm 81:11). To their equally stubborn descendants Yeshua said: I told you that you would die in your sins; if you do not believe that I am the one I claim to be, you will indeed die in your sins (John 8:24). Unrepentant sinners will experience the Lord’s justice at the Great White Throne Judgment.⁸⁴⁵

Her-na is the name of this constellation in the Egyptian zodiac. Hermeans the enemy, and na means breaking up or falling. So this scene represents the breaking up of the enemy. There are 9 stars in this constellation. The bright star alpha (in the eye) is called Al Chibar (Arabic), joining together, from the Hebrew Chiba, which means cursed. This star, tells of the curse. The star beta (in the right wing) is called Al Goreb (Arabic), from the Hebrew Oreb, the Raven. A third star is named Minchar al Gorab (Arabic), and means the Raven tearing to pieces.

The Raven is to this very day is a detestable, unclean bird to Orthodox Jews (Leviticus 11:15; Deuteronomy 14:14). All unclean animals, fish, or birds bear the image of sin, death and corruption. Most modern commentators agree that it is the symbolism of preying on other animals that makes birds of prey unclean. They are killers and thus they break the law.⁸⁴⁶In Isra’el, even the animals were expected to obey the Torah (Exodus 20:10). During the Millennium, Edom and Babylon will be nothing but a burning wasteland because of their rebellion against God and His people. The raven is there, and although pictured as a bird, only demons could survive a burning wasteland for a thousand years (see the commentary on Isaiah, to see link click Gi – Edom’s Streams Will Be Turned into Pitch). Therefore, the Raven is a symbol of sin, death and corruption.

Sin is judged at the Great White Throne Judgment. The Apostle John, who wrote the book of Revelation, said that he saw the dead, great and small, standing before the throne, and books were opened. Another book was opened, which is the Book of Life. The dead were judged according to what they had done as recorded in the books. The sea gave up the dead that were in it, and death and Hades gave up the dead that were in them, and each person was judged according to what he had done with Yeshua (Revelation 20:12-13; Dani’el 7:9-10). And just as the devil, the beast and the false prophet were thrown into hell, so will the Raven and those who are judged at the great white throne. Hell is both physical and emotional. The Bible teaches that whoever does not love does not know God, because God is love (First John 4:8), and part of Hell is the absence of love forever, but it is certainly a physical place, because those judged will be sentenced to Hell, and then Hell will be thrown into the lake of fire (Revelation 20:14-15).

There is only one way to avoid the terrifying reality of Hell. Those who confess their sins and ask God to forgive them on the basis of Christ’s death on their behalf will be delivered from the Lord’s eternal wrath (Roman 5:9; First Thessalonians 1:10 and 5:9). For those who refuse to repent, ADONAI says: It is mine to avenge; I will repay. It is a dreadful thing to fall into the hands of the living God (Hebrews 10:30-31).⁸⁴⁷But for those who do repent, God says that He will wipe every tear from their eyes. There will be no more death or mourning or crying or pain, for the old order of things has passed away (Revelation 21:4). They will live in the New Jerusalem, the Holy City, in the presence and loving care of God forever and ever. This is the witness of the stars. What is your choice?

David Mack2021-02-16T13:14:56+00:000 Comments

Mh – Cancer: All Conflict Is Over: The Flock Sheltered by the Great Shepherd

Cancer: All Conflict Is Over
Chapter Three:
The Flock Sheltered by the Great Shepherd

The most important aspect of the Messianic Kingdom is universal peace. While differences between nations will arise, such differences will no longer be settled by military conflicts, but only by the word of the LORD from Jerusalem. Even the art of war will be forgotten. ADONAI prophesies through the prophet Isaiah and says: Come, let us go up to the mountain of the LORD, to the house of the God of Jacob. He will teach us His ways, so that we may walk in His paths. The Torah will go out from Zion, the word of ADONAI from Jerusalem. He will judge between the Gentile nations and will settle disputes for many peoples. They will beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks. Nation will not take up the sword against nation, nor will they train for war anymore (Isaiah 2:3-4).

The Arabic name is Al Sartan, which means who holds or binds, and may be a form of the Hebrew word bind together. There is no ancient Hebrew word known for crab. It was an unclean creature and would be included in the general term vermin. The Syriac word Sartano also means bind together. The Greek name is Karkinos, which means holding or encircling, as does the Latin, Cancer, and therefore is applied to the crab. The Arabic name Ker or Cer also means encircling; however, the ancient Akkadian name of the month is Su-kul-na, the seizer or possessor of seed.

In the center of the sign there is a remarkably bright cluster of stars, so bright that they can sometimes be seen with the naked eye. It looks like a comet and is made up of a great multitude of stars. Modern astronomers have called it the Beehive, but its ancient name has come down to us as Praesepe, which means a great number, or offspring.

The sign contains 83 stars, one of which is of the third magnitude, and seven of the fourth magnitude. The brightest star, zeta (in the tail), is called Tegmine, or holding. The star alpha (in the lower large claw), is called Acubene, which, in Hebrew and Arabic means the sheltering or hiding place. Psalm 32:7a says: You are my hiding place; You will protect me from trouble. Other stars not identified are named Ma’alaph (Arabic), assembled thousands, and Al Himarein (Arabic), the kids or lambs.

With this sign we are coming to the end of the witness of the stars. The Cancer sign points to His redeemed, and the next and last sign, Leo, points to His enemies. The three accompanying constellations develop this truth. We have the little flock (those of faith looking forward to the Millennial Kingdom), the large flock (those of faith during the Millennial Kingdom) and the ship that shows the travelers and a great number brought safely home; all conflict is over.

1. Ursa Minor (The Little Bear): The Bible describes God as our Maker (Job 4:17, 35:10; Proverbs 14:31; Ecclesiastes 11:5; Isaiah 54:5), and Job declares that He is the Maker of the Bear. Later, ADONAI questions Job’s knowledge about the movement of the stars. He asks Job rhetorically: Can you bring forth the constellations (which is another translation for the planets or the zodiac) in their seasons or lead out the Bear with it cubs (Job 38:32)? So although a Little Bear and a Large Bear represent the constellations, they have a deeper meaning, as we shall see.

The constellation that we will call the Little Flock, contains 24 stars, one of the second magnitude, two of the third and four of the fourth. The brightest star, alpha (at the point of what is today the tail), is the most important star in the whole heavens. It is named Al Ruccaba, which means the turned or ridden on, and is the Polar or Central Star. It does not revolve in a circle as every other star does, but moves very slowly and steadily across the sky in what seems to be a fixed position. When these constellations were formed the Dragon, or Satan (one of the constellations of Sagittarius) occupied this important point. But it has ever so slowly moved to the point of the star Ruccaba, so today it is known as the Central Star.

As the sheep are foremost on the mind of the shepherd, those of faith are foremost on the mind of the LORD. He cares for us, protects us and nurtures us. In that sense, we are the most important flock in the whole universe.

The Little Bear is a picture of those of faith looking forward to the Second Coming of Yeshua and the Messianic Kingdom. They are the ones entering through the narrow gate and rejecting the wide gate of human achievement. The wide gate leads to destruction, whereas only the narrow gate leads to life, and only a few find it (Matthew 7:13-14). That is exactly why it is little. Most of the travelers choose to go through the wide gate, which is attractive, appealing and crowded, but that gate only leads to destruction; so we have two groups, traveling through two gates and heading for two destinations.

Those who go through the wide gate are the pagans, atheists, religionists, theists, agnostics, humanists, Jews and Gentiles – every person from whatever age, background, persuasion and circumstance who has not come to saving obedience in Jesus Christ. In the day of judgment many will claim to be followers of the Meshiach, but He will answer: I don’t know you or where you came from (Luke 13:24-27).

However the group that goes through the narrow gate is destined for eternal life and is few in number. When Jesus said: Do not be afraid, little flock (Luke 12:32), the word He used for little was micros, from which we got our prefix micro, meaning something small. For many are invited, but few are chosen (Matthew 22:14), but the actual number of believers is not limited in any way. Anyone can go through that gate, if they go through the LORD’s way, in repentance for their sins and in trust to Yeshua Messiah to save them. Neither is the number few because heavenly space is limited. God’s grace and heaven’s dwellings are unlimited; nor is the number few because ADONAI desires that most would be spiritually lost. Quite the opposite: He is patient with you, not wanting anyone to perish, but that everyone would come to repentance (Second Peter 3:9b).⁸⁴²No, the gate you go through is the gate you have chosen to go through. We all have a choice.

2. Ursa Major (The Large Bear): The Large Bear is a picture of the great number of those of faith during the Millennial Kingdom. These are those who entered by the narrow gate and will rest in peace and cry out to ADONAI,“You are my hiding place; You will protect me from trouble and surround me with songs of deliverance” (Psalm 32:7). They will also say: You have been my refuge, a strong tower against the foe. I long to dwell in Your tent forever and take refuge in the shelter of Your wings (Psalm 61:3-4).

It is a large and important constellation, containing 87 stars, of which one is of the first magnitude, four of the second, three of the third and ten of the fourth. It always presents an impressive appearance and is the best known of all the constellations. The Arabs still call it Al Naish, or Annaish, the assembled together, as sheep in a flock. The brightest star, alpha (in the back), is named Dubhe, which we have seen means a herd of animals, or the flock, and gives its name to the entire constellation. The star beta (below it) is named Merach (Hebrew) the flock, or (Arabic) the purchased. The star gamma (to the left of beta) is called Phaeda, or Phacda, meaning numbered as a flock, because He determines the number of the stars and calls them each by name (Psalm 147:4).

That ADONAI will assemble the flock and watch over them is written as plainly in the Bible as it is in the heavens. For this is what Adonai ELOHIM says: I Myself will search for My sheep and look after them. As a shepherd looks after his scattered flock when he is with them, so will I look after My sheep. I will rescue them from all the places where they were scattered on a day of clouds and darkness. I will bring them out from the nations and gather them from the countries, and I will bring them into their own land. I will pasture them on the mountains of Israel, in the ravines and in all the settlements in the land. I will tend them in good pasture, and the mountain heights of Israel will be their grazing land. There they will lie down in good grazing land, and there they will feed in a rich pasture on the mountains of Israel. I Myself will tend My sheep and have them lie down, declares Adonai ELOHIM. I will search for the lost and bring back the outcasts. I will bind up the injured and strengthen the weak, but the fat and the strong I will destroy. I will shepherd the flock with justice (Ezeki’el 34:11-16).

3. Argo (The Ship): Each chapter ends in glory and the same is true here. Throughout the long history of Israel, the Gentiles of the world have commonly attacked the Jews of Isra’el. But during the Messianic Kingdom, the Jews will find they are an attraction to the Gentiles, but this will not be to gain favor with them, or repay them for their suffering. Neither will it be to recognize them as a superior race. It will be to share with them in the worship of the Lord, and when the Gentiles come, they will bring two things with them, Israel’s sons and daughters and the wealth of the world (Isaiah 60:11, 61:6; Haggai 2:7-8; Zechariah 14:14).

Argo means company of travelers, and as soon as the Jews receive word of ADONAI’s triumph at the Campaign of Armageddon, they will set sail. Isaiah tells us that the speed of the ships is like the swiftness of doves returning to their nests. He says he sees a fleet of ships whose sails seem like clouds on the horizon of the Mediterranean Sea, and the great seagoing ships of Tarshish lead the way (see the commentary on Isaiah, to see link click Jv – The Attraction of the Gentiles).

There are 64 stars in Argo, one of the first magnitude, six of the second, nine of the third, and nine of the fourth. Its brightest star, alpha (near the keel), is called Canopus or Canobus, which means the possession of Him who comes. Other stars not identified are Sephina, the multitude, Tureis, the possession and Soheil (Arabic), the desired. This will be a very precious cargo. But after one thousand years of the absence of conflict, there is still the fulfillment of the ultimate triumph in the last sign.

David Mack2024-05-12T12:18:16+00:000 Comments

Mg – Gemini: Chapter Two: The Lord’s Redemption and Reign in Grace

Gemini: The Two Fold Ministry of the Prince
Chapter Two: The Lord’s Redemption and Reign in Grace

The establishment of the Lord’s throne on the earth during the Messianic Kingdom is described in Psalm 2:6-8. I have installed My King on Zion, My holy hill. I will proclaim the decree of the LORD, He said to Me: You are My Son; today I have become Your Father. Ask of Me, and I will make the nations Your inheritance, the ends of the earth Your possession, and although the Messiah will rule from Jerusalem, His reign will be worldwide. The LORD will be king over the whole earth. On that day there will be one LORD, and His name the only name (Zechariah 14:9).

The Sh’khinah glory will return to the rebuilt Millennial Temple, where Christ will physically sit and rule from Jerusalem. Speaking of His future Messianic reign from the Most Holy Place, Jesus says: This is the place of My throne and the place for the soles of My feet. This is where I will live among the Israelites forever (Ezeki’el 43:1-7). The exodus will no longer be the high point of Jewish history. ADONAI says: The days are coming when I will rise up to David a righteous Branch, a King who will reign wisely and do what is right in the land. In His days Judah will be saved and Isra’el will live in safety. This is the name by which He will be called: ADONAI Our Righteousness (Jeremiah 23:5-6). His work of grace will be necessary to fulfill these prophecies.

All the pictures of this sign are confused. The Greeks claimed to have invented them and they called them Apollo and Hercules. The Latins called them Castor and Pollux. They were held in high esteem by both the Greeks and Romans, and the common practice of taking oaths and swearing by their names has survived down to our day in swearing, “By Gemini.”The Hebrew name is Thaumin, which means united. The root word is used in Exodus 26:24. The Arabic Al Tauman also means united. Because their original names have been lost, we will call them the Princes. The reason for this will be seen later in this study.

There are 85 stars in the sign; two of the second magnitude, four of the third and six of the fourth. The name of star beta (in the head of the Prince on the left) called Hercules means, who comes to labor or suffer. Another star, gamma (in his left foot), is called Al Henah, which means hurt, wounded or afflicted; while alpha (in the head of the Prince on the right) is called Apollo, which means ruler, or judge. The twins sit side by side, the Prince on the left has a club in His right hand and His left arm around the waist of the other. The Prince on the right has a harp in His right hand and a bow and arrow in His left, but the club of one Prince and the bow of the other are at rest.

These twins are not in action, but are at rest and in peace after a hard fought victory. This is what we see in this sign. All is at rest. In His days the righteous will flourish; prosperity will abound till the moon is no more (Psalm 72:7). The star epsilon (in the knee of the Prince on the Right) is called Mebsuta, which means treading under feet, but for this blessed time to come in the Messianic Kingdom, there must be no enemy. This brings us to the first book in this section.

1. Lepus (The Enemy Defeated): The pictures of these three constellations are modern and convey no relation to the ancient pictures of the stars. Today it is pictured as a rabbit, but to learn their real meaning, we must study the ancient zodiacs. In the Persian zodiac this first constellation was pictured as a serpent. In the Egyptian zodiac it was an unclean bird standing on a serpent, which is under the foot of Orion the Coming Prince. The name of the serpent is Bashti-beki. Bashti means confused andbeki means failing.

It is a small constellation of nineteen stars. All are small with three being of the third magnitude and seven of the fourth. The brightest, alpha (in the body), has a Hebrew name, Arnebo, which means the enemy of Him that comes. The Arabic name Arnebeth means the same thing. Other stars not identified are Nibal, the mad and Rakis, bound with a chain. This is an appropriate name because at the beginning of the messianic Kingdom, an angel will comeout of heaven having the key to the Abyss and holding in his hand a great chain; he will seize the dragon, that ancient serpent, who is the devil, or Satan, and bind him for a thousand years. He will throw him into the Abyss and lock and seal it over him, to keep him from deceiving the nations anymore until the thousand years were ended. After that he must be set free for a short time. He is also called Sugia, the deceiver, because when the thousand years are over, Satan will be released from his prison and will go out to deceive the nations in the four corners of the earth – Gog and Magog – to gather them for battle. In number they are like the sand on the seashore (Revelation 20:7-8). There can be no mistaking who this is, for this enemy is under the foot of the coming Prince Orion, and in Him we have redemption through His blood, the forgiveness of sins, in accordance with the riches of God’s grace that He has lavished on us with all wisdom and understanding (Ephesians 1:7-8).

2. Sirius the Twin (The Coming Glorious Prince): The third constellation tells of a glorious Prince who will come quickly to rule the Messianic Kingdom. The modern sign has no relation to the ancient pictures of the stars and today is pictured as a large dog. Because Gemini is associated with the hottest days of the year we still call them “the dog days of summer.” So its ancient name and meaning must be obtained from the names of its stars that have come down to us. There are 64 all together. Two are of the first magnitude, two of the second, four of the third and four of the fourth. Of these, alpha (in the head) is the brightest in the whole universe! It is called Sirius, or the Prince. For to us a child is born, to us a Son is given, and the government will be on His shoulders. And He will be called Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace (Isaiah 9:6). In ancient times the Akkadian zodiac called this star Kasista, which means the Leader and the Persian zodiac calls Sirius the chieftain of the East.

The next star, beta (in the left foot), speaks the same truth. It is named Mirzam, and means the prince or ruler. The star delta (in the body) is called Wesen, the bright, the shining. The star epsilon (in the right leg) is called Adhara, the glorious. Other stars, not identified, bear witness to the same fact. The Hebrew name Aschere means who shall come, and while the first twin is named Al Shira Al Shemeliya (Arabic), the Prince of the left hand, this second twin, Al Shira Al Femeniya (Arabic) means the Prince of the right hand.

This can be no other than the Prince of princes (Dani’el 8:25), Jesus Christ, who is the faithful witness, the firstborn from the dead, and the Ruler of the kings of the earth (Revelation 1:5). On His robe and on His thigh He has this name written: KINGof kings and LORD of lords (Revelation 19:16), and because of His messianic reign, all conflict is over.

3. Sirius the Twin (The Redeemer Prince): As I have said, the pictures of these three constellations are modern and convey no relation to the ancient pictures of the stars. Today this constellation is pictured as a small dog. The Egyptian name in their zodiac means conquering or victorious. It was represented as a human with a hawk’s head and a tail.

This is a small constellation with only 14 stars, one of the first magnitude, one of the second and one of the fourth. Its ancient name and meaning must be obtained from the names of its stars that have come down to us. The brightest star, alpha (in the body), is named Procyon, which means redeemer, and it tells us that this Prince is none other than the One who was wounded. Just as this chapter begins with two twins, one wounded and the other ruling, it ends with two princes, one whom is seen as the Redeemer and the other ruling the Messianic Kingdom. This is confirmed by the next star, beta (in the neck), which is named Al Gomeisa (Arabic), bearing a weight for others. It was during the last three hours on the cross, from 12:00 noon until 3:00 pm that Jesus paid for the sins of the world. Darkness covered the whole world (Mark 15:33). Those three hours of darkness mark three hours of spiritual death. All the sins of the world, past, present and future were placed on Him. The Bible teaches that He became sin for us (First Corinthians 5:21). He Himself bore our sins in His body on the tree (the cross), so that we might die to sin and live for righteousness; by His wounds you have been healed (First Peter 2:25). For three hours Christ was spiritually dead and suffered the wrath of God, but in doing so, Messiah satisfied every claim of ADONAI’s holiness and justice against sin so that God the Father is free to act on our behalf. Thus, Jesus is our redeemer because He purchased our salvation through His blood on the cross by faith. This is the witness of the stars.

The names of the other stars not identified confirm these great truths; Al Shira Al Shemeliya (Arabic) means the prince of the left hand, and Al Gomeyra means who completes or perfects. This Twin completes the other and the other twin perfects this One. Each chapter ends in glory and here we see the coming of the redeeming Prince.

David Mack2024-05-12T12:16:42+00:000 Comments

Mf – The Third Book: The Messianic Kingdom (His Second Coming) Taurus: The Bull

The Third Book: The Messianic Kingdom
(The Result of His Second Coming)

Taurus: The Bull
Chapter One: The Messiah Coming to Judge All the Earth

The Jewish leadership rejected Yeshua Messiah (Matthew 12:25; Mark 3:22; Luke 11:17-22 and John 7:20) and the Jewish people rejected Him (Matthew 27:15-26). The actual words of the prayer of the Jewish leadership and people inviting Christ back are found in four key passages of Scripture (Psalms 79 and 80; and Isaiah 53:1-9 and Isaiah 63:7 to 64:12). The Messiah returns to save the believing remnant of Jews at Bozrah (Isaiah 63:1-8), which precedes the eight stage campaign of Armageddon and finally the thousand year reign of Jesus Christ from Jerusalem. Each chapter ends in glory and here we see the prophecy about the Coming Judge and His Messianic Kingdom (Isaiah 4:2-6, 11:1 to 12:6, 54:11-17, 60:1-22, 66:1-24; Ezeki’el Chapters 40 to 48).

Here in Taurus, the picture is that of a bull rushing forward with mighty energy and fierce wrath, his horns set so as to push his enemies, pierce them through and destroy them. It is the prophecy of Christ, the coming Judge, ruling and reigning from Jerusalem for a thousand years. Many Scriptures indicate clearly that the Messiah is to return. Yeshua Himself promises that He will come again. In His great discourse on the end times in Matthew Chapter 24 and 25, He says: Then will appear the sign of the Son of Man in heaven, and then all the tribes of the earth will mourn, and they will see the Son of Man coming on the clouds of heaven with power and great glory. Toward the end of the discussion we read: When the Son of Man comes in His glory, and the angels with Him, then He will sit on His glorious throne (Matthew 25:30-31).⁸³⁸

The name of the sign in Chaldean is Tor. The Arabic name is Al Thaur and the Greek is Taurus. The more common Hebrew name was Shur, which is from a root that means both coming and ruling. There are several Hebrew words for bulls and oxen, but the most common is Reem, conveying the idea of loftiness, exaltation, power and supremacy. We can find the root in other languages and it can be traced in the name of Abram, which means supreme or high father. However, the corruption of the Tower of Babel (11:1-9)extended even unto the witness of the stars (Isaiah 40:26).Very quickly Nimrod and his followers willfully left the knowledge and worship of the true God and Creator and began to worship the creation instead.⁸³⁹Later, the Egyptian zodiac of the Pharaohs called this sign Isis, who saves or delivers.

The stars in Taurus present a brilliant sight. There are at least 141 stars, besides two important groups of stars, which both form integral parts of the sign. The brightest star, alpha (in the bull’s eye), has a Chaldean name, Al Debaran, and means the leader or governor. The beta star (at the tip of the left horn) has the Arabic name of El Nath, meaning wounded or slain because the Lord, as the Lamb of God, was slain for the sins of the world (John 1:29). Then there is the cluster of stars known as the Pleiades (Job 38:31 and Amos 5:8). This word means the congregation of the judge or ruler. It consists of a number of stars (in the neck of Taurus) that appear to be near together. The brightest of them, eta , has an Arabic name, Al Cyone that means the center and some astronomers think that it is the center of the entire universe. The Syriac name for the Pleiades is Succoth, which means booths. This is very interesting because it is the Feast of Booths that is celebrated during the messianic Kingdom (Zechariah 14:16-19). The booths that were set up during this feast were a symbol of the hope for a future restoration of Isra’el.In fact the booth itself is known as the succah. They believed Godwhen He said through the prophet Amos,“In that day I will restore David’s tent. I will repair its broken places, restore its ruins, and build it as it used to be” (Amos 9:11).

Therefore, everything points to the important truth that Jesus Christ is returning to judge all the earth and then rule for a thousand years from Jerusalem. This is the central truth of all prophecy. The only hope for all creation, the earth, for Isra’el, the Church, and for you and me is blessed hope, the glorious appearing of our great God and Savior, Jesus Christ (Titus 2:13).

1. Orion (The Coming Prince): This picture is to show that the coming one is no mere animal, but a man: a mighty, triumphant, glorious prince. He is pictured this way in the ancient Egyptian zodiac and his name was spelled Oarion, at that time from the Hebrew root that means light, so that Orion means coming into view as light. The ancient Akkadian was Ur-ana, the light of heaven. Isaiah looked forward to the day of His coming into the view as The Light: For to us a Child is born, to us a Son is given, and the government will be on His shoulders. And He will be called Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace (Isaiah 9:6).

Orion is the most brilliant of all the constellations, and mentioned by name and appearance by Job. Can you bind the beautiful Pleiades? Can you loose the cords of Orion (Job 38:31 and Amos 5:8)? It contains 78 stars, two being of the first magnitude, four of the second, four of the third and sixteen of the fourth.

Just below the star iota (in the sword) is a very remarkable cloudy star. A common telescope will show that it is a beautiful mass of interstellar dust and gas. A powerful telescope reveals that it is collection of cloudy stars. These stars are surrounded by faint points of light, which a very powerful telescope would resolve into separate stars.

The picture of Orion shows Him with His left foot placed upon the head of the enemy. Around His waist is a belt with three brilliant stars and upon the belt is hung a sharp sword. Its handle is the head and body of a lamb. His right hand lifts a might club, while in His left he holds up the token of his victory – the head and skin of a lion. Who is this (Matthew 21:10)? The names of the stars give us the answer. The brightest, alpha (in the right shoulder), is named Betelguez, which means the coming (Malachi 3:2) of the branch. The next, beta (in the left foot), is named Rigel or Rigol, which means the foot that crushes.The foot of the Prince is lifted up and his heel is placed immediately over the head of the enemy. God spoke to the serpent in the Garden of Eden. His prophecy looked forward to the time when the Adversary will be completely crushed beneath the feet of the woman’s triumphant Seed, Jesus Christ.⁸⁴⁰ He will crush your head, and you will strike His heel (Genesis 3:15). This is what we see here in Orion. The next star, gamma (in the left shoulder), is called Bellatrix, which means quickly coming or swiftly destroying.

The name of the fourth star, delta (one of the three in the belt), carries us again back to Genesis where Jesus’ heel was bruised, but His wound was not fatal (because of the resurrection). Its name is Al Mitak, the wounded one. Similarly the star kappa (in the right leg) is called Saiph, or bruised, which is the very word used in Genesis 3:15. This is the witness of Orion’s stars, which day after day and night after night tell the old, old story about Yeshua Messiah. And when He comes, there will be physical changes upon the earth.

2. Eridanus (The Messianic River): All the pictures show that this river comes from the foot of Orion, crushing the head of the enemy. During the Messianic Kingdom a river flows from Christ and the Temple compound (Joel 3:18 and Ezeki’el 47:1-2). It first leads east until it passes the eastern gate and then bends down southward toward where it will be divided into two branches. The western branch will flow down the mountain of the Lord (Isaiah 30:29) and empty into the Mediterranean Sea. The eastern branch will flow into the Dead Sea, which will begin to swarm with life (Ezeki’el 47:8-10). The branching out of these waters toward the areas designated for growing food on both sides of Jerusalem will provide the necessary water for the growth of crops (see my commentary on Isaiah, to see link click Ge – Your Eyes Will See the King in His Beauty).⁸⁴¹

It is an immense constellation and consists of 84 stars; one of the first magnitude, one of the second and eight of the third. The brightest star, alpha (at the mouth of the river), bears the ancient name Achernar, the after part of the river. In the Egyptian zodiac it is a river under the feet of Orion. It is named Peh-ta-t, which means the mouth of the river. The next star, beta (at the source of the river), is called Cursa, because the river bends down southward where it divides into two branches. The next star, gamma (at the second bend in the river), is called Zourac (Arabic), flowing and Ozha, the going out.

At the first bend in the river, the sea monster Cetus, or Satan,tries in vain to stop its flow by putting his claw across it. But this has always been the case. After the garden of Eden, in vain he tried to corrupt the human race so it would not have been capable of receiving salvation (6:1-4). In vain he encouraged open rebellion against God at the Tower of Babel (11:1-8). In vain Satan sought to kill the baby Jesus through the hands of Herod (Matthew 2:13-18). In vain the tempter tried to get Messiah to accept a short-cut to glory (Luke 4:1-13) and therefore keep Him from the cross of salvation, and once on the cross, five times Christ’s messianic claims were mocked. The Roman soldiers mocked Him in the Praetorium in Jerusalem (Matthew 27:27-30 and Mark 15:16-19); those who passed by the cross mocked Him (Matthew 27:39-40 and Mark 15:29-30). In the same way Messiah was mocked by the chief priests, teachers of the Law and elders (Matthew 27:41 and Mark 15:31-32a). The Roman soldiers mocked Him at the cross (Luke 23:36-37), and in a final insult, those crucified with Him also heaped insults on Him (Matthew 27:44, Mark 15:32b and Luke 23:39). They all challenged Him to come down from the cross. This was Satan’s final attempt to avoid the payment for lost souls for all time.

Satan still mocks us and hurls insults on us today. He tries to prevent us from being saved, and once saved, his only remaining goal is prevent us from being effective believers and witnessing to others. There is nothing worse than being in a battle and not realizing it. Therefore, submit yourselves to God. Resist the devil, and he will flee from you. How do we do this? The same way Messiah did – with Scripture (Matthew Ch 4, verses 4, 7 and 10).

3. Auriga (The Shepherd): We have seen the prophecy of Christ, the coming Judge, fulfilled. We have seen the messianic River and now we see the Good Shepherd. Yeshua Himself said: I AM the Good [True] Shepherd; I know My sheep and My sheep know Me – just as the Father knows Me and I know the Father – and I lay down My life for the sheep (John 10:14-15).

He is seated upon the Milky Way, holding up a she goat on His left shoulder. In His left hand He supports two baby goats. The star marking the kids is called Gedi (Hebrew), for kids. In His right hand He holds a slingshot to protect them. They are safe now, resting safely in the protection of the Good [True] Shepherd. Nothing can harm them.

Auriga is from a Hebrew root that means a shepherd. It is a beautiful constellation of 66 stars; one of the first magnitude, two of the second and nine of the fourth. The brightest star alpha (in the body of the goat), points her out as the prominent feature of the constellation, for its Hebrew name, Alioth, means a she goat. It is known today by its Latin name, Capella, which means the same thing. The next star beta (in the shepherd’s right arm), is called Menkilinon, and means band orchain of goats. This points out the truth that those in the care of the Good [True] Shepherd are never to be lost again (Jeremiah 50:6 and Luke 15:1-7), but to be bound, with bands of love forever. Jesus said: All that the Father gives Me will come to Me, and whoever comes to Me I will never drive away. For I have come down from heaven not to do My will but to do the will of Him who sent Me. And this is the will of Him who sent Me, that I shall lose none of all that He has given Me, but raise them up at the last day. For My Father’s will is that everyone who looks to the Son and believes in Him shall have eternal life, and I will raise them up at the last day (John 6:37-40).

But, there is another important bright star in His right foot called El Nath (like the brightest star in the forehead of Aries the Ram), which means wounded or slain. This is the Seed of the Woman, who was once bruised or wounded in His heel (3:15 NKJ). This is not only the Good [True] Shepherd who lays down His life for His sheep (John 10:11), but also the Great Shepherd of the sheep, brought back from the dead (Hebrews 13:20), and is now seen as the Chief Shepherd, ruling and reigning from Jerusalem for a thousand years. The heel of the Shepherd is pierced by the horn of the bull. This points to the fact that Yeshua’s death was wholly voluntary in obedience to the will of the Father: No one takes it from Me, but I lay it down of My own accord (John 10:18). Therefore, after the prophecy of His coming, we see His reign in grace.

David Mack2024-05-12T12:15:37+00:000 Comments

Me – Aries: The Ram Chapter Four: The Return With His Church

Aries: The Ram
Chapter Four: The Return With His Church

This second book began with the goat dying in sacrifice and it ends with the ram living again. The goat had the tail of a fish, indicating that His death was for a great multitude that no one could count, from every nation, tribe, people and language (Revelation 7:9). The two middle signs presented the Church in grace and conflict. We now come to the last chapter of the book, and, as we have seen in the other books, it ends up in triumph for our great God. It is pictured by a ram, full of vigor and life, not falling in death like Aquila (the eagle) in Capricorn, but coming to judge and make war. This is the fulfillment of the prophecy in book one.

The Hebrew name for this constellation is Taleh, the ram. The ancient Akkadian name was Bara-ziggar. Bar means altar, or sacrifice, and ziggar means right making. So the full name would be the sacrifice of righteousness. There are 66 stars in this sign, one being of the second magnitude and two of the fourth. The brightest star alpha(in the forehead), is named El Nath,or El Natik, which means wounded or slain. The next, beta (in the left horn) is called Al Sheratan, the bruised, the wounded.

1. Cassiopeia (The Woman on a Throne): In the last chapter we saw the woman bound; here we see the woman freed, delivered and seated on a throne. Its Arabic name is El Seder, which means the freed. In the Egyptian zodiac her name is Set, or set up as Queen. In ancient times it was called the daughter of splendor. This appears to be the meaning of the word Cassiopeia, the beautiful one on a throne. The Arabic name is Ruchba, on a throne. This is also the meaning of its Chaldean name, Dat al cursa. There are 55 stars in this constellation, of which five are of the third magnitude, and five of the fourth. This brilliant constellation contains one binary star, a triple star, a double star, a quadruple star, and a large number of clouds. The brightest star, alpha(in the left breast), is named Schedir (Hebrew), which means the freed. The next brightest star beta (in the top of the chair), also bears a Hebrew name, Caph, which means the branch. It is evidently given because of the branch of victory that she bears in her hand.

She is lifted up high and making herself ready. Her hands are no longer chained. With her right hand she arranges her robes, while with her left hand she adorns her hair. She is seated beside Cepheus, the King, for His bride has made herself ready (Revelation 19:7b). The bride has made herself ready in the power of God, by the grace of God, through the work of the Spirit of God. Purged from all sin and impurity (First Corinthians 3:12-15), she is a flawless, blameless, unblemished virgin.⁸³⁶ When times are tough in our lives, we need to remember this is the ultimate spiritual reality for every believer.

She is in heaven during the Great Tribulation and she accompanies the Lord as He returns after the time of trouble for Jacob (Jeremiah 30:7) has ended. The armies of heaven were following Him, riding on white horses and dressed in fine linen, white and clean. Out of His mouth comes a sharp sword with which to strike down the nations (see the commentary on Revelation Ew – He is Dressed in a Robe Dripped in Blood). Therefore, at the end of the Great Tribulation, the destruction of the enemy is in view and this is what we see in the next section.

2. Cetus (The Sea Monster): When Yeshua Messiah returns with His Church, Satan will be thrown into the Abyss during the Messianic Kingdom. Isaiah first wrote: In that day, the Lord will punish with His sword, his fierce, great and powerful sword, Leviathan the gliding serpent, Leviathan the coiling serpent; He will slay the monster of the sea (Isaiah 27:1). Then through progressive revelation, the apostle John gave this scene more detail when he wrote: And I saw an angel coming down out of heaven, having the key to the Abyss and holding in his hand a great chain. He seized the dragon, that ancient serpent, who is the devil, or Satan, and bound him for a thousand years. He threw him into the Abyss, and locked and sealed it over him, to keep him from deceiving the nations anymore until the thousand years were ended (Revelation 20:1-3).

This picture is that of the great sea monster, the largest of all the constellations. It is the natural enemy of the fishes. That is why he is seen here in connection with this last chapter where fishes are so prominent. It is situated very low down among the constellations, far away to the South in the lower regions of the sky.

It consists of 97 stars, of which two are of the second magnitude, eight of the third and nine of the fourth. The names of the stars tell us the meaning of the picture. The brightest star (in the upper jaw), is named Menkar, and means the bound or chained enemy. The next, beta (in the tail), is called Diphda, or Deneb Kaitos, overthrown, or thrust down. The star omicron (in the neck) is named Mira, which means the rebel. Its name is ominous, for it is a most remarkable star. It is very bright, but it was not until 1596 that it was discovered to be variable, meaning that it shines very brightly for about two weeks, shines for about a year, and then disappears entirely to the naked eye for some time. It passes through several degrees magnitude, both increasing and decreasing. In fact, it varies to such a great degree that it appears unsteady. This points to Satan because he was a murderer from the beginning, not holding to the truth, for there is no truth in him. When he lies, he speaks his native language, for he is a liar and the father of lies (John 8:44b), but this second book ends by revealing the one who breaks.

3. Perseus (One Who Breaks): Each chapter ends in glory and here we see a great man, called Peretz in the Hebrew, from which we get the Greek form Perseus, or one who breaks. It is the same word which is used of Christ in Micah 2:13. He holds a raised sword in His right hand, and the head of His enemy who He has beheaded with His left. He has wings on His feet that tell us that He is coming swiftly. It is a beautiful constellation of 59 stars, two of which are of the second magnitude, four of the third and twelve of the fourth. Their names supply us with the key to understanding the picture. The star alpha (in the waist) is called Mirfak, who helps. The next star gamma (in the right shoulder), is named Al Genib, which means who carries away. The brightest star in the left foot is called Athik, who breaks.

In His left hand He carries a head, which the Greeks have mistakenly called Medusa. They were unaware that its Hebrew root meant the trodden under foot. It is also called Rosh Satan (Hebrew), the head of the adversary, and Al Ghoul (Arabic), the evil spirit. The bright star beta (in the head) comes down to us with the name Al Gol, which means rolling around, but not only that, this is another variable star. It is remarkable that so many of these enemies should be characterized by variable stars. But Rosh Satan, like the neck of Cetus, has one. Al Gol is continually changing. In about three days it changes from the fourth magnitude to the second. It goes back and forth. This is a fitting picture of Satan who prowls around like a roaring lion looking for someone to devour (First Peter 5:8). He changed himself into a clever serpent in 3:1-5, then changed again into an angel of light in Second Corinthians 11:14; Rosh Satan changes continually because he is the thief, who comes only to steal, kill and destroy (John 10:10a).

But his time will not last forever. There will be a time in the future when God will say: I will surely gather all of you, O Jacob. I will surely bring together the remnant of Israel. I will bring them together like the sheep of Bozrah (NKJ), like a flock in its pasture, the place will throng with people. One who breaks open the way will go up before them, ADONAI at their head (Micah 2:12-13). Just as ADONAI went before Israel as the Angel of the LORD in a pillar of cloud at the exodus from Egypt (Exodus 13:21), He will break open the way to salvation for Isra’el at Bozrah once He is invited back.⁸³⁷ We all look forward to that day.

David Mack2021-02-16T13:02:42+00:000 Comments

Md – Pisces: The Conflict With the Enemy Chapter Three: The Church in Conflict

Pisces: The Conflict With the Enemy
Chapter Three: The Church in Conflict

In this third chapter of the second book we come to the results of Christ’s sacrifice enjoyed by the Church, but in the midst of conflict. It is as if the full measure of her joy has been temporarily set aside until her Husband returns and Satan is in the abyss for a thousand years. We must always remember that we live in two worlds. Before we were saved, we had a sin nature and were spiritually dead. After being saved, we are alive in the Messiah, but we still have a sin nature within us. This is because this world is not our home. The Church is the Bride of Christ and we desire to be with the Bridegroom. We must be ready, for when He returns for us (Matthew 25:1-13) we will go with Him. Then we will not only be spiritually alive, but we will have perfect resurrection bodies. But in the mean time, our enemy, the devil prowls around like a roaring lion looking for someone to devour (First Peter 5:8). Thus, we have one foot in this world and one in the next. We are in conflict. However, by the time we get to the third book in the messianic Kingdom, we will see that all conflict is over for the Church.

Pisces, or the fishes, is pictured as two large fishes bound together by a Band, the ends of which are fastened separately to their tails. In the ancient Egyptian zodiac, it is named Pi-cot,or Pisces Hori that means the fishes of Him that comes.The Hebrew name is Dagim, the fishes, which is closely connected with the concept of increasing greatly, as in 48:16, where Jacob blesses Joseph’s sons, and says: May they increase greatly upon the earth. The phrase a fish is derived from the phrase to increase because of the remarkable speed with which they multiply.⁸³⁴This is the fulfillment of 1:28 that says: Be fruitful and multiply. The Seed of the woman (see the commentary on Genesis, to see link click Be – He Will Crush Your Head, and You Will Strike His Heel) will eventually become the fishes of Him that comes.

But why two fishes? The human race today is made up of either Jews or Gentiles. Before Christ, the channel of blessing went through Isra’el, but after the death, burial and resurrection of the Messiah the channel of blessing now flows through the Church, which are primarily Gentiles. God has said, however, that there will always be a believing remnant, the righteous of the TaNaKh. But for those in Christ, the only identity that matters is their identity in Him. There are no Jewish or Gentile believers, black, white, brown or any other color believers, male or female believers. There are only those who love the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. Our one Lord has one Body.835 For He Himself is our peace, who has made the two one and has destroyed the barrier, the dividing wall of hostility (Ephesians 2:14). Therefore, Jews and Gentiles, the two fishes are bound together as one.

1. The Band: The band that unites these two fishes has always formed a separate constellation. Its ancient Egyptian name was U-or, which means he comes. The Arabic name is Al Risha, or the band. In the picture of this constellation the fishes are bound together. The two ends are fastened to the neck of Cetus, the sea monster, while immediately above is seen a woman chained as a captive; but the deliverer is near both. Chephes, the crowned King is seen coming quickly. Satan is still in conflict with the Church, but deliverance is guaranteed.

2. Andromeda (The Chained Woman): This is a strange scene in the heavens, a woman with chains fastened to her feet and arms. In the Egyptian zodiac her name is Set which means set up as a queen. In Hebrew it is Sirra, the chained. There are 63 stars in this constellation, three of which are of the second magnitude and two of the third. The brightest star alpha (in the head), is called Al Phiratz (Arabic), the broken down. The star gamma (in the left foot) is called Al Amak (Arabic), struck down. But the star beta (in the body) is called Mirach (Hebrew), the weak. We need to remember where our strength lays. It is only when we come to the end of ourselves and get out of the way, that the power of the Lord can be seen. Rabbi Sha’ul said: I will boast all the more gladly about my weakness, so that Christ’s power may rest on me. For when I am weak, then I am strong (Second Corinthians 11:9-10). Until the return of Messiah, the Church will be in conflict with the enemy, Satan. Yes, the two fishes are bound by sin, and yes the woman is seen in the chains of sin, but the King is coming.

3. Cepheus (The Crowned King): What we see here is a glorious King, crowned and seated on a throne in the highest heavens, with a scepter in His hand and His foot planted on the very Polar Star itself. His name in the Egyptian zodiac is Pek-ku-hor, which means this one comes to rule. The Greek name, by which He is now known, Cepheus, is from the Hebrew and means the branch and is called by Euripides the king; there is also an old Ethiopian name, Hyk, meaning a king. There are 35 stars in this constellation with three of the third magnitude and seven of the fourth. The brightest star alpha (in the right shoulder), is called Al Deramin, which means coming quickly. The beta star (at the waist) is named Al Phirk (Arabic), the Redeemer, and the gamma star, signified by the letter g at the left knee is called Al Rai, which means he who bruises or breaks. This can be no other than the Branch of David (Jeremiah 23:5) and the King of Kings and Lord of Lords (Revelation 19:16).

This leads us to the last chapter of the second book, which shows us the fulfillment of all the prophecies about the Church and the sure foundation upon which her hope is based. We wait for the blessed hope – the glorious appearing of our great God and Savior, Jesus Christ (Titus 2:13). He is coming quickly.

David Mack2021-02-16T13:00:46+00:000 Comments

Mc – Aquarius: The Pouring Out of the Water: Living Water for the Church

Aquarius: The Pouring Out of the Water
Chapter Two: Living Water for the Church

With the sacrifice on the cross being made, the blessings bought with a price which covers our sins has been paid, and now they can be poured out upon the Church. The central message of the Bible is atonement, that is, that God has provided a way for us to come back into fellowship with Him.⁸³² A man pouring out water from an urn, which seems to have an inexhaustible supply, pictured this in the heavens from the beginning. The water flows downward into the mouth of a fish, which receives it and drinks it up.

The same idea is seen in the ancient Egyptian zodiac, but the man holds two urns and the fish below seems to have come out of the urn. The man is called Hupei Tirion, which means the place of him coming down or poured forth. This agrees with its other names. In Hebrew it is called Deli, the water-urn or bucket (as in Numbers 14:7), and the Arabic Delu is the same.

There are 108 stars in this sign, and their names are significant. The star in the right shoulder is called Sa’ad al Melik, which means the record of the pouring out. The beta star in the left shoulder is called Saad al Melik, who goes and returns, or the pourer out. The bright star delta in the lower part of the right leg is well known today by its Hebrew name Scheat, which means who goes and returns.

Before the destruction of the Temple by the Romans in 70 AD, the Jews celebrated the pouring out of the water on the Feast of Sukkot (see my commentary on The Life of Christ, to see link click Gp – On the Last and Greatest Day of the Feast). The source of the celebration is found in Isaiah 12:3: With joy you shall draw water from the wells of salvation. For seven days water was taken from the pool of Siloam in golden buckets by a procession of priests back to the Temple. As they ascended the fifteen steps to the Temple Mount, they sang the Psalm of Ascents (Psalms 120 through 134). On the first step they sang Psalm 120, on the second step Psalm 121, and so on until Psalm 134. Then they entered the courtyard and poured out the water on the southwest corner of the bronze Altar because it was where the grooves that drained the blood were located.

On the last and greatest day of the Feast, the procession of priests made the circuit to the altar not once but seven times, as if they were circling Jericho to bring down its walls again. Therefore, the seventh or last day of the Feast was also called “the Great Hosanna” because they sang Psalm 118. When the priests poured out the water, the rejoicing was like the victory celebration of a Super Bowl win on the last play of the game with no time remaining on the clock. In fact, the rejoicing was so great that the rabbis said: He who has not seen the rejoicing of the pouring out of the water has not seen rejoicing in all of his life.⁸³³

This was the climax of the entire week and after a long time of intense celebration and before the offering of the massive festive sacrifices, there was a short pause. The large number of people must have collapsed in exhaustion. And after the explosive chanting of the Hallel there was dead silence. At that moment Jesus stood up so that He could be clearly seen and said in a voice loud enough to be heard throughout the Temple: Let anyone who is thirsty come to Me and drink. Whoever believes in Me, as Scripture has said, rivers of living water will flow from within them (John 7:37-38). In Judaism the pouring out of the water was a symbol of the outpouring of the Holy Spirit in the last days. The rabbis taught that in the last day before the Messiah comes, there will be an outpouring of the Holy Spirit upon Isra’el. Jesus interpreted and fulfilled this teaching. By this He meant the Spirit whom those who believed in Him were later to receive (John 7:39). Therefore, those who believe in the Meshiach, will receive this living water or the Ruach Ha’Kodesh who sustains them.

But there is a second important aspect to Aquarius, one who goes and returns. Later Jesus would say: I am going away and I am coming back to you.But while I am gone I will not leave you as orphans, but the Counselor, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in My name will teach you everything I have said to you (John 14:18, 26 and 28). So God in His grace has sent us streams of living water, and baptizes us with the Holy Spirit (Matthew 3:11; Mark 1:8; Luke 3:16, John 1:33; Acts 1:5, 11:16; First Corinthians 12:13), into the body of Christ (Galatians 3:27; First Corinthians 12:13) at the moment of faith in Him. This work of grace in the Church is necessary to sustain the prophecy of the Seed of the woman in Virgo.

1. Piscis Australis (The Southern Fish): This first constellation is of ancient times and its brilliant star of the first magnitude was a subject of great study by the Egyptians and Ethiopians. It is inseparable from Aquarius, as we have seen. It is named in Arabic Fom al Haut, the mouth of the fish. In the Egyptian zodiac it is called Aar, a stream and pictures streams of living water or the Holy Spirit.

2. Pegasus (The Winged Horse): The blessings that have been purchased with a price will be brought by Him who has bought them. In the Egyptian zodiac there are two characters immediately below the horse, Pe and ka. Peka or Pega, is in Hebrew the chief, and Sus is horse. So the name of this constellation, Pegasus, has come down to us and has been preserved through all the languages. The names of the stars in this constellation describe its meaning to us. There are 89 altogether, one of the first magnitude, two of the second and three of the third.

The brightest star alpha (on the neck of the horse at the junction of the wing), comes down to us with the ancient Hebrew name of Markab, which means returning from afar. The star beta (in the rear shoulder) is called Scheat, or who goes and returns. The star gamma (at the tip of the wing) bears an Arabic name – Al Genib, who carries. The star epsilon (in the nostril) is called Enif (Arabic), the water. And the star eta (in the near leg) is called Matar (Arabic), who causes to overflow.

This is no ordinary horse! Therefore, it must be used figuratively, and it can only be a figure of Him who goes and returns from heaven. He who bought the Church with His blood is coming quickly so that we may overflow with the blessings of the Holy Spirit in the Millennial Kingdom.

3. Cygnus (The Swan): This constellation repeats, emphasizes and affirms this wonderful truth. It has to do with Yeshua’s speedy return, to which all the names of the stars point. In the Egyptian zodiac it is named Tes-ark, which means this from afar. It is a most brilliant constellation of 81 stars. It contains five variable stars, five double stars and one quadruple. It has one star of the first and second magnitude, and six of the third. The star named 61 Cygni is known as one of the most wonderful in the whole heavens.

Each chapter ends in glory and here, this mighty bird is not falling dead, like Aquila the eagle, but it is flying swiftly to the earth. The swan is not so much a bird of the air, but a bird of both the air and the water. Its brightest star alpha (between the body and the tail) is called Deneb (like another in Capricorn), and means the judge. It is also called Adige, flying swiftly, and so is linked with Christ who comes to judge the earth in righteousness. The star beta in the beak is named Al Bireo (Arabic), flying quickly. The star gamma in the body is called Sadr (Hebrew), who returns in a circle.The two stars in the tail, marked as pi 1 and pi 2, are named Azel, who goes and returns quickly and Fafage, gloriously shining forth.

The teaching, then, of the entire sign of Aquarius is clear and complete. The names of the stars explain the constellations and the constellations explain the sign, so that we are left in no doubt. By His sacrifice on the cross as described in the sign of Capricorn, He has paid for unspeakable blessings for His Church. Aquarius describes the coming of the Holy Spirit and His speedy return to fill the earth with His grace to overflowing as surely as the waters cover the sea (Isaiah 11:9).

David Mack2024-05-12T12:14:57+00:000 Comments

Mb – The Second Book: The Church (His First Coming) Capricorn: The Goat

The Second Book: The Church
(The Result of His First Coming)

Capricorn: The Goat
Chapter One: The Goat of Atonement Slain for the Church

In the first book we have seen the first coming of Jesus Christ. In this second book we see the results of His First Coming, namely the Church. In Chapter One we have the Sacrifice given for the Church. In Chapter Two we have the Ruach ha-Kodesh given to the Church. In Chapter Three we see the Church in conflict with the enemy and in Chapter Four we see Christ’s return with the Church, but the main point of this second book is that all four chapters are, in some way, connected with fish (Matthew 4:19).

It is noteworthy that this second book opens with the Goat and closes with the Lamb because they are both animals of sacrifice. The goat as an animal of sacrifice was especially important on the Day of Atonement (see my commentary on Exodus Go – The Day of Atonement). The high priest was to lay both hands on the head of a live goat and confess over it all the wickedness and rebellion of the Israelites – all their sins – and put them on the goat’s head. Then he shall send the goat away into the desert to die (Leviticus 16:20-22). Messiah became our sacrifice. In all ancient zodiacs we find a goat with the tail of a fish associated with the sign of Capricorn. In the Egyptian zodiac it is seen as half-goat and half-fish, and it is there called Hu-penius, which means the place of sacrifice. In the Indian zodiac we see a passive goat being passed through by a fish. There can be no doubt about the significance of this sign. In the goat we have the transferring of sin to the sacrifice (Psalm 103:12), and in the fish we have the people for whom the sacrifice was made (Acts 2:1-41). When we come to the sign of Pisces we shall see more clearly that it points to the Church.

The Hebrew name of the sign is Gedi, the kid or the cut off. This name is the same as the Arabic Al Gedi. Capricornus is merely the modern Latin name of the sign and means goat. The two brightest stars are alpha, the kid or goat called Al Gedi, and beta, the sacrifice that comes called Deneb Al Gedi. In the first chapter of the first book we saw a woman with a branch in her right hand (Isaiah 11) and some ears of corn, pictured as the seed or offspring, in her left hand (3:15), thus giving a two-fold testimony of Yeshua Messiah. Here we see Him coming to die, but producing much fruit. Yeshua said: I tell you the truth, unless a kernel of wheat falls to the ground and dies, it remains only a single seed. But if it dies, it produces many seeds (John 12:24). The living fish proceeds from the dying goat, and yet there is only one body. That picture, which has no parallel in nature, is seen clearly in the grace of God. One day in heaven, there will be a great multitude that no one can count, from every nation, tribe, people and language, standing before the throne and in front of the Lamb. They will be wearing white robes and . . . holding palm branches in their hands (Revelation 7:9). The fish shall obtain eternal life through the death of the sacrifice of the goat.

However, it is not the actual death that we see here. The first chapter in each book pictures a prophecy about the Lord. The last chapter in each book confirms the fulfillment of that prophecy. The second chapter in each book presents the work of grace necessary to sustain the prophecy, while the third chapter shows the results of the conflict needed to attain the final victory and triumph. Therefore, there is an A–B–B–A literary structure, where the first and last chapters picture the prophecy and fulfillment of the Messiah, while the two central chapters image the grace and conflict of Christ.

The First Book: The Redeemer (His First Coming)

A Virgo: The prophecy of the Seed of the woman

B Libra: The work of Christ accomplished in grace

B Scorpio: The work of Christ accomplished in conflict

A Sagittarius: The fulfillment of promised victory

The Second Book: The Church (The Result of His First Coming)

C Capricorn: The prophecy of the Coming Sacrifice for the Church

D Aquarius: The results of the work of Christ given in grace

D Pisces: The results of the work of Christ enjoyed in conflict

C Aries: The fulfillment of the return with His Church

The Third Book: The Messianic Kingdom (The Result of His Second Coming)

E Taurus: The prophecy of the coming Judge of all the earth

F Gemini: The Lord’s reign in grace

F Cancer: The Lord’s reign safe from all conflict

E Leo: The fulfillment of the ultimate triumph

The Church was a mystery to the righteous of the TaNaKh. And the Torah looks forward and the B’rit Chadashah looks back. When the righteous of the TaNaKh looked to the witness of the stars, they viewed these four middle constellations as the promise of His Seed (NKJ) or His Offspring (NIV) in Genesis 3:15. Before the cross, ADONAI’s channel of blessing came through Isra’el, but as we look at these constellations today, we view them as the Church made up of Jewish and Gentile believers (Ephesians 2:14).

Therefore, in Capricorn we must look for the prophecy of the coming sacrifice for the Church. We now come to the three constellations, which give us three pictures of the death of this sacrifice and His living again.

1. Sagitta (The Arrow): The Hebrew name is Sham, destroying or desolate. There are many other stars in the heavens with a straighter line that would have been better served for an arrow. Only two of eighteen stars in this constellation are in the same line. Why are these stars chosen? Why is the arrow placed here? The only explanation can be that the same Hand that arranged the stars also wrote the Book! This is not the arrow of Sagittarius, for it has not left his bow. That arrow is destined for the enemies of the LORD. This arrow is for the Son of God. He was stricken by God, smitten by Him, and afflicted. He was pierced for our transgressions (Isaiah 53:4-5). Christ, the sacrifice, would be pierced by this arrow. The arrow is pictured alone in the air, having been shot by the hand of God the Father. This was the will of ADONAI that Jesus came to do. Therefore, the work that the arrow accomplishes is seen in the falling eagle and the dying goat.

2. Aquila (The Eagle): Here we have an additional picture of the effect of this arrow in the pierced, wounded and falling eagle, gasping in its dying struggle. Remember: He was pierced for our transgressions (Isaiah 53:5), and the names of the stars of this constellation confirm this illustration. The constellation contains 74 stars. The brightest of them, alpha in the eagle’s neck), is a notable star of the first magnitude called Al Tair (Arabic), which means the wounding. The star beta (in the throat) is called Al Shain (Arabic), the bright, from a Hebrew root meaning scarlet colored as in Joshua 2:17-18. The men said to Rahab, “This oath you made us swear will not be binding on us unless, when we enter the land; you have tied this scarlet cord in the window through which you let us down.” The scarlet cord represents deliverance from death.

If, on the day of judgment (see my commentary on Revelation, to see link click Fo – The Great White Throne Judgment), some say: Lord, Lord, and will be turned away because their faith was false (Matthew 7:21-23), how can I be absolutely sure that my faith is genuine? The answer is found in the actions of Rahab, and the men of Jericho. They all believed alike that the God of the Hebrews had the destruction of their city in mind and they all had the faith that He was able to do it. Everyone was looking out for his or her own safety. Thus when the Israelites came to the city, the men of Jericho sought to kill the spies. Rahab also had her own safety in mind, but she chose to throw herself upon the mercy of ADONAI and trust Him fully. Only Rahab’s faith was genuine because she acted in faith (see my commentary on Hebrews Cu – The Faith of Rahab at Jericho). She hung the scarlet cord in her window, which by its color speaks of safety through sacrifice, and points to the cross where alone we have safety through His blood.

The star gamma (in the back) is called Tatated, which means wounded or torn. The star delta, signified by the letter d (in the lower wing) is named Alcair, which means the piercing, and the star epsilon (in the tail), Al Okal, has the significant meaning of wounded in the heel. Surely, God determines the number of the stars and calls them each by name (Psalm 147:4).

3. Delphinus (The Dolphin): This is the brightest cluster of 18 stars, five of which are of the third magnitude. It is easily distinguished by the four brightest, which are in the head. It is always pictured as a fish full of life and the head is always pointed upward, just as the head of the eagle is always pointing downward. The dolphin is pictured as rising up and leaping out of the sea. The message of Capricorn is thus pictured in the comparison of the dying goat, the falling eagle and the rising dolphin.

Jesus died and rose again (First Thessalonians 4:14). Apart from His resurrection, His death was meaningless. To believers, His resurrection is central to our faith. He is the firstfruits of those who have died (First Corinthians 15:20). Because He conquered death and rose again, followers of the Messiah have the confidence that since they are in the Messiah (Ephesians 1:20) they can also conquer death and the grave. This is the great prophecy about Christ in this first book. He was delivered over to death for our sins and was raised to life for our justification (Romans 4:25).

Each chapter ends in glory, therefore, this strange goat-fish, dying in its head, but living in its tail – falling as an eagle pierced and wounded by the arrow of death – springs up out of the water with the beauty of a dolphin. The only way the Church can find life is through His death.

David Mack2024-05-12T12:14:22+00:000 Comments

Ma – Sagittarius: The Archer Chapter Four: The Redeemer’s Triumph

Sagittarius: The Archer
Chapter Four: The Redeemer’s Triumph

This is the concluding chapter of the first book of The Witness of the Stars and it pictures the first coming of Jesus Christ. This is the fulfillment of the promised victory of the Seed of the woman in Virgo. Gird your sword upon your side, O mighty one; clothe yourself with splendor and majesty. In your majesty ride forth victoriously in behalf of truth, humility and righteousness; let your right hand display awesome deeds. Let your sharp arrows pierce the hearts of the king’s enemies (this sign has a bowman with the torso and head of a man and the lower body of a horse, pointing His arrow directly at the heart of the Scorpion); let the nations fall beneath your feet (Psalm 45:3-5). In timeless similarity, the apostle John saw the same thing: I looked, and there before me was a white horse! Its rider held a bow, and He was given a crown, and He rode out as a conqueror bent on conquest (Revelation 6:2). This is exactly what is pictured in the sign, now called by the modern Latin name Sagittarius, which means the Archer. The Hebrew and Syriac name of the sign is Kesith, which means the Archer, (Genesis 21:20). The Arabic name is Al Kaus, the arrow, and in Greek it is Toxotes, the archer.

The names of the brightest stars in this sign are significant. The first is called Naim, which in Hebrew means the gracious one. This is precisely what is said of the Messiah, the Victor, in the words immediately preceding the quotation above: Your lips have been anointed with grace, since God has blessed you forever (Psalm 45:2). The second in Hebrew is Nehushta, which means the going or sending forth. We see the same in the Arabic names that have been passed down through the years, Al Warida, who comes forth, and Ruchba or Rami, the riding of the bowman. This is He who will come without warning like an arrow from the bow, full of grace and truth (John 1:14), but a conqueror bent on conquest (Revelation 6:2). God will shoot them with arrows; suddenly they will be struck down. He will turn their own tongues against them and bring them to ruin; all who see them will shake their heads in scorn. All mankind will fear; they will proclaim the works of God and ponder what He has done. Let the righteous rejoice in ADONAI and take refuge in Him; let all the upright in heart praise Him (Psalm 64:7-10)! This brings us to the first of three constellations for the sign of Sagittarius, which takes up the theme of praise to the conqueror.

1. Lyra (The Harp): The Harp beautifully follows the victorious Horseman, for the harp symbolizes the praise and honor that only He deserves. Its brightest star alpha is one of the most glorious in the heavens and makes it easily recognizable. It is called Vega, which means He will be exalted. Its root occurs in the opening of the Song of Moses: I will sing to ADONAI, for He is highly exalted (Exodus 15:1b). Its other stars, beta and gamma are also noticeable stars: beta is called Shelyuk, which means an eagle (as does the Arabic, Al Nesr); and gamma, which is called Sulaphat, springing up, or ascending, as praise. There was praise at Christ’s birth from two sources. First were the angels: Suddenly a great company of the heavenly host appeared praising God and saying, “Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace to men on whom His favor rests (Luke 2:14).” Secondly, there were the Magi from the east. They saw the Child with His mother Mary, and they bowed down and worshiped Him (Matthew 2:1 and 11). However, there was no praise at the cross. There is a reason the world generally celebrates Christmas, although it is less than enthusiastic about Easter. We see the baby in the manger at Christmas, but all we seek out at Easter are eggs and bunnies. The reason is that a baby in the manger does not threaten us. Babies are cute and cuddly, but a man on a cross dying for my sin is a different story. As the saying goes, “You’ve just gone from preaching to meddling!”

But, one day His praise will rise up, ascending like an eagle toward heaven, when every creature in heaven and on earth and under the earth and on the sea, and all that is in them will sing: To Him who sits under the throne and to the Lamb be praised and honor and glory and power, for ever and ever (Revelation 5:13). However, it will not be until the Messianic Kingdom that the world will praise Him in this way. And why will we praise Him? Because His judgments are true and just (see the commentary on Revelation, to see link click Eu – Hallelujah! The Smoke From Her Goes Up Forever and Ever). This brings us to the altar.

2. Ara (The Altar): Here we have an altar, significantly and ominously placed upside down, with its fires burning and pointing to the abyss (Revelation 9:1-2 and 11). It is south of the Scorpion’s tail, and when first formed, it was visible only on the very lowest horizon of the south, pointing to the completion of all judgment in the lake of fire (Rev 20:14-15). In the Egyptian zodiac we have a different picture, giving us another aspect of the same judgment. It is a man on a throne with a winnowing fork in his hand. His name is Bau, the same name as Hercules, and means He comes. It is from the Hebrew Boh, to come, as in: Who is this coming from Edom, from Bozrah, with His garments stained crimson (Isaiah 63:1)? Why is He coming? He is coming in judgment. For the day of vengeance was in My heart. And the year of My redemption has come. I trampled the nations in My anger; in My wrath I made them drunk and poured their blood on the ground (Isaiah 63:4 and 6). The completion of judgment, therefore, is what is pictured both by the burning altar and the Coming One on the throne, with His threshing instrument.

In Arabic it is called Al Mugamra, which means the completing, or finishing. The Greeks used the word Ara sometimes in the sense of praying, but more frequently in the sense of cursing. This is the curse prophesied against Satan. He (the Seed of the woman) will crush your head (inflicting a fatal blow) in Genesis 3:15. The burning fire points to the completion of that curse, when he will be thrown into the lake of fire, where he will be tormented day and night for ever and ever (Revelation 20:10). This brings us to the close of the first book and that old Serpent, the devil, being thrown out of heaven.

3. Draco (The Dragon): Each of the three books ends with the same apocalyptic truth of God’splan for the world. The same great enemy is referred to in all these pictures. He is the great dragon who was hurled down, that ancient serpent called the devil or Satan, who leads the whole world astray. He was hurled down to the earth and his angels with him (Revelation 12:9). The first book, about His first coming, concludes with the dragon being thrown out of heaven. At the conclusion of the second book we see the Messiah returning with His Church, and Cetus, the sea monster or Leviathan is bound for a thousand years. And the third book, about the Messianic Kingdom, concludes with Hydra, the old serpent, destroyed. Therefore, here, at the end of the first book, we see that the dragon will ultimately be defeated.

David Mack2021-02-15T20:41:22+00:000 Comments

Lz – Scorpio: The Attack of the Enemy Chapter Three: The Redeemer’s Conflict

Scorpio: The Attack of the Enemy
Chapter Three: The Redeemer’s Conflict

We now enter the heart of the conflict. The heavens picture a huge scorpion trying to sting the heel of a mighty man who is struggling with a snake, but is crushed by the man, who has His foot planted squarely on the scorpion’s heart. In the second book, the Church is seen in conflict with the enemy.

The Hebrew name is Akrab, which is the name of the scorpion, but it also means the conflict, or war. David uses this very word in Psalm 144:1, where he praises ADONAI my Rock, who trains my hands for war, my fingers for battle. The Coptic name is Isidis, which means the attack of the enemy, or oppression, which refers to the wicked who assail me, from my mortal enemies who surround me (Psalm 17:9). The Arabic name is Al Akrab, which means wounding him that comes. The brightest star alpha marks the heart of the scorpion and bears the ancient Arabic name of Antares, which means the wounding. It shines with a deep red light. In Hebrew, the stinger is called lesath, which means the perverse.

We learn from the John that the scorpion is a deadly enemy (see my commentary on Revelation, to see link click Da – The Fifth Trumpet: Locusts Came Down Upon the Earth and Were Given Power Like That of Scorpions). The poison sting symbolizes the hostility between the serpent and the Seed of the woman. That hate is seen more clearly in Exodus 1:16-22, where the enemy attempts to destroy every male child of the seed of Abraham and how that evil plan was defeated. We see the effort repeated when the serpent used Athaliah to destroy the whole royal family (Second Kings 11:1-3), and how the king’s son was rescued away from among the royal princes, who were about to be murdered. The scene is repeated in Esther, where the wicked Haman, the enemy of the Jews (Esther 9:1), tried to destroy the entire nation, but he was defeated. When the woman’s Seed was born, Satan prompted Herod to kill all the boys in Bethlehem and its vicinity who were two years old and under (Matthew 2:16), but again he was defeated. During the forty days in the Judean desert and at Yeshua’s religious trial, the great conflict was renewed. He told His enemies: This is your hour – when darkness reigns (Luke 22:53b). And the battle raged right up until the time when the scorpion struck the woman’s Seed. The real wounding in the heel took place at the cross. Jesus Christ died, but was raised again from the dead to settle the conflict forever.

1. and 2. Serpens (The Serpent) and Ophiuchus (The Serpent Holder): Here Serpens, the serpent, is seen on the right in the grasp, and struggling in vain with a man who is named Ophiuchus below left. In Latin the serpent is called Serpentarius. At the same time Ophiuchusis seizing the serpent with both hands; he is stepping on the very heart of the scorpion, marked by the deep red star Antares, but at the same time the scorpionis trying to wound his heel and seize the crown, which is just over his head. This is the ultimate struggle in the universe. It was the Adversary, in the form of a serpent that robbed the first Adam of his crown, but struggled in vain to wrestle the crown away from the last Adam (First Corinthians 15:45), and not only does he fail in this attempt, but is himself utterly defeated and destroyed (Revelation 20:10).

The brightest star alpha in the neck of the Serpent is named Unuk, which means surrounding. Another Hebrew name is Alyah, the accursed. The Arabic name is Al Hay, the reptile. The next brightest star beta in the neck of the Serpent is named in Arabic, Chelb or Chelbalrai, the serpent enfolding. The Greek name Ophiuchus is itself from the Hebrew and Arabic name Afeichus, which means the serpent held. All these show us the magnitude of this great struggle, but the outcome of this struggle is seen by the last of the three constellations of this chapter. The mighty Man is the victor!

3. Hercules (The Mighty Man): Each chapter ends in victory and here the mighty One, who occupies a large portion of the heavens, is seen bending on one knee, with the right heel lifted up as if it had been wounded, while the left foot is set directly over the head of the great dragon. In his right hand he wields a great club and in his left hand he grasps a triple headed snake monster named Cerberus. It is easy to see how the perversion of the truth of the gospel by the Greeks came about, and how, when the truth had been lost, that other fables were invented to replace them. There were some Greeks who understood this. Aristotle, in his Metaphysics, 10.8, admits that religion and philosophy had been lost and that much had been “added after the mythical style.” Therefore, ancient authorities differed about the personality of Hercules and the order of what are sometimes called “the twelve labors of Hercules”, but there can be no doubt as to the mighty works that the Seed of the woman would perform.

At every turn Hercules is seen destroying the enemy: now it is the Nemean lion, then it is the slaughter of the boar of Erymanthus, again, it is the conquest of the bull of Crete, next the killing of the three headed Hydra, whose venom eventually kills Hercules. Then he is said to have remained in the belly of the sea three days and three nights, only to rise again.This was doubtless a distortion of the story of Jonah and the whale (see my commentary on Jonah Aq – Jonah and the Great Whale). So when we see Hercules overthrowing enormous enemies and delivering captives, we can see ADONAI at work also. We can perceive how the original intent of “the old, old story” in the stars would show the wielding of His great club, victorious over all His enemies, and planting His foot on the Serpent’s head.

When the enemy attacks, God is our refuge. Psalm 91 spells this out for all of us: We trust in God, therefore, He is our refuge and our fortress. This psalm combines the warm protectiveness of a parent bird (He covers uswith His feathers, and under His wings we find refuge) with the hard, unyielding strength of armor (His faithfulness is our shield). The psalmist assures us that ADONAI is our refuge because He will command His angels to guard us in all our ways. It is the LORD that goes before us to tread upon the lion and the cobra; the young lion and the serpent He will trample under foot.

The psalm ends with three simple truths. First, because we love ADONAI, He says that He will rescue us. Secondly, because we acknowledge His name, we will call on Him, and He will answer. Thirdly, God promises to be with us in times of trouble, that He will deliver us and honor us. At its lowest common denominator, our bond with the LORD is between the Helper and the helpless. It is a matter of grace. When the attack of the enemy comes, we need to remember that the Mighty Man says: With long life will I satisfy [them] and show [them] My salvation (Psalm 91:16). This is the witness of the stars.

David Mack2021-02-16T12:50:53+00:000 Comments

12 Next