Ba – Jonás se fue y se sentó en un lugar al este de la ciudad 4: 4-11

Jonás se fue y se sentó
en un lugar al este de la ciudad
4: 4-11

Jonás se fue y se sentó en un lugar al este de la ciudad ESCUDRIÑAR: ¿Cuál es la pregunta más importante en el libro? ¿Por qué Dios plantea preguntas como esta? Hablando humanamente, ¿por qué Jonás tenía todo el derecho de estar enojado? ¿Por qué deberíamos estar complacidos de que Dios sea lento para la ira? ¿Por qué se sentó Jonás fuera de la ciudad? ¿Cuál fue su esperanza? ¿Qué tipo de refugio construyó? ¿Qué tenía esto que ver con la historia de Israel? ¿Qué tres cosas provee Dios a Jonás? ¿Por qué? ¿Qué revelan la calabacera, el gusano y el sol ardiente acerca del SEÑOR? ¿y acerca de Jonás? ¿Cómo el gusano en esta séptima escena señala a Jonás como un tipo de Cristo? Compare el encuentro de Elías con la adoración a Baal en Primera Reyes 18: 20-40 con la relación de Jonás con estos paganos. ¿Qué experiencias religiosas, depresiones, provisiones y reproches de Dios tienen en común entre sí? ¿y con usted? ¿Qué nos dice esta escena acerca de Dios? ¿Cómo terminaría esta historia que queda pendiente? ¿Por qué? ¿Qué cree que hizo el profeta descontento con su segunda oportunidad? ¿Qué dice en general la escena siete acerca de Dios?

REFLEXIONAR: ¿Tiene un lugar donde quejarse? ¿Está decepcionado o molesto con Dios en este momento? ¿Cómo es eso? ¿Cuál es la importancia de la pregunta de Dios en 4:4 para usted personalmente? Como resultado de su intervención divina, ¿Dios ha revelado una distancia entre Su corazón y el suyo? ¿Cómo es eso? ¿Hay alguna prioridad fuera de lugar que haya tenido lugar en su vida últimamente? ¿Qué le dejó clara esta disparidad? ¿Cómo se siente acerca de la idea de que Dios puede permitir que las dificultades transmitan instrucción espiritual? ¿Por qué cree que el Enemigo de las almas puede querer disfrazar la dificultad usada por YHVH como castigo enviado por Dios? Si ha tenido una serie de sus propias dificultades, ¿las ha atribuido a ADONAI o al Adversario? ¿Cómo le han hecho sentir estos casos? ¿las dificultades lo han acercado más al Señor o lo han alejado? ¿Por qué? ¿Cuándo ha tratado de limitar la misericordia del Señor a los demás? ¿Y a usted mismo? ¿A quién quiere ADONAI que muestre misericordia esta semana?

Breve descripción de la escena siete: ADONAI inicia la acción en esta escena final, esta vez con una pregunta dirigida al profeta descontento. Pero el SEÑOR quería que Jonás continuara su ministerio profético, así que, en un reproche suave y amoroso: YHVH le respondió: ¿Haces bien en enojarte tanto? (4:4) a la luz de la misericordia que Te he mostrado al traerte de vuelta a la vida para que puedas cumplir Mi comisión. Seguramente el siervo de Dios podría confiar en que ¿Acaso el Juez de toda la tierra no hará justicia? (Génesis 18:25b). Jonás, sin embargo, no estaba de humor para responder. Se negó a reconocer cualquier sugerencia de que podría estar equivocado, y persistió descaradamente en justificarse a sí mismo.97

Y salió Jonás de la ciudad y se sentó al oriente de ella. Allí se hizo una enramada y se sentó a su sombra hasta ver qué sucedería en la ciudad (4:5). Él tomó una nueva posición al oriente de la ciudad donde construyó un puesto para proporcionarse algo de sombra. Nuevamente, el SEÑOR Dios toma la iniciativa proporcionando una calabacera, un gusano y un viento; Jonás reacciona con otro deseo de muerte (4:6-8). La historia concluye con un intercambio de preguntas y respuestas entre Dios y Jonás (4:9) y luego con una disertación de treinta y nueve palabras del SEÑOR (4:10-11), equilibrando la disertación de treinta y nueve palabras de Jonás en 4:2. El final de la historia se enlaza con el principio, retomando el tema: Nínive, la gran ciudad. La pregunta final invita a Jonás, y a cada uno de nosotros, a participar, respondiendo con una respuesta.98

Comentario sobre la escena siete: Después de escuchar la perorata llorona de Jonás, hubo un silencio mortal, una pausa, el tiempo suficiente para preguntarse qué pasaría a continuación. Pero ahora, la breve pausa ha terminado y el silencio se rompe con una palabra del SEÑOR. Por primera vez escuchamos una conversación entre Dios y Jonás. Su pregunta: ¿Haces bien en enojarte tanto? es la pregunta más importante en el libro. YHVH quiere saber si la ira de Jonás resulta en algo bueno. Las preguntas divinas nunca son para el beneficio de Dios. Él conoce la respuesta a cada pregunta (Génesis 3:6-11; 4:3-10; Juan 6:5-6). Plantea preguntas que podemos realizar y estar de acuerdo con la verdad de la respuesta. Responder a las preguntas de Dios requiere una búsqueda del alma que pueda descubrir problemas del corazón que antes no reconocíamos, lo que nos ayuda a ver en nosotros mismos lo que Dios busca mostrarnos. La pregunta que Dios le hizo a Jonás es el mismo Espíritu que nos susurra mientras nos tambaleamos a punto de caer precipitadamente en un montículo de ira. Después de todo el abatimiento y la furia, nos enfrentamos a esta misma simple pregunta.99

Querido Justo y Recto Padre Celestial, te alabo porque siempre eres perfecto en Tu ministración de ira y amor. Te enojas (Juan 3:36). La ira en Tus hijos se les permite cuando es una ira justa contra el pecado, “Airaos, pero no pequéis(Efesios 4:26a); no una ira egoísta por no obtener lo que alguien quiere. Sea quitada de vosotros toda amargura y enojo, e ira, y grito airado y maledicencia, junto con toda maldad (Efesios 4:31).

Te alabamos porque abres la puerta de la salvación y la entrada al cielo a todos Tus hijos. Así que la ley ha sido nuestro tutor hasta el Mesías, para que por medio de la fe fuéramos declarados justos. Y habiendo venido la fe, ya no estamos bajo tutor, pues todos sois hijos de Dios por la fe en Jesús el Mesías. Porque todos los que fuisteis bautizados en el Mesías, del Mesías estáis revestidos. No hay judío ni griego, no hay siervo ni libre, no hay varón ni hembra: porque todos vosotros sois uno solo en Jesús el Mesías (Gálatas 3:24-28). Alabado seas Yeshua por Tu maravilloso regalo de Tu justicia a todos los que aceptan Tu sacrificio como el Cordero de Dios por nuestros pecados. Al que no conoció pecado, por nosotros lo hizo pecado, para que nosotros llegáramos a ser justicia de Dios en Él (2 Corintios 5:21). ¡Te amamos y viviremos contigo en el cielo, alabando Tu grande y santo nombre por siempre! En el santo nombre de Yeshua y el poder de Su resurrección. Amén.

Humanamente hablando, Jonás tenía una razón para estar enojado. Después de todo, Asiria era el archienemigo de Israel, y predicarles posiblemente podría evitar que fueran destruidos si ellos se arrepintieran. En el año 722 aC, aproximadamente treinta y ocho años después de que Jonás predicó a Nínive, el ejército de Asiria saqueó el reino del norte de Israel y puso sitio a Samaria. Y el rey de Asiria trajo gente de Babilonia, de Cuta, de Ava, de Hamat y de Sefarvaim, y los hizo habitar en las ciudades de Samaria, en lugar de los hijos de Israel. Así ocuparon Samaria, y habitaron en sus ciudades (Segunda Reyes 17:24). Los asirios trataron a sus pueblos conquistados de manera diferente a como lo harían los babilonios más adelante en la historia. Mientras que los babilonios se llevaron a los mejores y más brillantes a Babilonia y mataron al resto, los asirios trajeron a sus propios ciudadanos al área conquistada, se casaron con ellos y, por lo tanto, los asimilaron a la cultura asiria. Esto es, por supuesto, lo que Jonás había temido que sucediera. Finalmente, los judíos en el reino del sur de Judá vieron a sus hermanos del norte como mestizos inferiores, los despreciaban y no querían tener nada que ver con ellos (vea el comentario sobre La vida de Cristo Gw – La parábola del buen samaritano).

Como se mencionó anteriormente (vea Az La ira de Jonás y la misericordia del SEÑOR), Jonás dijo que Dios era lento para la ira. ¿No estamos contentos de que ese sea el caso? Si Él estuviera inclinado a los arrebatos de ira, todos nosotros estaríamos sufriendo cada momento del día. Cada forma de consuelo nos muestra que ADONAI tiene una tendencia a otorgar misericordia. Saber que el Dios santo y todopoderoso podría estar enojado y, sin embargo, ser lento para la ira, debería hacernos reconsiderar cualquier enojo que sintamos cuando somos traicionados, menospreciados o simplemente ignorados. Esto debería hacer que pensemos en dos cosas: Primero, deberíamos cuestionarnos cualquier enojo que sintamos hacia Dios. Sabiendo que Él puede y debe estar enojado con nosotros, y sin embargo, decide no estarlo, debería desafiarnos a repensar nuestra posición. En segundo lugar, cuando nos damos cuenta de la brecha entre el carácter de ADONAI y el nuestro, debemos considerar nuestra gran necesidad de la ayuda de Dios para moldearnos a Su imagen (Romanos 8:29; Primera a los Corintios 15:49 y Colosenses 3:10).

Dado que, desde una perspectiva humana, podemos sentirnos justificados en nuestra ira hacia otro o incluso hacia Dios (Ha`Shem), la única forma en que podemos ser lentos para la ira es si el Espíritu Santo (Ruaj HaKodesh) nos induce en esa dirección. El SEÑOR nos dio Su Espíritu por muchas razones: compañerismo, consuelo, comunión, guía y consejo para nombrar algunos. Pero también nos dio su Espíritu Santo para el empoderamiento. Como creyentes, debemos estar facultados para vivir para Él, más allá de nuestras capacidades humanas normales. Si bien nunca lograremos la perfección en ninguno de los atributos de Dios, podemos experimentar la obra del Espíritu Santo en una medida cada vez mayor. En otras palabras, podemos ser santificados. Podemos y debemos esperar ver el fruto de la obra de Dios en nuestras vidas cuando Él nos cambia diariamente (Gálatas 5:16-23).

Pero en lugar de responder a ADONAI, Jonás salió de la ciudad y se sentó al oriente de ella (4:5a). Dios trató de involucrar a Su profeta en su angustia, pero Jonás no estaba listo para hablar (Él responde la pregunta cuando se le pregunta nuevamente en 4:9). A Caín se le hizo la misma pregunta en Génesis 4:6, él tampoco contestó, pero en lugar de eso salió y mató a su hermano Abel (vea el comentario sobre Génesis Bj Desde la tierra, la sangre de tu hermano reclama justicia). Jonás estaba en un punto similar de decisión moral en su relación con Dios.

Y salió Jonás de la ciudad y se sentó al oriente de ella. Allí se hizo una enramada y se sentó a su sombra hasta ver qué sucedería en la ciudad (4:5). Jonás esperaba que el SEÑOR aún destruyera la ciudad a pesar del arrepentimiento de los ninivitas. Entonces, en caso de que eso ocurriera, el profeta renuente no quería estar en la ciudad, por supuesto, así que se dirigió a una colina en el este, fuera de la ciudad, para esperar los cuarenta días. Esperó a ver si los ninivitas se arrepentían y la misericordia de Dios perduraba. Allí se hizo una enramada (hebreo: sukká) para proteger su blanca piel, que sin duda era dolorosamente sensible al sol. Este refugio recordaba al refugio construido en el desierto por los israelitas mientras vagaban por cuarenta años. ADONAI ordenó que estos refugios se construyeran cada año como un recuerdo (la fiesta de las cabañas o Sukkót) de la provisión de Dios para Su pueblo durante esos años de peregrinación por el desierto (Éxodo 23:16, 34:22; Levítico 23:39-43; Deuteronomío 16:13-16). Entonces Jonás se sentó a su sombra hasta ver qué sucedería en la ciudad desde la distancia (4:5b). Cuando pensó que Dios podría destruir a los malvados ninivitas, es probable que le trajera una sonrisa a su cara. Sí, todavía existía la posibilidad de que se hiciera justicia estricta.

Una lección ilustrada: Y YHVH ’Elohim preparó una lección objetiva para demostrar Su misericordia y compasión. Observe que, en cada una de las coyunturas cruciales del libro, se usa el título expandido YHVH ’Elohim (ADONAI Dios) (1:9, 2:1, 2:6 y aquí). Encaramado allí como un buitre en el borde de la ciudad a la espera de su destrucción, el sol golpeó sin piedad al profeta descontento. Sentado en su cabaña, el techo probablemente proporcionaba poca protección. Debió ser miserable tener que hornear bajo los deslumbrantes rayos del sol. Así que YHVH ’Elohim preparó una calabacera para que creciera sobre la cabeza de Jonás y le hiciera sombra y lo librara de su malestar (4:6a). Es interesante que, en este libro tan corto, la palabra preparó se usa cuatro veces para hablarnos sobre hechos especiales de Dios. Primero preparó YHVH un gran pez, luego preparó, luego preparó un gusano, y finalmente ADONAI preparó un sofocante viento del este (Jonás 1:17, 4:6, 7-8), todo para propósitos especiales relacionados con el llamado de Jonás y ministerio.100

Y YHVH ’Elohim preparó una calabacera para que creciera sobre la cabeza de Jonás y le hiciera sombra y lo librara de su malestar. Y Jonás se alegró grandemente por la calabacera (4:6). La planta (en hebreo: quicayón) es aparentemente difícil de identificar, pero el nombre hebreo es similar a un nombre egipcio para la planta de aceite de ricino, conocido por su rápido crecimiento, altura y hojas grandes. Dios proveyó una planta frondosay la hizo crecer sobre Jonás en una noche. Sin embargo, es muy dudoso que crezca esto rápidamente en una noche. Lo más probable es que fuera una planta milagrosa y Jonás estaba extremadamente feliz con la planta (4:6c). Jonás, por cierto, usó la misma palabra cuando se describió a sí mismo como extremadamente infeliz (que se traduce: enojó en gran manera), ante la decisión de Dios de salvar a Nínive (4:1). De hecho, la misma palabra hebrea gadol también se usa para describir a Nínive como una gran ciudad, la tormenta como una gran tormenta y el gran pez (Jonás 1:2, 1:12 y 1:17). A Jonás aparentemente le gustaba usarlo. Para el caso, todas sus experiencias fueron tan fuera de lo común como para requerir que los superlativos las describieran. Estaba furioso por la protección divina dada a los demás, pero excitado y emocionado de recibir un poco de su propia protección divina.

Ahora admito que no soy yo quien juzga a Jonás. Soy muy consciente de cómo un cambio en la temperatura puede devolver una sonrisa a mi cara. No soporto el frío, y cuando tengo calor, supongo que puedo estar tan feliz como Jonás con su planta. Así que puedo relacionarme con un cambio tan simple que me permite compararlo con mi falta de preocupación por cosas de mayor importancia. Las interrupciones divinas tienen una forma de hacerme más consciente de mi corazón inconsistente. Cuando estoy emocionado de que mis propias necesidades sean satisfechas, pero no estoy tan ansioso por ver los propósitos de Dios cumplidos, es evidente que tengo algo que hacer. Las interrupciones divinas a menudo exponen mi falta de sensibilidad hacia Sus propósitos y estar absorto en mis sentimientos. Cuando lo insignificante hace latir mi corazón, mientras que lo verdaderamente significativo se encoge de hombros, es asombrosamente claro que tengo un largo camino por recorrer.

La frase lo librara de su malestar significa literalmente liberarlo de su calamidad. El idioma hebreo aquí invita a una comparación de tres vías entre la primera calamidad de Jonás en la tormenta, la calamidad pendiente de Nínive y la incomodidad de Jonás con el sol. Estaba extremadamente feliz y agradecido por su resurrección de entre los muertos. También Jonás se alegró grandemente por su liberación de la incomodidad del sol. Ahora usted pensaría que habría ablandado el corazón de Jonás hacia los ninivitas. Una vez más, ADONAI le mostró un favor divino a Jonás, y sin embargo él, dudaba en ofrecer misericordia a los demás. YHVH usa este contraste en Su pregunta final a Su profeta elegido.

¿Estamos dispuestos a extender la gracia y la misericordia a los demás como el SEÑOR nos la ha extendido? Cuando Dios amablemente atiende nuestras necesidades, cuando ADONAI está presente a través de nuestra incomodidad o calma nuestras ansiedades, nuestra primera inclinación debe ser extender la gracia y la misericordia a los demás. Su gracia debería hacernos más bondadosos con los demás, y Su misericordia también debería hacernos más misericordiosos (Segunda a los Corintios 1:3-4). ¿Con qué frecuencia ve esto desplegado dentro o fuera de las congregaciones de Dios?

Pero al amanecer del día siguiente ’Elohim preparó un gusano, el cual hirió la calabacera, y se secó (4:7). Pero… ’Elohim…Aquí hay otro “Pero”, y ahora es el movimiento del Gran Maestro. Dios es soberano y se aseguró de que la extrema alegría de Jonás sobre la sombra durara solo un día. Se dice que la planta de aceite de ricino crece rápidamente y se deteriora rápidamente, pero una vez más, esto parece haber sido un gusano milagroso para destruirla tan rápido. El énfasis aquí no está en el amor y la misericordia de ADONAI, sino en Su actividad disciplinaria. Dios tenía una lección especial que Su profeta debía aprender.

Tipo 7. El gusano también era distintivo en otro sentido, aunque esto difícilmente podría haber sido obvio para el propio Jonás en ese momento. Era conocido como “el gusano rojo” (hebreo: tola), por ser la fuente del líquido rojo que se usaba en esos días para producir hermosas telas carmesí y escarlata. De hecho, la misma palabra fue traducida como “carmesí” en Isaías 1:18, al hablar de los pecados como “rojo como el carmesí”. Lo más sorprendente de esta palabra es que se usa proféticamente aplicada a Cristo en la cruz en el maravilloso Salmo 22, allí dice: “Pero yo soy gusano” (Salmo 22:6a). No cualquier gusano, sino el gusano escarlata, cuyo fluido rojo sangre emerge del cuerpo del gusano hembra cuando muere al dar a luz a su cría, apunta con elocuencia a la sangre derramada de Yeshua el Mesías cuando murió para darnos vida (Romanos 5:8).101

Con la sombra de las hojas de la planta (desaparecida de repente), Jonás fue sometido nuevamente al calor abrasador del desierto asirio. Y aconteció que al salir el sol, ’Elohim envió un sofocante viento oriental, y el sol hirió la cabeza de Jonás, de modo que se desmayaba y deseaba morir, y dijo: ¡Más me vale morir que vivir! (4:8). Jonás ahora está completamente agotado; estaba absurdamente contento con la provisión de la planta, y ahora también, como toda su aspiración religiosa, se había secado. El SEÑOR había dado y ahora el SEÑOR había quitado (Job 1:21).102 Jonás casi tuvo una insolación y el sol “hirió” la cabeza. Utilizó la misma palabra raíz que en el versículo 7 cuando un gusano “hirió” la calabacera para indicar el viento “abrasador” del este. Jonás sintió que podía secarse bajo el sol caliente justo como la planta se había secado debido al gusano. No solo había sido enviado a una misión que no quería, y estaba disgustado por el resultado, sino que ni siquiera podía encontrar un lugar cómodo para recuperarse.

Jonás no solo estaba emocionalmente agotado, también estaba físicamente atormentado. Nada parecía irse de allí. Estaba tan angustiado que, por segunda vez (4:3), consideró que la muerte era más adecuada que la vida,103 y dijo: ¡Más me vale morir que vivir! (4:8b). Los encuentros con la planta, el gusano y el viento no le habían enseñado nada, y él no cambió su deseo de morir. En tres versículos, Jonás pasó de la ira a la felicidad, y luego volvió a la depresión. Para entonces ya estaba listo para escuchar a ADONAI de nuevo.

Una lección verbal: el libro concluye con una pregunta para Jonás sobre la motivación de Dios. YHVH se acercó a Jonás y le preguntó: ¿Tanto te irritas por lo de la calabacera? (4:9a). La suave pregunta, como un pinchazo a la conciencia, se encuentra con la auto justificación: ¡Tengo razón para irritarme hasta la muerte! Yeshua describió la misma actitud en el hijo mayor de la parábola, quien se ofendió por la alegre recepción que le dio a su hermano: Y se enojó y no quería entrar. Saliendo entonces su padre, le rogaba. Pero él respondió al padre diciendo he aquí, tantos años te sirvo y jamás quebranté un mandato tuyo… (Lucas 15:28-30). El último comentario no fue cierto para Jonás, pero ambos hombres estaban preocupados por vindicarse. Estaban firmemente convencidos de sus propios motivos de duda. Pero las últimas palabras de Jonás fueron literalmente de muerte: ¡Más me vale morir que vivir! (4:8). Al cuestionar y discutir con ADONAI, se pierde de vista todo lo que hace que la vida valga la pena.104

Y luego, con una oración de treinta y nueve palabras (en hebreo) que equilibró la oración de treinta y nueve palabras de Jonás (en hebreo) en 4:2, ADONAI termina el libro enseñándole a Jonás la lección esencial que él había estado perdiendo todo el tiempo. No solo fue un Dios de absoluta santidad y perfecta justicia que de ningún modo justifica al culpable (Éxodo 34:7b), sino que guarda la misericordia a millares, que carga con la iniquidad, la transgresión y el pecado (Éxodo 34:7a). Le dijo YHVH a Jonás: Te apiadaste de la calabacera, por la cual no trabajaste ni la hiciste crecer, que en una noche nació y en una noche pereció (4:10). Como Abraham, Moisés y Jeremías, el renuente profeta protestó ante ADONAI. Su queja llegó en 4:1 cuando los ninivitas se arrepintieron (3:10). Es como si el Señor dijera: “Analicemos esta ira tuya, Jonás… Representa tu preocupación por la planta que tanto amabas, pero ¿qué significó esto realmente para ? Su apego a eso no pudo haber sido muy profundo, porque estuvo un día y desapareció al siguiente. Tu interés fue dictado por tu interés propio, no por el amor genuino. Nunca tuviste la devoción de un jardinero. Si tu se siente tan mal como dices, ¿cómo esperarías que se sintiera el verdadero Jardinero, ¿quién cuidó la planta y la vio crecer solo para verla secarse y morir? Así es como Yo me siento con respecto a Nínive, pero mucho más. Todas esas personas, todos esos animalesYo los hice. Los he apreciado todos estos años. Nínive Me ha costado un sinfín de esfuerzos, y esto significa el mundo para . Tu dolor no es nada comparado con el Mío cuando pienso en la destrucción de ellos“.105

Reflexión sobre lo que la escena siete dice en su totalidad acerca de ADONAI: El último versículo nos ofrece una mirada al corazón de Dios cuando dijo: ¿Y no tendré Yo piedad de Nínive, esta gran metrópoli, donde hay más de ciento veinte mil personas que no saben distinguir entre su mano derecha y su izquierda, además de muchos animales? (4:11). Por segunda vez, ADONAI le hizo una pregunta a Jonás. ¿Está obligado el Creador a pedir permiso a Jonás para ejercer Su misericordia? La pregunta irónica está destinada a llevar a Jonás a un estado de ánimo arrepentido. ¿Realmente quiere Jonás encontrar faltas en su Dios por ser demasiado bondadoso y amoroso?106

Si esta es una referencia a los niños que son demasiado pequeños para distinguir su mano derecha de su mano izquierda y, por lo tanto, inocentes del pecado y que no merecen la muerte, entonces la población total del triángulo asirio (formada por Nínive y sus ciudades satélites de Rehoboth-Ir, Cala y Resen) habrían sido alrededor de 600.000 habitantes. La preocupación de ADONAI fue por todas las personas por quienes tanto Dios como Jonás ministraron. Dios trabajó a través de Su gracia y Jonás trabajó a través de sus experiencias. A la primera pregunta, Jonás se alejó rezongando y se negó a responder (4:4-5). Esta vez la falta de una respuesta inmediata nos deja pendientes por la respuesta.

Jonás se abstiene de agregar cualquier cosa que pueda menoscabar la fuerza de la pregunta con la que Dios concluye el libro. Si Jonás estaba convencido o no, y lo que le sucedió después, son asuntos sin importancia en comparación con la lección que se enseña tan convincentemente. ¡Pero si el profeta rebelde no hubiera aparecido, tal libro nunca se habría escrito! Jonás no tenía derecho al favor de Dios, entonces, ¿quién era él para negárselo a alguien más? La respuesta a la pregunta del Gran Maestro en 4:11 sin duda terminó siendo “Sí”, y ese “sí” expresa un énfasis único en el libro de Jonás. Toda la Biblia cuenta la historia del amor de Dios por los que están dentro, los justos del TaNaJ y los santos del Nuevo Pacto. Pero el libro de Jonás tiene una preocupación especial por el amor de ADONAI por las personas del mundo, e incluso por sus animales.107

Cuando se enfrente a circunstancias difíciles, sepa que puede correr a un lugar secreto: Porque Él me esconderá en su refugio en el día del mal, Me ocultará en lo reservado de su Tienda. Me pondrá en alto sobre una roca. Inclina a mí tu oído y rescátame pronto, ¡Sé Tú mi roca fuerte y la fortaleza para salvarme! (Salmo 27:5 y 31:20). Como en el ojo de la tormenta, la paz prevalece en presencia de ADONAI, incluso cuando el caos surge a su alrededor. Dios tiene un lugar sagrado de inmunidad contra cualquier cosa que no sea Su voluntad para nosotros. Él se encontrará con usted allí, ofreciéndole lo mejor de Sí mismo y Sus propósitos. Considere las circunstancias de su vida como lecciones divinas. Pídale al Señor que abra sus ojos para ver lo que Él puede estar enseñándole. Luego abra su corazón para recibir y retener esas lecciones.108

2021-06-25T16:23:38+00:000 Comments

Az – La ira de Jonás ante la misericordia del SEÑOR 4: 1-3

La ira de Jonás ante la misericordia del SEÑOR
4: 1-3

La ira de Jonás ante la misericordia del SEÑOR ESUDRIÑAR: ¿Por qué está enojado Jonás ahora? ¿Cómo se compara la ira egoísta de Jonás con la ira justa de Dios? ¿Cómo fue esto un reflejo del reino del norte de Isra’el? ¿Cómo Jonás racionalizó su enojo fuera de control por el arrepentimiento de Nínive y el perdón de ADONAI? ¿Cuál fue el mayor temor de Jonás? Compare la descripción de cinco puntos sobre Dios de Jonás con la descripción de Moisés (Moshé) sobre Dios en Éxodo 34:6-7. ¿Qué atributo falta? ¿Cree que esta omisión puede haber sido intencional por parte de Jonás? ¿Por qué sí o por qué no? ¿Cómo supo Jonás acerca de la misericordia del SEÑOR basada en su experiencia con el reino del norte de Israel? ¿Cuál es la diferencia entre el desistir y el arrepentimiento de Dios? ¿Por qué la pausa en este punto? ¿Qué dice la escena seis en conjunto acerca de Dios?

REFLEXIONAR: ¿Alguna vez ha tratado de hacer un “trato” tácito con Dios a cambio de su obediencia? ¿Cómo salió eso? ¿Afectó su relación con Él? ¿Alguna vez se ha disgustado ver a YHVH extender la gracia y la misericordia a alguien que creía que no lo merecía? ¿Cuándo fue la última vez que obedeció a ADONAI pero sus emociones se quedaron de lado? ¿Qué lo obligó a obedecer al Señor a pesar de lo que sentía al respecto? ¿Puede pensar en un atributo de Dios que solo aprecia en ciertas situaciones? ¿Qué revela nuestra ira hacia el Señor acerca de nuestro deseo de controlarlo a Él?

Breve descripción de la escena seis: Uno de los temas que impulsaron la historia de Jonás desde el principio ha sido: ¿Qué pasará con la ciudad de Nínive, cuya maldad es tan grande que ha llamado la atención de ADONAI? Ese problema ya se ha resuelto. Los ninivitas escucharon el mensaje del profeta, cambiaron y la destrucción anunciada de la ciudad ha sido cancelada. Pero quedó otro tema. ¿Qué pasará con un profeta renuente que desobedeció a Ha`Shem? Jonás descubrió que es imposible huir del Todopoderoso. Su predicación en Nínive, al parecer, ha sido tremendamente exitosa. Uno pensaría que estaría encantado. Pero a medida que se abre la escena, Jonás está absolutamente furioso.

Comentario sobre la escena seis: Pero Jonás…El juego del gato y el ratón continúa, por lo que deberíamos hacer una pausa en la palabra “Pero”. A lo largo del libro (1:3, 1:4, 1:17, 4:1, 4:7), hay un diálogo constante entre Jonás y el Gran Maestro, a menudo con acción y contraataque, como un juego de ajedrez. Pero esto desagradó a Jonás y lo enojó en gran manera (4:1), estaba absolutamente furioso y ardía de ira porque los ninivitas habían sido salvados. La mayoría de los evangelistas hubieran estado encantados. Imagínese predicar durante cuarenta días y terminar con aproximadamente 600.000 personas que se arrepienten y cambian radicalmente su comportamiento. Pero Jonás no solo estaba molesto, estaba enojado en gran manera (en hebreo: ra, rah o ra’ah). Una vez más, Jonás está jugando con algunas de sus palabras favoritas. El capítulo anterior hablaba de que el pueblo de Nínive se volvía de su mal camino (hebreo: ra’ah) (3:8). Dios vio que se habían apartado de sus caminos malos (ra’ah) (3:10a) y, por lo tanto, se arrepiente de traer el mal (ra’ah) sobre ellos (3:10b). YHVH se ha apartado de Su furia, mientras que Jonás está absolutamente furioso. Dios se ha apartado de “el calor [raíz hebrea: hrh] de su ira (3:9), mientras que Jonás se está quemando (raíz: hrh) con él. Varias veces este capítulo habla de la ira ardiente de Jonás. Estaba enojado por la gracia y la compasión de Dios (4:4), y porque la planta que proporcionaba la sombra se había marchitado (4:9).88 Su respuesta resultó ser cualquier cosa menos lo que esperaríamos de un hombre enviado por Dios para entregar un mensaje divino.

La ira fuera de control de Jonás por el arrepentimiento de Nínive y el perdón de Dios pueden entenderse mejor en referencia al mal bien documentado de Nínive (haga clic en el enlace vea Aj La Palabra de la SEÑOR vino a Jonás: Ve a Nínive y predica contra ella). Sí, el SEÑOR odia la maldad, pero la ira del profeta judío contrasta con la de YHVH porque él no cree que su mal sea perdonado. En esto, él simbolizó la nación de Israel. Los intereses personales de Jonás fueron un recordatorio para Israel de su falta de preocupación por los caminos y las misericordias de Dios para nadie más que para Israel mismo.89 Jonás no puede aceptar el pronunciamiento de Miqueas: No retuvo para siempre su indignación, Porque se complace en la compasión (Miqueas 7:18b).

Por la predicación de Amós, Jonás ya sabía que Dios (Ha`Shem) había elegido a Asiria para destruir el reino del norte de Israel. Si Nínive se librara de la destrucción, eso indicaría la muerte de su patria. Jonás no quiso ser el instrumento que Dios usaría para llevar a Nínive al arrepentimiento, y, por lo tanto, se salvaría su patria. No solo eso, sino que probablemente creyó que, si ayudaba a la desaparición del Reino del Norte, también podría ser un instrumento en el reino del sur de la destrucción de Judá.90 ¡Oh no!

Jonás explica su enojo. ¡Oh YHVH! ¿No era esto lo que decía yo estando aún en mi tierra? (4:2a). Puede que no se haya hablado, pero tal vez solo haya pensado. En el texto hebreo, el énfasis está en las palabras mi tierra. Lamentablemente, a Jonás se lo representa a menudo como un fanático anti-gentil, pero este no fue el problema. Si él fuera un fanático, tampoco habría querido ir a Tarsis, ya que también era una ciudad gentil. El problema no era que él fuera anti-gentil, sino que era pro-Israel, un nacionalista. Esto se ve en su declaración, mi tierra.

Este versículo lleva la plenitud de la relación del profeta descontento con Dios (HaShem) combinada con la base de su disputa con Él. La oración de Jonás comienza con la misma fórmula que los marineros usaron en 1:14: ¡Oh YHVH! ¿No era esto lo que decía yo estando aún en mi tierra? Por eso huí a Tarsis (4:2b). La clave para entender este versículo se encuentra en el hebreo detrás de las palabras: huí (o fui muy rápido (qiddamti)). La forma del verbo qadam significa yo lo anticipé o estaba afuera frente a la acción. Jonás solo sabía cómo iban a salir las cosas. Esto prueba que Jonás no era infiel. De hecho, sospechaba que los ninivitas se arrepentirían y que ADONAI desistiría, pero el profeta quería una justicia estricta y no quería tener nada que ver con ningún otro tipo de justicia. Aún más que eso, sin embargo, él no aprobó la intención o la acción del SEÑOR.

Esta descripción familiar de cinco puntos del verdadero Dios coloca al hijo de Amitay en una larga lista de testigos importantes en el TaNaJ. El primer uso de esta revelación de la auto descripción de HaShamayim (Dios de los cielos) fue a Moisés (Moshé) después de que él perdonó a los Israelitas por adorar al becerro de oro (Éxodo 34:6-7a). El profeta Joel advirtió del juicio venidero, pero les recordó a los judíos que no era demasiado tarde para arrepentirse por el carácter de Dios (Joel 2:13). David expresó la alegría del perdón de YHVH por su pecado (Salmo 103:11-13). Esdras les recordó a los Israelitas la larga historia de fidelidad del SEÑOR a ellos cuando volvieron a dedicar la reconstrucción del muro en Sión después de regresar del cautiverio de Babilonia (Nehemías 9:17b). El salmista también sabía que, aunque los arrogantes lo estaban atacando por sus fallas, Dios todavía lo recibiría (Salmo 86:15). Pero Jonás nombra el carácter de Dios como la razón de su ira.

Jonás se lamentó: sabía que Tú eres clemente y misericordioso, lento para la ira y grande en misericordia, que desistes de dar castigo (Jonás 4:2c, ver también Joel 2:13). Jonás fue muy claro acerca de las cualidades únicas de Dios. Cuando el profeta fugitivo fue a Nínive, supo que ADONAI muy probablemente les extendería Su misericordia si ellos se arrepentían. Si bien Jonás apreciaba el carácter de Dios cuando se lo expresaba a él y a Israel, no entendía por qué debería compartirse con los malvados ninivitas.

Si bien podemos estar sorprendidos por la respuesta de Jonás, a menudo podemos albergar los mismos sentimientos. Cuando el ex que nos traicionó, el amigo que nos engañó o el delincuente que cometió un crimen contra nosotros recibe el perdón de Dios e incluso Su favor, podemos caer rápidamente en un pozo de ira y frustración porque anhelamos secretamente su desaparición.91

Misericordioso: El adjetivo misericordioso o clemente (rakjúm) aparece trece veces en el TaNaJ y se usa solo en referencia a Dios. El apóstol Pablo (rabíno Saulo) citó Éxodo 33:19 cuando escribió: ¿Qué diremos entonces? ¿Acaso hay injusticia en la presencia de Dios? ¡De ninguna manera! Ciertamente a Moisés dice: Tendré misericordia del que tendré misericordia, y me compadeceré del que me compadeceré (Romanos 9:14-15). Jonás sabía mucho acerca de la misericordia de Dios, basada en su experiencia con el reino del norte de Israel. Él había sido un profeta en Israel durante el largo reinado del rey Jeroboam II, quien hizo lo malo ante los ojos de YHVH (Segunda Reyes 14:24). A pesar de eso, Dios usó a Jeroboam para salvar a Israel de sus enemigos y recuperar algunos de los territorios que Siria le había quitado antes. De hecho, Jonás había profetizado acerca de esto (Segunda Reyes 14:25). Podría ser que Jonás se haya preguntado, si Dios todavía estaba perdonando a la apóstata Israel e incluso prosperándolos bajo un rey tan malvado como Jeroboam II, Él no estaría pensando en promover a la terrible nación asiria de la misma manera que lo había hecho con Israel, ¿especialmente ahora que ellos parecían arrepentirse de sus caminos (3:10)? Es interesante que Joel, que profetiza en el reino sur de Judá, probablemente muchos años después, parece citar a Jonás cuando habla de la renuncia de Dios a la maldad que Él había amenazado: ¡Rasgad vuestro corazón, Y no vuestros vestidos! ¡Volveos a YHVH vuestro Dios, Que es clemente y compasivo, Lento para la ira y grande en misericordia, Y se conduele de la desgracia! (Joel 2:13).92

Compasivo: La palabra hebrea para compasivo (rákjam), se relaciona con rékjem, la palabra para matriz, y por lo tanto tiene algo del sentido del amor maternal. Este adjetivo también aparece trece veces en el TaNaJ, siempre en referencia a ADONAI. Misericordioso y compasivo están juntos en Jonás 4:2; Éxodo 34:6-7; Números 14:18; Nehemías 9:17 y 31; Salmo 86:15, 103: 8, 111:4, 145:8; Segunda Crónicas 30:9; Joel 2:13).

Lento para la ira: Literalmente en hebreo lento para la ira tiene el sentido de tardo para airarse. Ser lento para enojarse es una de las virtudes descritas en Proverbios; es lo opuesto a tener un temperamento precipitado (Proverbios 14:29) o un temperamento caliente (Proverbios 15:18) y es mejor que el poder (Proverbios 16:32) o el orgullo (Eclesiastés 7:8). Esta característica particular aparece en muchos otros lugares en la Biblia (Éxodo 34:6; Nehemías 9:17; Salmo 14:8). Jonás tenía un problema en su corazón y no quería que YHVH fuera paciente.

Lleno de amor inquebrantable: Además de lo anterior, la expresión grande en misericordia aparece en las oraciones, como Nehemías 13:22 y Salmos 5:7, 69:13, 106:7 y 45. Una gran misericordia traduce la palabra hebrea jesed. Podemos enfocar el sentido de esta palabra al observar su uso en un contexto no teológico. David y Jonatán hicieron un pacto entre sí, sellando su amistad (Primera Samuel 18:1-3). Más tarde, Jonatán le pidió a David que lo recordara a él y a su familia, sin importar lo que el futuro pudiera traer, diciendo: Y si vivo todavía, nunca dejes de utilizar conmigo la misericordia (jesed) de YHVH; y si muero, no apartes jamás tu misericordia (jesed) de mi casa, ni siquiera cuando YHVH haya destruido a cada uno de los enemigos de David de la faz de la tierra (Primera Samuel 20:14-15). Este es el amor con un fuerte elemento de lealtad.

Dios le dio a Oseas una comparación de matrimonio para ilustrar este tipo de amor inquebrantable cuando dijo: Te desposaré conmigo para siempre, Te desposaré conmigo en justicia y derecho, En benignidad y gran misericordia (Oseas 2:19). Él le dice a Oseas que se case con una prostituta y que sea fiel a ella como un ejemplo de la fidelidad de Dios a un pueblo infiel. Me dijo YHVH: Ve otra vez, ama a una mujer amada por su marido, y aún así, adúltera, Tal como YHVH ama a los hijos de Israel, Aunque siguen a dioses ajenos, Y aman las tortas de uvas pasas (Oseas 3:1), las tortas de uvas pasas se usaban para la adoración de Baal.

Un Dios que desiste de enviar calamidades: este es uno de los dos tipos de compasión en este versículo. La compasión de Dios (rákjam) es una compasión gentil o suave, parecida a una matriz de HaShamayim (Dios de los cielos) por Su buena creación; El Dios que desiste (nakjam) es una compasión agonizante de ADONAI en relación con una humanidad pecadora. Este concepto del desistir de Dios se discutió con más detalle en 3:10. Pero el discurso de treinta y nueve palabras de Jonás (en hebreo) aquí en 4:2 se equilibra con un discurso de treinta y nueve palabras (en hebreo) del SEÑOR en 4:10-11.93

Dios perdonó a la gente de Nínive, aunque ya había decretado que ellos serían destruidos por sus malos caminos. Esto nos enseña que no importa lo que hayamos hecho, la gracia y la misericordia de ADONAI nos esperan si solo nos arrepentimos de todo corazón.

Jonás ya tenía suficiente de clemente y misericordioso, lento para la ira y grande en misericordia, que desistes de dar castigo. ¡Qué diferente sería si él ordenara los eventos si estuviera en el lugar de Dios! Él quería que el Gran Maestro destruyera a esos malvados y crueles asirios. Ahora que se habían arrepentido, parecía que ADONAI podría salvarlos a todos ellos. ¡Incluso podrían ir mejor que su propia nación Israel apóstata y corrupta y él no podía soportar la idea! De hecho, se enojó tanto que prefería morir antes que ver que algo así sucediera. Ya no temía a la muerte porque ya había muerto una vez y había resucitado. Él ya había estado en el lado de Abraham (vea el comentario sobre La vida de Cristo Hx – La parábola del hombre rico y Lázaro) y preferiría estar en el Seol con él, que vivir en un mundo dominado por los odiados asirios.

Por lo tanto, la oración: Ahora pues, oh YHVH, te ruego que me quites la vida, porque mejor me es la muerte que la vida (Jonás 4:3, ver también Números 11:15 y Primero Reyes 19:4) es una medida de la profundidad de su disgusto. Fuera de sintonía con Dios, el reticente profeta estaba perturbado. De toda la humanidad fue el más miserable. Sin embargo, es irónico que la causa de su descontento fue la bondad de Dios, que él mismo había experimentado tan dramáticamente cuando ADONAI lo había resucitado.94 Pero él aún tenía dudas. ¿Alguien en Israel entendería lo que había hecho? Morir era mejor que vivir. . . Si el enemigo viviera.

En este punto, el rollo masorético de Jonás (una de las copias en hebreo más antiguas y más confiables del TaNaJ) y el rollo del Mar Muerto insertan un setumah, o un indicador gramatical que puntúa el texto con una pausa cuando se lee la historia.95

Reflexión sobre lo que la escena seis en su conjunto dice acerca de ADONAI: Dios no responde a Jonás declarando que los malvados cumplirán con la estricta justicia. Más exactamente, Dios afirma Su carácter al asegurar a Su profeta elegido Su cuidado por los malvados, incluso por sus animales. La queja de Jonás nos ayuda a considerar la carga total de creer y servir a un Dios así. Significa que el mundo será un lugar donde permanecerá el potencial de un gran mal. Exactamente porque nuestro libre albedrío de rechazarlo o aceptarlo, el SEÑOR espera la salvación de los impíos. Nuestra fe es compleja e incluso desafiada por Jonás, y continúa desafiando a los creyentes de hoy a depositar su confianza en un Dios que ama a aquellos a quienes consideramos despreciables.96

Querido Padre Celestial, Santo y Justo, Qué maravilloso es que equilibres perfectamente tanto la misericordia como la justicia. Al hijo pecador arrepentido que viene a Ti con humildad y amor, ofreces perdón (Primera de Juan 1:9); pero a la persona egoísta endurecida que puede haber hecho muchas buenas obras, pero cuyo corazón se ama a sí mismo y está muy orgulloso de todas sus obras, a él lo condenas. Él eligió no estar cerca de Ti en la tierra, estará lejos de Tu amor después de que su cuerpo muera, pero su alma vivirá alienada de Tu amor para siempre (Mateo 7:21-23).

diferencias entre las personas, no por la cantidad de buenas obras, sino por el amor en su corazón. Buscas a la persona que te ama humildemente. El Padre ama al Hijo, y todas las cosas ha entregado en su mano. El que cree en el Hijo tiene vida eterna; pero el que desobedece al Hijo, no verá vida, sino que la ira de Dios permanece sobre él (Juan 3: 35-36).

Al que no conoció pecado, por nosotros lo hizo pecado, para que nosotros llegáramos a ser justicia de Dios en Él (2 Corintios 5:21). Eres bello y justo cuando los que te aman reciben Tu justicia y van al cielo. Los que no te aman, estos los envías al infierno, aunque puede que sepan de ti. E irán éstos al castigo eterno, y los justos a la vida eterna (Mateo 25:46). Tu quieres que todos entren al cielo, pero cada uno toma una decisión, no se basa en el dinero, ni en la raza, ni en la apariencia, ni en ninguna otra cosa. La entrada al cielo se basa en creer: Si con tu boca confiesas a Jesús como Señor y crees en tu corazón que Dios lo resucitó de entre los muertos, serás salvo, porque con el corazón se cree para justicia y con la boca se confiesa para salvación (Romanos 10:8-9). ¡Eres digno de todo nuestro amor! En el santo nombre de Yeshua y el poder de Su resurrección. Amén.

2021-06-25T16:15:47+00:000 Comments

Ax – Los ninivitas creyeron a Dios 3: 3b-10

Los ninivitas creyeron a Dios
3: 3b-10

Los ninivitas creyeron a Dios ESCUDRIÑAR: ¿Cuál era el tamaño de la ciudad? ¿Cuál fue el mensaje a proclamar? En respuesta a la palabra de Dios, ¿qué hicieron los ninivitas? ¿Qué hizo su rey? ¿Cómo explica usted su respuesta al mensaje de Jonás? ¿ADONAI cambió de opinión? ¿Qué dice esto acerca de la voluntad del SEÑOR? ¿Qué dice esto acerca del uso que Dios hace de nosotros para lograrlo? ¿Qué dice la escena cinco en conjunto acerca de Dios?

REFLEXIONAR: ¿Dios parece querer ponerlo en situaciones que parecen demasiado grandes para que las maneje? Elija dos de los siguientes ejemplos de ADONAI que dan tareas que parecen ser poco realistas: el llamado y la comisión de Jeremías (Jeremías 1:4-19); David y Goliat (1 Samuel 17:20-51); Elías y los profetas de Baal (Primera Reyes 18:17-40). Luego responda estas tres preguntas: ¿Cómo fueron superadas? ¿Cómo se sintieron acerca de la situación? ¿Cómo los preparó Dios para manejar la situación?

Breve descripción de la escena cinco: Ahora el foco está en Nínive. Siete veces se nombra a la ciudad en las dos escenas de Jonás capítulo 3, versículo 2, dos veces en el versículo 3 y luego en los versículos 4, 5, 6-7. Para abrir la escena cinco, Jonás pone el nombre de la ciudad cerca del verbo para enfatizarlo: Y era Nínive. Esta escena describe las palabras de Jonás en la ciudad (3:3b-4), las reacciones del pueblo (3:5) y su rey (3:6-9), y finalmente la respuesta de Dios.79

Comentario sobre la escena cinco: Jonás, pues, se levantó y fue a Nínive, conforme a la palabra de YHVH (3:3a). De acuerdo con el estilo conciso del escritor, no se hace mención del largo viaje desde Jope, donde fue regurgitado por el gran pez. Tal vez sea sorprendente que, al haber prestado tanta atención a los esfuerzos por llevar al profeta reacio a Nínive, su actividad allí se reporta con una brevedad tan notable. Y era Nínive una ciudad grande ante ’Elohim, de tres días de recorrido (3:3b) Una ciudad de 3,2 Km. de diámetro tenía un tamaño colosal en el antiguo Cercano Oriente que no sorprende que se llamara una ciudad grande. Le llevó tres días llevarlo a la zona interior y más densamente poblada de la ciudad (3:3c). Es cierto que la circunferencia de la pared interior de Nínive, según los arqueólogos, estaba a menos de 13 Km. Por lo tanto, el diámetro de la ciudad, a menos de 3,2 Km, no fue un viaje de tres días. El viaje de un día en territorio abierto era generalmente de 24 a 32 Km. Sin embargo, esta no era solo una descripción de la ciudad en sí, sino también el triángulo completo de Nínive mencionado en Génesis 10:11-12. Estaba la ciudad principal de Nínive, y luego un triángulo de otras tres ciudades que servían como sus suburbios más grandes: Rehoboth Ir, Calah y Resen. Las cuatro ciudades juntas se llaman la gran ciudad de Nínive (3:2). Por lo tanto, tomarse tres días para recorrer esa ciudad y sus suburbios era razonable, ya que Jonás se detuvo y predicó en el camino.

Y Jonás comenzó a adentrarse en la ciudad, y durante el primer día de recorrido proclamaba diciendo: De aquí a cuarenta días Nínive será destruida (3:4). Jonás comenzó de inmediato y la proclama fue muy simple y directa: De aquí a cuarenta días Nínive será destruida. Cuarenta días, asociados con el Diluvio (Génesis 7:17, 8:6), con la estadía de Moisés en el Monte Sinaí (Éxodo 24:18), y con el viaje de Elías a Horeb (Primera Reyes 19:8), se convirtió en un período de significado especial (compare con Mateo 4:2 y Hechos 1:3).80 La palabra hebrea traducida como destruida es un término técnico que significa destrucción completa como en la destrucción de Sodoma y Gomorra. El punto del mensaje de Jonás fue que, dentro de cuarenta días, ADONAI destruirá a Nínive de la misma manera que Él destruyó a Sodoma y Gomorra. El SEÑOR estaba amenazando a Nínive con la misma clase de destrucción que recibieron Sodoma y Gomorra (haga clic en el enlace vea el comentario sobre Génesis Fa Entonces ADONAI hizo llover azufre y fuego sobre Sodoma y Gomorra). Nadie quedaría vivo.

Mientras el desconocido visitante predicaba pesimismo, los ninivitas creyeron en Dios. Y los hombres de Nínive creyeron a ’Elohim, y proclamaron ayuno y se cubrieron de cilicio, desde el mayor hasta el menor de ellos (3:5). Ellos creyeron la verdad de la profecía, y al hacerlo reconocieron su propio pecado. El repentino y completo arrepentimiento de los ninivitas está en marcado contraste con la incredulidad y la indiferencia con que los israelitas recibieron a sus profetas, y por lo tanto se enfatiza mucho. La acción fue inmediata: se proclamó un ayuno, y todos, mayores a menores, se cubrieron de cilicio. Solo una parte de la población escuchó a Jonás personalmente, pero su mensaje se repitió rápidamente hasta que todos lo supieron. Si Jonás había ido a la gran ciudad durante el reinado del rey asirio (probablemente) Ashur-dan III (772-754 aC), el profeta pudo haber encontrado la ciudad preparada psicológicamente para su mensaje por dos importantes hambrunas (en 765 aC y 759 aC) y un eclipse total de sol en 15 de junio de 763. En esos días, las personas a menudo tomaban tales eventos como indicadores de la ira divina.81

Cuando la noticia llegó hasta el rey de Nínive, éste se levantó de su trono, se despojó de su manto, se cubrió de cilicio y se sentó sobre ceniza (3:6). Cuando la advertencia de Jonás llegó al rey de Nínive, respondió de la misma manera que lo hizo su gente. El auto-abatimiento del rey, que deliberadamente se levantó de su trono y se despojó de su manto para ser uno con su propio pueblo en su luto, simbolizó el arrepentimiento de toda la ciudad.82 Sustituir el nombre de una ciudad capital como Nínive por el de un país en particular como Asiria es bastante común en el TaNaJ.

Querido Padre Celestial, te alabo porque eres el Dios de las oportunidades, mientras la persona esté viva. Y tal como está establecido para los hombres que mueran una sola vez, y después de esto el juicio (Hebreos 9:27). Rogamos que abras los ojos de los corazones de mi familia y amigos que aún no se han dirigido a Ti en busca de una segunda oportunidad. Por favor, ayúdalos a entender que habrá gran paz y gozo en el cielo, solo para aquellos que Te aman y Te siguen voluntariamente en la tierra. Que se enfoquen no en los placeres terrenales que terminan tan pronto, sino en la vida eterna contigo en el cielo. Porque esta leve tribulación momentánea, produce en nosotros un cada vez más excelente y eterno peso de gloria; no poniendo nuestra mira en las cosas que se ven, sino en las que no se ven; porque las que se ven son temporales, pero las que no se ven son eternas (2 Corintios 4:17-18). ¡Te amamos y esperamos vivir en el cielo contigo, alabando Tu grande y santo nombre por toda la eternidad! En el santo nombre de Yeshua y el poder de Su resurrección. Amén.

Algunos encuentran que un giro tan extenso hacia Dios es increíble. Es cierto que los registros asirios no mencionan este arrepentimiento en toda la ciudad, pero los registros históricos oficiales a menudo eliminan los eventos que les resultaron especialmente embarazosos. Por ejemplo, los registros egipcios no hacen referencia a la pérdida de todo el ejército del Faraón, todos sus caballos, seiscientos de los mejores carros, junto con todos los otros carros en Egipto (vea el comentario sobre Éxodo Ci – Las aguas se dividieron y los israelitas atravesaron el mar por tierra seca). Tampoco los asirios registraron la pérdida de 185.000 soldados en una sola noche, cuando estaban a punto de destruir a Jerusalem (vea el comentario sobre Isaías Gw – Luego el Ángel del SEÑOR mató a ciento ochenta y cinco mil hombres en el campo asirio).

Jesús (Yeshua) está bajo la misma observación, la mayoría de las personas hoy en día consideran increíble la resurrección corporal del Mesías. El mensaje del regalo gratuito de salvación de Dios fue entonces, y sigue siendo, considerado una mera tontería. Pablo (rabino Saulo) escribió: porque no me envió el Mesías a bautizar sino a evangelizar, no con sabiduría de palabras, para que no se haga vana la cruz del Mesías (Primera a los Corintios 1:17).

Porque la palabra de la cruz ciertamente es necedad para los que se pierden, pero para nosotros los salvos, es poder de Dios (Primera a los Corintios 1:18). De hecho, el TaNaJ dice: Yo seguiré prodigando prodigios asombrosos a este pueblo, Hasta que fracase la sabiduría de sus sabios, Y se desvanezca la inteligencia de sus entendidos (Isaías 29:14).

¿Dónde está el sabio? ¿Dónde el escriba? ¿Dónde el disputador de esta época? ¿No aturdió Dios la sabiduría del mundo? Por cuanto en la sabiduría de Dios el mundo dejó de conocer a Dios mediante la sabiduría, agradó a Dios salvar a los creyentes por medio de la necedad de la predicación. Porque los judíos piden señales, y los griegos buscan sabiduría; pero nosotros predicamos al Mesías crucificado, para los judíos ciertamente tropezadero, y para los gentiles, necedad; mas para los llamados, tanto judíos como griegos, el Mesías es poder de Dios y sabiduría de Dios. Porque lo necio de Dios es más sabio que los hombres, y lo débil de Dios es más fuerte que los hombres (Primera a los Corintios 1:20-25).

E hizo proclamar y anunciar en Nínive, por mandato del rey y de sus grandes: ¡Que hombres y animales, bueyes y ovejas, no coman cosa alguna! ¡Que no se les dé alimento, ni beban agua! ¡Cúbranse de cilicio tanto hombres como animales! ¡Clamen a ’Elohim fuertemente, y arrepiéntase cada uno de su mal camino (hebreo: ra’ah) y de la rapiña que hay en sus manos! ¿Quién sabe si desistirá ’Elohim y cambiará de parecer, y se apartará del furor de su ira, y no pereceremos? (3:7-9). Al prepararse muestran su arrepentimiento. Este temor al juicio de Dios es sorprendente porque los asirios eran una nación cruel y violenta (Nahum 3:1-4) que no temían a nadie (Segunda Reyes 18:33-35).

¿Fue genuina la conversión de ellos? ¿O fue una respuesta meramente superficial como en el caso del rey Acab (Primera Reyes 21:27-29)? Y si su conversión fue genuina, ¿por qué los asirios continuaron con su violencia más tarde? ¿Y por qué pronto destruyeron el reino del norte de Israel en 722 aC? La respuesta a estas preguntas es que la fe no se hereda. El mensaje de Jonás se refería al arrepentimiento del mal para evitar el juicio. Quizás muchos creyeron intelectualmente la verdad de la amenaza de juicio sin confiar en YHVH como el único Dios verdadero. Pero por muy profundo que haya sido el luto de los ninivitas, o por sinceros que parezcan, parece que la mayoría solo respondió por miedo. Aparentemente, este arrepentimiento duró solo una generación porque sus hijos continuaron por el mismo camino destructivo. Al igual que la oferta del Mesías del Reino mesiánico a la nación de Israel, fue una oferta legítima (vea el comentario sobre La vida de Cristo Ee- Vengan a mí, todos los que estén cansados ​​y cargados, y les daré descanso). pero la mayoría se negó a aprovecharla.83

La intención del rey era evitar la destrucción de la ciudad. Este pagano rey gentil entendió que a menos que Nínive se arrepintiera, todos serían destruidos. El juicio no era inevitable, de lo contrario, no habría necesidad de la advertencia. Dios no envió ningún profeta a Sodoma y Gomorra para advertirles de su próxima destrucción, pero los ninivitas fueron debidamente advertidos. Pero Jonás no era un proclamador feliz.

Reflexión sobre qué dice ADONAI acerca de la escena cinco en su totalidad: Y vio ’Elohim lo que hacían, cómo se volvían (hebreo: shuv) de su mal camino (hebreo: ra’ah), y desistió ’Elohim del mal que había dicho que les haría, y no lo hizo (3:10). Este es el versículo clave en el libro de Jonás. No solo salva a los ninivitas, sino que también es el tema de la protesta de Jonás del capítulo uno, y será el punto de discusión hasta el final del libro.84

Cuando Dios amenazó con el castigo, Él proporcionó un oscuro telón de fondo en el que grabar con mucho color Sus misericordias perdonadoras. Esto enfatizó Su gracia con más fuerza en los corazones de los pecadores. La disposición de ADONAI de tener compasión por un pueblo malvado pero arrepentido y de retener la amenaza de destrucción le mostró a Israel que su juicio venidero en Su mano no se debía a su falta de voluntad para perdonar, sino a la falta de voluntad de ellos para arrepentirse.

No podemos describir adecuadamente a Dios. Nosotros, los humanos, tenemos que usar nuestro vocabulario limitado en nuestros intentos de entender y comunicarnos acerca de Él. Cualquier terminología que usemos disminuirá inevitablemente la plenitud de quién es el SEÑOR, ya que nuestro lenguaje es muy inadecuado para la tarea. Por ejemplo, la Biblia dice he aquí que no se ha acortado la mano de YHVH de modo que no puede salvar, Ni su oído se ha endurecido de modo que no puede oír (Isaías 59:1). Dios es espíritu. Él hizo el cuerpo humano, pero no se limita a sus funciones. Sin embargo, frases como estas nos permiten relacionarnos mejor con Él. Desafortunadamente, muchos traducen el verbo hebreo nacham en 3:10 como “arrepentirse”, y esto, naturalmente, crea dificultades para muchos lectores. Cuando la palabra “arrepentirse” se usa en referencia a HYVH, no tiene la misma implicación que cuando nos arrepentimos.

Un ser humano que se arrepiente normalmente sugiere que él o ella ha pecado y necesita volverse (shuv) de la maldad (hebreo: ra’ah). Como sabemos que Dios está libre de pecado, la idea de Su arrepentimiento parece contradictoria hasta que descubrimos que el verbo hebreo (nakjám) también se puede traducir conmocionado compadecido. Cuando las Escrituras hablan de que Dios se arrepiente, no significa que Él haya hecho algo mal o haya cometido un error; más bien que Él ha elegido una respuesta compasiva como resultado de la decisión de otro. Dios realmente no había cambiado de opinión. . . Nínive si tenía que hacerlo85 (el verbo desistiré transmite mejor el significado del verbo hebreo y por eso lo uso en este comentario). Además, como Jeremías 18:7-8 deja en claro, los pronunciamientos proféticos de juicio no fueron absolutos, sino condicionales: Si en un momento hablo contra una nación o reino para desarraigarlo, destruirlo y arruinarlo; y esa nación contra la que he hablado se convierte de su maldad, Yo desistiré del mal que había pensado hacerle.

2021-06-25T16:11:34+00:000 Comments

Ay – Jonás y la planta 4: 1-11

Jonás y la planta
4: 1-11

Este capítulo se enfoca nuevamente en la relación del profeta descontento con ADONAI mientras dialogan sobre la ira de Jonás sobre la misericordia y la gracia mostradas por YHVH. Dios discute Su preferencia por la compasión, incluso en circunstancias horribles. El SEÑOR tiene compasión por Su creación, no importa cuán ignorante, abusiva o violenta sea la cultura. El libro de Jonás trata de esto, por lo que HaShem le da a Su sirviente reacio una lección objetiva en forma de planta. Intenta convencer a Jonás (y a nosotros) de que su respuesta de compasión es mejor que la justicia y más importante que la justicia estricta. Elohim, el Dios de la creación y la destrucción, argumenta que: “Si tú, Jonás, te conmueves por la destrucción de una planta que no creaste, ¿no debería Yo tener compasión por la destrucción de las personas y animales que creé? Dios ama a toda Su creación, porque es clemente y misericordioso (4:2).86

¿Qué hace usted cuando se ha rendido a la intervención divina pero las cosas aún no han salido como le gustaría? Usted sigue el camino de Dios, descansando en el reconfortante pensamiento de que al menos algunas cosas podrían funcionar como usted quería. Ahora, después del hecho, se sienta con incredulidad aturdida. NADA resultó de la manera que usted esperaba. NADA. Sin verbalizarlo, se da cuenta de que hizo un trato con Dios. Solo pensó que Él mantendría Su parte del trato… “Está bien, Dios, haré eso si el resultado es esto que yo quiero”.

Obviamente, se olvidó de darle la mano porque ADONAI no mantuvo Su parte en este trato unilateral, entonces está usted molesto, decepcionado, y enojado con el Señor.

¿Alguna vez se ha sentido así?

¿Por qué cree que hacemos tratos tácitos con Dios cuando elegimos rendirnos a Su voluntad?87 

Querido gran y misericordioso Padre celestial, te alabo porque siempre deseas lo mejor para los que te aman a Tí (Romanos 8:31-39). Te alabo porque recompensas a los que te aman, sí, con el cielo y sí con Tu presencia y sí también de alguna otra manera porque lo prometiste. Porque nadie puede poner otro fundamento que el que está puesto, el cual es Jesús el Mesías. Si sobre el fundamento alguno edifica oro, plata, piedras preciosas, madera, heno, hojarasca; la obra de cada uno se hará manifiesta, porque el día la mostrará, pues con fuego está siendo revelada, y el fuego probará la clase de obra de cada uno. Si la obra de alguno que sobreedificó, permanece, recibirá recompensa (1 Corintios 3: 11-14). Porque todos debemos comparecer ante el tribunal del Mesías, para que cada uno reciba lo que le corresponde por las cosas que hizo mientras estuvo en el cuerpo, ya sea bueno o malo (2 Corintios 5:10).

No trabajamos por la recompensa. ¡Te servimos con alegría por amor y deseamos hacer con nuestras recompensas lo que los veinticuatro ancianos hacen con sus coronas en adoración a Ti, nuestro Dios maravilloso e imponente! Y cuando los seres vivientes den gloria y honor y acción de gracias al que está sentado en el trono, al que vive por los siglos de los siglos, los veinticuatro ancianos se postrarán delante del que está sentado en el trono, y adorarán al que vive por los siglos de los siglos, y colocarán sus coronas delante del trono, diciendo: ¡Digno eres, oh Señor y Dios nuestro, de recibir la gloria y el honor y el poder, porque Tú creaste todas las cosas, y por tu voluntad existieron y fueron creadas! (Apocalipsis 4:9-11). ¡Te amamos y esperamos vivir contigo para siempre en Tu hogar celestial y alabar Tu grande y santo nombre para siempre! En el santo nombre de Yeshua y el poder de Su resurrección. Amén.

2021-05-25T17:32:01+00:000 Comments

At – La oración de Jonás 2: 2-9

La oración de Jonás
2: 2-9

La oración de Jonás ESCUDRIÑAR: ¿Qué piensa del hecho de que Jonás ora desde el vientre del gran pez y usa verbos en pasado, como si ADONAI ya hubiera contestado su oración? Si bien Jonás puede estar a salvo por el momento, ¿cómo está todavía en “profundos problemas”? ¿Cuáles son las dos formas en que Jonás es un tipo de Cristo? ¿Dónde muestra la seguridad de la liberación a pesar de las apariencias de lo contrario? Compare 2:3 con 1:15. ¿Cómo ve Jonás sus circunstancias? ¿Cómo ve Jonás la soberanía de Dios? ¿Cómo ve Jonás los propósitos de Dios?

REFLEXIONAR: ¿Cuándo usted se ha sentido como Jonás, lejos de Dios, atrapado en una situación fuera de su control? A usted: ¿cómo su vida fue sacada del abismo? En su vida ¿en que área está lo suficientemente desesperado como para orar con esperanza, como lo hace Jonás? ¿Le ha dado la espalda a Dios tantas veces que se preguntas si quedan más posibilidades?

Querido Gran y Maravilloso Padre, ¡Alabado sea Tu infinito amor y santidad! Gracias por aquellos que han seguido su propio camino, pero luego de Tu llamado, se vuelven a Ti con amor y santo temor; y pueden contar con Tu perdón. Él mismo llevó nuestros pecados en su propio cuerpo sobre el madero, para que nosotros, habiendo muerto a los pecados, vivamos para la justicia. Por sus heridas fuisteis sanados (1 Pedro 2:24). Y cuando nosotros confesamos nuestros pecados, Él es fiel y justo para perdonar nuestros pecados y limpiarnos de toda maldad (1 Juan 1:9). La tristeza que proviene de Dios produce el arrepentimiento que lleva a la salvación, de la cual no hay que arrepentirse, mientras que la tristeza del mundo produce la muerte.   Fíjense lo que ha producido en ustedes esta tristeza que proviene de Dios: ¡qué empeño, qué afán por disculparse, qué indignación, qué temor, qué anhelo, qué preocupación, qué disposición para ver que se haga justicia! (2 Corintios 7:10-11a-b NVI). Tu gran amor nos anima a volver corriendo hacia Ti en amor y luego a caminar en la vida siguiéndote de cerca. Es una alegría saber que siempre quieres lo mejor para cada persona. ¡Te amamos! En el santo nombre de Yeshua y el poder de Su resurrección. Amén.

Comentario sobre la escena tres: esta canción de acción de gracias se basa en un patrón de acción de gracias individual y se comprende mejor en el contexto de los salmos de este tipo. Estos salmos expresan una respuesta agradecida a Dios por un acto específico de liberación, como la cura de una enfermedad (Salmos 30, 41, 103, 147), la liberación de enemigos (Salmos 18, 92, 118, 132), o simplemente el rescate de problemas (Salmo 66:14). Estos salmos asumen la presencia de una congregación reunida para la adoración. La oración de Jonás aquí se compone en gran medida de frases de los salmos. La redacción duplicada por el salmo está en cursiva y luego citada.65

Esta fue en realidad la tercera oración de Jonás en la que hizo referencia a sus dos oraciones anteriores. Dijo: En mi angustia clamé a YHVH, Y Él me respondió (Salmo 120:1). Del vientre del Seol Clamé a ti (Salmo 30:2b). La palabra hebrea para vientre en el versículo 2 no es la misma palabra que se usa en el versículo 1.

En mi angustia invoqué a YHVH, Y Él me respondió; Del vientre del Seol pedí socorro, Y Tú escuchaste mi voz (2:2). Aquí, en el versículo 2:2, la palabra hebrea que se usa para vientre en referencia a Seol es la palabra que normalmente significa vientre o medio de. El hecho de que se usan dos palabras hebreas diferentes en estos dos versículos señala que el autor está hablando de dos lugares diferentes: en el abdomen del gran pez en el versículo 1 y en medio del Seol en el versículo 2. Todo el tiempo en las Escrituras, Seol está ubicado en el centro de la tierra y es un lugar para los justos del TaNaJ y los muertos injustos (vea el comentario sobre La vida de Cristo Hx – La parábola del hombre rico y Lázaro). Así que Jonás estaba en el Seol, y mientras estaba allí, oró la segunda oración desde vientre de Seol.

Tal vez usted ha tratado de esconderse de Dios, o tal vez piensa que incluso Él no puede verlo. Por favor, sepa esto: si ADONAI puede ver y escuchar la oración de un profeta rebelde desde el vientre de un gran pez, entonces Él puede verlo y escucharlo donde sea que esté, o lo que sea que haya hecho. Pero eso no es nada que temer. Él siempre está ahí, ¡y a Él le importa! 66

El contenido de la segunda oración de Jonás fue para ser liberado del estado de desobediencia en que murió. Pero Él pidió otra oportunidad para cumplir con su comisión. Y debido a que Jonás era uno de los justos del TaNaJ, no estaba en la parte de la agonía y fuego del Seol; más bien, él estaba en el lado de Abraham, o el Paraíso, en el lugar de la bendición (Lucas 16:22a). Mientras estuvo allí: Tú oíste la voz de mis súplicas cuando clamé a ti (Salmo 31:22b). El verdadero milagro de Jonás fue su resurrección de entre los muertos en medio del Seol (2:2c).

Me arrojaste a lo profundo, En medio de los mares, y me rodeó la corriente: Todas tus ondas y tus olas pasaron sobre mí (2:3). Jonás fue arrojado al mar. Porque me alzaste en vilo y me arrojaste (Salmo 102:10b) a lo profundo (Salmo 69:2 y 15). En realidad, fueron los marineros quienes arrojaron a Jonás al mar, pero el profeta galileo reconoció la mano de Dios en él. En ese momento, Jonás describe lo que experimentó mientras estaba en el agua. Se le representa mientras se balancea hacia arriba y hacia abajo en la superficie del océano cuando las olas se estrellan sobre su cabeza. Él dijo: me rodeó la corriente: todas tus ondas y tus olas pasaron sobre mí (Jonás 2:3b). Todas tus ondas y tus olas pasaron sobre mí (Salmo 42:7). En consecuencia, es entre las oleadas de miedo y temor que es posible estar en contacto con Dios. Jesús también experimentó el mismo sentimiento de temor solitario en el jardín de Getsemaní. Una tristeza mortal sobrecoge mi alma. ¡Esperad aquí y velad! Y yendo un poco más adelante, se postraba en tierra y oraba que si era posible, pasara de Él aquella hora. Y decía: ¡Abba (Padre), todas las cosas son posibles para ti! ¡Aparta de mí esta copa! pero no lo que Yo quiero, sino lo que Tú (Marcos 14:34-36; Lucas 22:44).

La primera oración de Jonás fue mientras aún estaba vivo flotando en el agua. Pensé para mí mismo: ¡Cortado fui de tu presencia! (Salmo 31:22a). Reconoció que fue ADONAI quien lo arrojó al mar, y se dio cuenta de que estaba a punto de morir. Cuando Jonás comenzó a experimentar el dolor de la separación de Dios que tanto deseaba, sus pensamientos se volvieron a Dios: Mas aun veré tu santo templo (2:4 RVG). Sabía que una vez más estaría en la presencia de la gloria Shekinah en el Templo.

Luego se da la descripción del ahogo de Jonás. Las aguas me rodearon hasta el alma; Me rodeó el abismo. Las algas se enredaron en mi cabeza (2:5). Las aguas del mar Mediterráneo me rodearon. Comenzó a hundirse debajo de la superficie del agua hasta el punto de la muerte (Salmo 69:1). Sálvame ’Elohim, porque las aguas han entrado hasta el alma (Salmo 69:1) me rodearon (Salmo 18:4, 116:3), se hundió aún más y las algas se enredaron en mi cabeza (2:5). Finalmente se hundió en el fondo del océano donde se pueden encontrar las algas. Esta es una imagen de un hombre que se ahoga. Aquí está el terror supremo. Volviendo a Getsemaní: el Señor dijo: Mi alma está abrumada por el dolor hasta el punto de la muerte (Marcos 14:34a).

Luego se describe la muerte de Jonás. Descendí a los cimientos de los montes, Y cuando la tierra echaba sus cerrojos para siempre sobre mí, Tú, oh YHVH, Dios mío, Sacaste de la fosa mi vida (2:6). Descendí a los cimientos de los montes que se adentraban en lo profundo de la tierra, a una tierra cuyos cerrojos se cerraron para siempre. La palabra cerrojos significa las barras o puertas del Seol. La expresión: echaba sus cerrojos para siempre es una imagen de muerte física (Job 38:17; Isaías 38:10; Salmo 9:13, 107:18). Si ha habido alguna duda en la mente del lector hasta este punto de que Jonás estaba muerto, entonces este versículo debería disolver todos los pensamientos dudosos. Este lenguaje solo puede explicarse sobre la base de la muerte. Mientras su cuerpo flotaba hasta el fondo del mar, su alma entró al Seol (2:6a). Tipo 5. Jonás es un tipo de Mesías porque tanto Yeshua como Su siervo murieron (vea el comentario sobre La vida de Cristo Lv – Las tres primeras horas de Jesús en la cruz: la ira de Dios).

Tanto en un sentido físico como espiritual, Jonás ha golpeado la roca. Pero hay una misericordia única que se encuentra allí. El momento de la trampa es el comienzo de la libertad. Este es el tipo de alivio que encontramos cuando finalmente admitimos que no tenemos poder propio para salvarnos, y debemos a la fuerza confiar en otra persona. Como el momento de rendición al someterse antes de una cirugía a corazón abierto. La Roca es el mismo Cristo. Tu refugio es el Dios de los siglos, Bajo el cual se hallan los brazos eternos (Deuteronomio 33:27a). La piedra que desecharon los edificadores, Ésta se ha convertido en piedra angular (vea el comentario sobre La vida de Cristo Iy- Por qué autoridad estás haciendo estas cosas).

A continuación, se describe la resurrección de Jonás: Tú, oh YHVH, Dios mío, Sacaste de la fosa mi vida (2:6b) (Salmo 103:4 y Jonás 2:6b). Tipo 6. Jonás es un tipo de Cristo porque tanto el hijo de Amitay como el Hijo del hombre fueron resucitados a la vida (vea el comentario sobre La vida de Cristo Mc – La resurrección de Jesús: La segunda señal de Jonás). La palabra hebrea para la fosa es sinónimo de Seol. Y la frase sacaste de la fosa mi vida es un lenguaje judío para la tumba y la muerte. Por lo tanto, la señal de Jonás es la señal de la muerte y la resurrección. Esta es la misma expresión que se usa proféticamente para el Mesías en el Salmo 16:10, donde el cuerpo de Cristo no debía sufrir corrupción porque Él sería resucitado de la fosa. Así como el Salmo 16:10 apunta a la resurrección de Cristo, este versículo debe tomarse de la misma manera, refiriéndose a la resurrección de Jonás. Así que el gran pez recogió el cuerpo de Jonás mientras su alma bajaba a Seol. La separación del cuerpo del alma es otra indicación de la muerte física. Entonces Jonás oró por una segunda oportunidad, y esa oración fue contestada. El siervo de Dios resucitó mientras su cuerpo todavía estaba en el gran pez.

Luego se resume la resurrección de Jonás. Mientras mi espíritu desmaya dentro de (Salmo 142:3-4), me acordé de ti (Salmo 143:5), Señor. La frase cuando mi alma desfallecía en mí (2:7) es una forma de hablar para la partida del alma. Jonás entonces recordó a ADONAI y oró su segunda oración mencionada en el versículo 2:2c del vientre del Seol pedí socorro. Su segunda oración fue contestada y Jonás resucitó mientras aún estaba en el vientre del gran pez. Entonces Jonás oró su tercera oración y mencionó las dos oraciones anteriores. Y mi oración llegó hasta ti en tu santa Casa (2:7) y (Salmo 5:7, 138:2).

Una vez que se reconoce que Jonás realmente resucitó, es fácil comprender por qué Yeshua hizo referencia a Su propia resurrección como una señal de Jonás. Después de que Israel rechazó Sus afirmaciones mesiánicas (vea el comentario sobre La vida de Cristo, Ek – Es solo por Beelzebub, el Príncipe de los demonios, que este Compañero expulsa a los demonios), Jesús dijo que no daría más señales excepto la señal de Jonás, el signo de la resurrección (Mateo 12:39-40 y 16:1-4). Así como Jonás murió y resucitó, Cristo moriría y resucitaría. No es casual que la expresión usada de la resurrección del profeta en Jonás 2:6 también se use para el Mesías en el Salmo 16:10.

La oración de Jonás terminó con su nuevo compromiso. Los que siguen la vanidad de sus ídolos se alejan de su misericordia;( 2:8) Aborrezco a los que confían en ídolos vanos, Pero en cuanto a mí, en YHVH he esperado (Salmo 31:6). Se dice que aquellos que adoran a dioses falsos pierden cualquier misericordia que ellos podrían haber obtenido de ADONAI. Esta era la condición de Nínive, una ciudad que estaba totalmente dedicada a la idolatría.

Entonces Jonás hizo su voto: Pero yo te ofreceré sacrificio de alabanza, Y cumpliré lo que prometí. ¡La salvación es de YHVH! (2:9). A ti ofreceré sacrificio de acción de gracias, E invocaré el nombre de YHVH (Salmo 116:17). De ti viene mi alabanza en la gran congregación, Cumpliré mis votos delante de los que lo temen Salmo 22:25 (y 116: 18). Su promesa era ir a Nínive y cumplir su comisión. Entonces, mirando hacia adelante a la segunda oportunidad, Él dijo, cuando llegue allí, diré: La salvación es de YHVH (Salmo 3:8a, Jonás 2:9).67 En la mayoría de los casos, la palabra hebrea voto implica un regalo prometido, no simplemente un curso de acción como lo implica la palabra en español. En otras palabras, Jonás no estaba simplemente aceptando ir a Nínive, sino que también estaba aceptando regresar a Jerusalem (Yerushalayim) para ofrecerle al SEÑOR el sacrificio ritual apropiado en el Templo. Se refería específicamente a la ofrenda de paz (vea el comentario sobre Éxodo Fg – La Ofrenda de Paz). La verdadera obediencia sacrificial le costaría a Jonás algo más que la sola decisión de ir a Nínive. Del mismo modo, debemos estar dispuestos a obedecer los pequeños detalles a lo largo del camino hacia la obediencia al Señor.68

Las últimas palabras de esta canción de sacrificio de alabanza captan la esencia de lo que el capítulo enseña en forma de un lema: ¡La salvación es de YHVH!. La palabra hebrea para salvación aquí es yeshuatah, de yeshuah. Cuando el ángel Gabriel le anunció a María: quedarás encinta y darás a luz un hijo, y llamarás su nombre Jesús (hebreo: yeshuah), será porque Él salvará a su pueblo de sus pecados (Lucas 1:31 y Mateo 1:21b). El creyente que escucha esta conclusión de la canción de agradecimiento de Jonás en su idioma original no puede perderse la palabra que se parece tanto a Su nombre real. . . Yeshua. . . lo que ha significado la salvación para los pueblos del mundo (Juan 3:16).69

Las respuestas de Jonás a la pregunta de los marineros en 1:12 y sus acciones subsiguientes nos dan una idea de cuatro principios significativos en el Brit Hadashah para reconciliarnos con YHVH. El tercer principio significativo: necesitamos pedirle perdón a Dios. Una palabra resume la esencia de este paso: el arrepentimiento. El arrepentimiento tiene dos aspectos: la confesión, que significa estar de acuerdo con Dios sobre cualquier pecado o rebelión en nuestras vidas y pedirle que nos libere de aquello que no queremos más seguir haciendo; y cambiar, lo que significa cambiar nuestra mente, actitud y acciones. Si confesamos nuestros pecados, Él es fiel y justo para perdonar nuestros pecados y limpiarnos de toda maldad (Primera de Juan 1:9).

Jonás había llegado al punto de estar de acuerdo con Dios acerca de su pecado. Claramente, Jonás fue uno de los justos del TaNaJ… esa no era la preocupación. Anteriormente, sin embargo, el profeta desobediente tenía un problema para ponerse de acuerdo con Dios y cambiar su mente, actitud y acciones para cumplir con el Gran Maestro. Su corazón estaba desalineado con el corazón de Dios. Jesús abordó este tema con los fariseos (Juan 5:39-40). Sin embargo, después de su resurrección, las palabras de Jonás no solo revelan un acuerdo con Dios, sino también la voluntad de actuar de manera diferente. El verdadero arrepentimiento requiere un cambio de dirección.70

Si nunca le ha pedido a Yeshua que lo salve de su pecado… haga de la oración de Jonás, su oración. La Biblia dice que Cristo el Mesías murió por nuestros pecados, conforme a las Escrituras; que fue sepultado y que fue resucitado al tercer día, conforme a las Escrituras (1 Corintios 15:3b-4). Si crees eso y nunca le ha pedido a Yeshua que sea Su Señor y Salvador, haga esta sencilla oración hoy: Dios, admito que he pecado. Creo que Yeshua el Mesías murió por mis pecados y quiero confiar en que Él me salvará ahora mismo. Ahora necesita encontrar una buena sinagoga mesiánica o iglesia que enseñe la Palabra de Dios fielmente para que puedas crecer en tu fe y tener comunión con otros creyentes.

2021-06-25T15:57:50+00:001 Comment

Bz – Repairing the Northern, Western and Southern Walls Nehemiah 3: 1-14

Repairing the Northern, Western and Southern Walls
Nehemiah 3: 1-14

Repairing the Northern, Western and Southern Walls DIG: What was the people’s response to Nehemiah’s challenge? How many professional groups or classes of the Jewish community participated in Nehemiah’s winning team? What, if any, distinctions between clergy and laity do you see? Have people in the group pick one or two of the gates and give a 30-second progress report to the group. Decide among yourselves: Who had the most interesting report to share? Why do you think so? What’s interesting about Eliashib and his fellow priests? About Shallum’s daughters? Why do you think the nobles of Tekoa refused to work? What did that mean for the men of Tekoa (see 3:5 and 27)? What do you learn from the fact that Nehemiah knew who worked “next to” whom? What does this tell you about the organization and cooperation involved in this nation-wide effort? How much of the wall was repaired during this time (3:12)?

REFLECT: What attitudes and actions from Nehemiah’s team of wall-builders fit believers who want to build the Church? Which ones should believers avoid? Which one do you think is primary to all the others? Which one could you demonstrate at home? At school? At work? At your messianic synagogue? At church? Do you know anyone like the nobles from Tekoa who want the benefits of a project without having to work for it? From Nehemiah, what do you learn about how to deal with them? When you face a big task, what helps you accomplish it?

445 BC During the ministry of Nehemiah (to see link click BtThe Third Return).
Compiled by: The Chronicler from the Ezra and Nehemiah memoirs
(see Ac Ezra-Nehemiah from a Jewish Perspective: The Nehemiah Memoirs).

Earlier, Nehemiah told the people “how the good hand of my God was on me and the words that the king had said to me” (Nehemiah 2:8). Then they replied, “Let us begin building.” Nehemiah came to the people with compassion, realism, conviction, and faith; as a result, ADONAI used Him to communicate his own vision and motivate the people. So, they prepared themselves for this good work (Nehemiah 2:18). In the seventh example of leadership in the life of Nehemiah, effective leaders motivate people to action (to see link click BtThe Third Return).

Nehemiah faced a great challenge and had great faith in ADONAI, but he would have accomplished very little had there not been great dedication on the part of the people who helped him rebuild the wall. With the kind of humility that befits a godly leader, Nehemiah gave all the credit to the people when he wrote: So we rebuilt the wall . . . for the people had a heart to work (Nehemiah 4:6).

It was important that Nehemiah started his list with Eliashib the high priest. The most important person is named first. Nehemiah wanted to show that he received the cooperation of the high priest, and thus, also that of the other priests.226 Then, on the north wall, Eliashib the cohen gadol and his brothers, the cohanim, arose and built the Sheep Gate (John 5:2). According to Nehemiah 12:10 he was the son of Joiakim and grandson of Jeshua, the contemporary of Zerubbabel mentioned in Ezra 3:2. Eliashib was the grandson of Jeshua (Ezra 5:2), the high priest when the Temple was finally rebuilt (see AyHaggai: The Strait Talker). The priests, even the high priest, did not just direct others, but they themselves arose and built the Sheep Gate (Nehemiah 3:1a). It was probably named that because the sacrificial sheep that were brought into the City passed through that gate, situated on the north-east side of the Temple. The priests, therefore, had a personal interest in its restoration.

There were two towers on the north wall since this was the only side not naturally defended by a steep hill. They dedicated the wall running from the gate to the Tower, and set up its doors, dedicating it as far as the Tower of the Hundred and as far as the Tower of Hananel, which was probably the same as the fortress adjacent to the Temple (Nehemiah 2:8a). It was situated half-way between the Sheep Gate and the Fish Gate (Jeremiah 31:37; Zechariah 14:10). Altogether ten gates are mentioned (Nehemiah 3:1, 3, 6, 13-15, 26, 28-29, 31), but this gate had a special dedication ceremony because the priests ministered through it (Nehemiah 3:1b). When the people finished the whole wall, they had a dedication ceremony. This is the only section where a separate dedication ceremony is mentioned. Most likely, it was the high priest’s dedication of the whole project and it shows its religious significance. The walls, it can be argued, were regarded as an extension of the House of God.227

This was a cooperative effort. The men of Jericho, were assigned work on the part of the wall nearest to their city, built next to it and Zaccur the son of Imri built next to Eliashib’s priestly party of builders (Nehemiah 3:2). People from all professions and trades helped, coming from many villages and outlying areas of Judah.

Then the building turned westward. The sons of Hassenaah built the Fish Gate, which was one of Jerusalem’s main entrances (Second Chronicles 33:14). It was in the northwest corner of the wall, near the merchant quarter of the city where the modern Damascus Gate stands. The name may be due to its proximity to the fish market where the fishermen from Tyre sold their goods. It was probably also called the Ephraim Gate (8:16, 12:39; Second Kings 14:13), and the Middle Gate (Jeremiah 39:3). They laid its beams and set up its doors, its bolts, and its bars (Nehemiah 3:3). 

Next to them Meremoth (Hebrew: to make firm or strong) son of Uriah, son of Hakkoz made repairs. Adjacent to them Meshullam son of Berechiah, son of Meshezabel made repairs, and next to them Zadok son of Baana made repairs. The men of Tekoa made repairs next to them. Tekoa was located southeast of Beth-Lechem, and was the home of the prophet Amos. The Tekoites are mentioned twice in the chapter, building two different sections of the wall (Nehemiah 3:5 and 27), and were, therefore, more than willing to work and do more than their fair share. But their nobles would not put their shoulders to the work of their masters (Nehemiah 3:4-5). The Tekoite nobles were among those who had been in the Land before the exiles had returned, and the sudden influence and power given to the returnees, particularly Nehemiah, were bound to be a cause for concern, even resentment. The location of Tekoa, southeast of Beth-Lechem, suggests the influence of Geshem the Arab (Nehemiah 2:19), who perhaps led a local spirit of resentment among the community. “Who does Nehemiah think he is?” would have been the predominant question in Tekoa, and the nobles, in contrast to the rest of the community, thought it beneath them to engage in menial work of that nature under the leadership of a Persian official, even if he did have a good Jewish pedigree.228

Joiada son of Paseah, and Meshullam son of Besodeiah repaired the Old Gate. This gate stood on the north-west side of the City, and was identical with the Corner Gate (Second Kings 14:13). It has been suggested that the name came from its having been the entrance to the Old City. They laid its beams and set up its doors, its bolts and its bars (Nehemiah 3:6). 

Adjacent to them worked Melatiah the Gibeonite and Jadon the Meronothite, men from Gibeon and Mizpah (or lookout point) who are under the jurisdiction of the governor of Trans-Euphrates (Nehemiah 3:7). It is clear from the whole chapter that the Chronicler wanted to refer to certain sections of the wall that were restored. The men of Gibeon and Mizpah did restoration as far as the residence of the governor. It is interesting to note that the governor of Trans-Euphrates had a residence in Jerusalem. This would mean that he used the residence while visiting Judah, one of his minor provinces.229

Uzziel son of Harhaiah, one of the goldsmiths, worked adjacent to him, and Hananiah, one of the perfumers, worked next to him. They restored Jerusalem as far as the Broad Wall. It was a point of great strategic importance and therefore thicker and stronger than the rest of the wall (Nehemiah 3:8). Social organizations also must have contributed to the building project by working at their trade.

Rephaiah son of Hur, ruler of half the district of Jerusalem made repairs next to them (Nehemiah 3:9). Yerushalayim was divided into two districts, each governed by a ruler (see verse 12 for the other). The division must have taken place during the monarchy for purposes of administration (Second Kings 12:14; Zephaniah 1:10).

Jedaiah son of Harumaph repaired the section adjacent to them opposite his house, and Hattush son of Hashabneiah worked next to them. The first section had been restored and they were working on the second. Naturally, those with homes near the wall would have been more enthusiastic about making repairs in that area (also see 3:23, 28-30). Malchijah son of Harim and Hasshub son of Pahath-moab repaired another section and the Tower of the Furnaces for baking bread or for firing bricks (Nehemiah 3:10-11).

Shallum son of Hallohesh, the ruler of half the district of Jerusalem, and his daughters repaired the next section (Nehemiah 3:12). That brief mention of these women otherwise unnamed in Scripture intrigues me. How exactly did Shallum’s daughters help rebuild the wall? Were these women wealthy heiresses or widows who helped their father finance his part of the rebuilding efforts? Did they provide food and drink for the workers, or did they actually clear rubble, spread mortar, and carry stones with their own hands? We don’t know for sure. But however they helped, Shallum’s daughters made a significant enough contribution to the rebuilding effort that Nehemiah included them in his list of the builders—the only women so named.

By helping rebuild the wall, Shallum’s daughters took part in ensuring Jerusalem’s security. Walls were a city’s first line of defense in the ancient world. Walls helped city leaders control access to the city and protected the city from attack. Without walls cities were vulnerable to attacks from bandits, wild animals, and enemy armies. With a wall and a good source of water, cities could withstand a siege and repulse enemy forces. Living in an unwalled city made its residents vulnerable and insecure.

But rebuilding Jerusalem’s wall was not an easy proposition. The tasks of clearing rubble, gathering supplies, and rebuilding the gates the Babylonians had burned with fire had to be completed by a people struggling to survive in the land they had once called home. Furthermore, Jerusalem’s rebuilding efforts did not go unopposed. Rebuilding Jerusalem caused a realignment in the political power structures in the region, and some of the neighboring provincial governors were displeased. They attempted to sabotage the rebuilding efforts, causing Nehemiah to order the workers to build with a sword in one hand and to carry their materials with the other. Despite the challenges, Shallum’s daughters found a way to participate in rebuilding the wall and ensuring the security of their home.

Shallum’s daughters remind me that the portraits of biblical women are more diverse than we might sometimes think. There are those like Martha who find joy in serving and those like Lydia who joyfully use their homes as a base for ministry. But there are also women like Deborah, Miriam, Huldah, Jochebed, Rahab, and Shallum’s daughters – women who use all the creativity, courage, and resources at their disposal to stand for justice, protect their homes, and do the work that needs to be done.

Shallum’s daughters saw that Jerusalem was in danger, and they determined to do something about it. Their father was a leader in Jerusalem, and it would have been easy for Shallum’s daughters to refrain from a task that was traditionally done by men. But Shallum’s daughters were not content to leave their home in peril. They committed themselves and their resources to rebuild the wall, helping ensure security for themselves, their family, and their home.

Shallum’s daughters remind me that never having done it before isn’t a reason not to try. We don’t have to meet every need we see, but sometimes our awareness of a need is God calling us to action. What walls do you see that need rebuilding? Where is there brokenness in your family or community that needs to be healed? Do you see defenseless people who need a protector? Is there a threat you can stand against? Wherever God calls you to serve, do it with all your might. Join Shallum’s daughters in rebuilding your section of the wall.

On the south wall, Hanun and the inhabitants of Zanoah, about thirteen miles southwest of Jerusalem, repaired the Valley Gate. They built it and set up its doors, its bolts, and its bars. They also repaired a thousand cubits, more than a third of a mile, of wall up to the Dung Gate (Nehemiah 3:13). Considering the length, it may be that this section had little damage from the Babylonians when they destroyed the City on Tisha B’Av 586 BC, and therefore, required little repair.

Malchijah son of Rechab (see the commentary on Jeremiah Dt The House of the Rechabites) repaired the Dung Gate. He built it and set up its doors, its bolts, and its bars (Nehemiah 3:14). He was the ruler of the district of Beth-Cherem, or House of the Vineyard which is mentioned in Jeremiah as a signal point: Raise the signal over Beth Hakkerem! This is a cone-shaped hill between Beit-Lechem and Tekoa, named for its military purposes during the Crusades, a very suitable spot to raise a signal. For disaster looms out of the north, even terrible destruction (Jeremiah 6:1b).

2021-02-26T20:11:36+00:000 Comments

Bx – Nehemiah Inspects Jerusalem’s Walls Nehemiah 2: 11-20

Nehemiah Inspects Jerusalem’s Walls
Nehemiah 2: 11-20

Nehemiah inspects Jerusalem’s walls DIG: What do you think Nehemiah did his first three days in Jerusalem? Why was that important? Why do you think Nehemiah said nothing to those who would be doing the work until he had inspected the walls himself? Why inspect the walls at night? What three points does Nehemiah make publicly to rally the troops to rebuild? Which one do you find most convincing? How does Nehemiah respond to his opponents’ changes?

REFLECT: When is it hardest for you to act: (a) When your project lies in ruins? (b) When your workers are few? (c) When others mock you? (d) When you must “buck City Hall” to get a permit? How do you know if God is with you in some enterprise? Where are you looking for God’s “Yes” to help you overcome others “No?”

445 BC During the ministry of Nehemiah (to see link click BtThe Third Return).
Compiled by: The Chronicler from the Ezra and Nehemiah memoirs
(see Ac Ezra-Nehemiah from a Jewish Perspective: The Nehemiah Memoirs).

Nehemiah proved to be a hard worker. But hard work alone does not insure success. You need to work hard and work smart. That takes planning. Praying and trusting in ADONAI does not mean that research is not necessary. Nehemiah wanted to assess the situation before presenting his project to the officials and the people. Specifically, Nehemiah needed to know where to rebuild the old walls and where to construct new ones (to see a 3D model of Jerusalem’s gates and walls click here).

Nehemiah came to Jerusalem (Nehemiah 2:11a). At this point, Nehemiah acts quite differently from what we might expect. The hurried reader would think that Nehemiah, having reached his destination, would be driven to pull out his tools, hire subcontractors, hang the plumb line and get to work. But he didn’t do that. As a matter of fact, he didn’t do anything for three days (Nehemiah 2:11b). Why didn’t he go to work? Because he didn’t know what God had for him. As a matter of fact, God was silent.

But shortly thereafter, notice what happened next: I got up during the night along with a few men. But I did not tell anyone what my God had put in my heart to do for Jerusalem. There were no animals with me except the animal I was riding (Nehemiah 2:11c-12). He only used one mule so as not to draw attention to himself. Unlike what happened to Ezra (Ezra 4:12), he didn’t want opposition before he got started. He gained this information in secret because he knew that his enemies were watching him, and he didn’t know who could be trusted. He probably suspected that even some of the Jews in the City were loyal to Sanballat and Tobiah, so to be safe he didn’t even tell the Jews, the cohanim, the nobles, the officials or the rest of the workers (Nehemiah 2:16b).220

In the sixth example of leadership in the life of Nehemiah, competent leaders know how to handle themselves in solitude (to see link click BtThe Third Return). This is the side of leadership that the uninvolved observer, or even the workers, never see. People have the false idea that a leader lives an exciting life in the limelight, basking in the experience of one ecstatic round of public applause after another. But ADONAI shows us here that successful leaders know how to handle themselves in solitude. In fact, effective leadership is like an iceberg . . . ninety percent is below the surface and unseen, while only ten percent is above the water line, visible for all to see.

By night I went out by the Valley Gate (see Nehemiah’s night ride below), identified as the chief gate in the west wall of the City overlooking the Tyropoeon Valley, toward the now unknown Jackal Spring and the Dung Gate (see the commentary on Jeremiah Cz Judah is Like a Broken Jar), through which the Cities refuse was carried and deposited outside the wall, inspecting the walls of Jerusalem, which had been broken down (Hebrew: perotzim), and its gates, which had been destroyed by fire (Nehemiah 2:13).

Then I moved on to the Fountain Gate, receiving its name on account of its nearness to the En-rogel fountain, below the junction of the Kidron and Hinnom Valleys, north-east of the Dung Gate and to the King’s Pool, or a receiving pool for the overflow of the Pool of Siloam and located outside the City wall, where there was not enough room for my animal to pass with me because of the rubble and fallen stones from the destruction of the City (see the commentary on Jeremiah Ga The Fall of Jerusalem), the walls obstructed my passage. So, I had to dismount and proceed on foot; so I went up the valley by night, examining the wall. Finally, I turned back and returned to the Valley Gate rather than along the wall because of all the debris. Apparently Nehemiah did not make the complete circuit of Tziyon but retraced his steps and entered the City where he had gone out. The officials did not know where I had gone or what I was doing (Nehemiah 2:14-16a). Nehemiah’s leadership is evident here. He knew when to keep quiet and when to present God’s project.

Nehemiah was a leader who knew how to inspire action, and he invited all of the Righteous of the TaNaKh to join with him in the work. It was not Nehemiah’s project but ADONAI’s, and He had called all His children to be involved in His work. This would also enable Nehemiah to discover who was fully committed to the plans of God, as those would be the people who threw themselves into the rebuilding.

While Nehemiah identified with the people and was personally concerned with the problem, he did not hide the hard facts. Then, on the following day, I said to them, “You see the bad situation we are in: Jerusalem is desolate and its gates have been burned. Come! Let us rebuild the wall of Jerusalem so that we will no longer be a disgrace” (Nehemiah 2:17). This was Nehemiah’s motivation in undertaking that huge project: he was concerned about the glory of God. The destruction of the Temple and the city of Jerusalem had made a mockery of God’s name in the eyes of Judah’s enemies, so Nehemiah called on the righteous of the TaNaKh to restore His glory to the world around them.221

Then I told them how the good hand of my God was on me (see Ezra 7:9, 28, 8:22 and 31; and Nehemiah 2:8) and the words that the king had said to me. Then they replied, “Let us begin building!” Nehemiah came to the people with compassion, realism, conviction, and faith; thus, ADONAI used Him to communicate his own vision and motivate the people. So, they prepared themselves for this good work (Nehemiah 2:18).

But when Sanballat the Horonite, Tobiah the Ammonite official and Geshem, a powerful chieftain of Kedar in Arabia who was an ally with the Samaritans against the Jews, heard about it, they mocked and ridiculed us. Those three, then, represented the rulers of provinces to the northeast (Ammon), northwest (Samaria), and southeast (Edom and Mo’ab) of Jerusalem. These enemies, especially Sanballat and Tobiah, knew that Nehemiah had credentials from the king (see Bw The Response of King Artakh’shasta). Therefore, they tried to stop the work by disheartening the people who were doing the building. They used mockery and ridicule as their tool. They even accused the Jews of rebellion. They said: What is this you are doing? Are you rebelling against the king (Nehemiah 2:19)?

When the enemies of God’s work cannot find any legitimate basis for opposition, they may use ridicule, questioning the significance of our labors. This sometimes does more harm than even questioning one’s credentials or good intentions (which Nehemiah’s enemies also did) because it attacks the very motivation for action. Ridicule is especially hard to endure when you are outnumbered. Believers experiencing ridicule should remember what Hebrews 11:36-39 says about the biblical heroes of our faith: Some faced jeers and flogging . . . the world was not worthy of them . . . these were all commended for their faith. Yeshua also suffered ridicule and mocking on many occasions (see The Life of Christ LuJesus’ First Three Hours on the Cross: The Wrath of Man), and His children can expect to face the same kind of opposition.222

And you know something? Nehemiah’s adversaries didn’t leave. They criticized, ridiculed, and dogged his steps through the entire project, until the last stone was set in place. When it was halfway finished, they said mockingly: Even if a fox climbed on what they are building, it would break down their stone wall (Nehemiah 4:3)! This was just a foretaste of the opposition to come.

I responded to them saying: The God of heaven will bring us success. We His servants will arise and build. But you have no part, right, or historical claim in Jerusalem (Nehemiah 2:20). Apparently, these opponents thought they were following the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob if we can judge by the names of their children, and were demanding participation in the rebuilding (Ezra 4:3). Yet, mixing the worshiping YHVH with other gods just ends up being paganism. Nehemiah wouldn’t accept their brand of syncretism, but declared that God would only bless those who served Him alone. Some of the Jewish families, however, did form relationships with the pagans. Later, one of Sanballat’s daughters was married to a member of the Jewish high priest’s family (Nehemiah 13:28).

However powerful the drive might be to labor in the service of our Lord, Nehemiah adds another, arguably even more powerful motivation: the promise of divine approval and divine help in the task before us. The plan to rebuild the walls was not merely Nehemiah’s or the people’s; it was ADONAI who put it into Nehemiah’s heart (Nehemiah 2:12). He reassured the people that this was indeed the case, saying: I told them how the good hand of my God was on me (Nehemiah 2:18). Nothing could have signaled YHVH’s hand more clearly than the fact that King Artakh’shasta had himself given written, documented support for the project! Of this they could be certain; Ha’Shem was behind this work, no matter how difficult it might be and no matter what threats might exist against them if they were to undertake it.

The sufficiency of YHVH is a powerful motivator. Nehemiah was a leader whose vision was filled with the greatness of God. No task is too difficult when the Creator of heaven and earth is the One orchestrating it and in whose hand you are but a tool. A God who can turn the sea into dry land, and can cause a bush to burn without it being consumed, is not going to balk at a Sanballat, a Tobiah, a Geshem, or whoever is opposing you! No sooner had they begun their work, as we have seen, than opposition reared its ugly head. But Nehemiah’s response was this: The God of heaven will bring us success. We His servants will arise and build (Nehemiah 2:20).

Nehemiah’s attitude is captured vividly in Psalm 87: He has founded His City on the holy mountain of Tziyon. ADONAI loves the gates of Tziyon more than all the other dwellings of Jacob. Glorious things are said of you; City of God; I will record Rahab and Babylon among those who acknowledge Me – Philistia too, and Tyre, along with Cush – and will say, “This One was born in Tziyon.” If there is one particular lesson that this section of Nehemiah is meant to teach us, it is that we should trust YHVH more than we do. In matters in which His will is made clear to us, we are not to believe the forces of opposition that come against us, no matter how great they may be; rather, we are to put our confidence resolutely in the Lord. If we trust God, we have nothing to fear.223

A plan is primary; waiting for God to work is essential; but following through with people is where it’s at. In the next file we will move into the phase where the rubber of leadership meets the road of reality – the whole issue of stimulating and motivating others to roll up their sleeves and get the job done.224

2022-09-04T14:25:04+00:000 Comments

By – The List of the Builders of the Wall Nehemiah 3: 1-32

The List of the Builders of the Wall
Nehemiah 3: 1-32

445 BC During the ministry of Nehemiah (to see list click BtThe Third Return).
Compiled by: The Chronicler from the Ezra and Nehemiah memoirs
(see Ac Ezra-Nehemiah from a Jewish Perspective: The Nehemiah Memoirs).

This chapter shows Nehemiah was an outstanding organizer. Some forty-five sections of construction are mentioned, including ten gates (Nehemiah 3:1, 3, 6, 13-15, 26, 28-29, 31). Planning all this building activity, organizing the groups, plus arranging the infrastructure to supply the materials was no small accomplishment. Nehemiah had started the process of building the community of believers (2:17-18) before he could start building the wall. Then, in this chapter, Nehemiah skillfully divided the work force into some forty manageable work crews and organized by common interests and geography. The way Nehemiah confronted opposition from within and without the Jewish community and the way he organized the Israelites were significant ingredients in the realization of his vision.

Despite its mundane appearance, this chapter is more than a construction record. Although the walls and gates would serve a military purpose (Nehemiah Chapter 4), the book’s concern for separation from pagan influence suggests it also had symbolic significance (Nehemiah 13:19-22). Rather than simply providing security, the walls encouraged a sense of identity and distinctiveness with the Righteous of the TaNaKh. Their restoration also represented a reversal of the humiliation of defeat and destruction suffered because of Isra’el’s sin (Nehemiah 2:3 and 17). Like the restored Temple, it was as if the rebuilt walls were like a badge, or a further token, that they were indeed His people. For believers today, however, the cross is the continuing demonstration of God’s powerful and loving presence (Romans 5:5b-11).225

2021-02-10T16:55:08+00:000 Comments

Bv – Favor with King Artakh’shasta Nehemiah 2: 1-20

Favor with King Artakh’shasta
Nehemiah 2: 1-20

Four or five months after receiving sad news concerning the walls of Jerusalem, Nehemiah initiates a plan to secure the support of the Persian king for a rebuilding program. That he waited such a long time to act may reflect the delicate nature of his request for the king’s help. As we have already noted, Ezra reports that King Artakh’shasta had issued a decree which ordered work on the walls of Jerusalem to be stopped (to see link click Av Letters to Ahasuerus and Artakh’shasta). Nehemiah needed to be careful with his planning, waiting for the exact time for approaching the king on that controversial subject. Other examples of careful planning come to mind. Esther planned carefully as she sought to save her people (see the commentary on Esther Bb The Plot Exposed by Esther); Naomi’s suggestion to Ruth about securing the assistance of Bo’az (see the commentary on Ruth Av Na’omi’s Wonderful Plan for Ruth’s Life); and the discussion between Bathsheba and Nathan about an effective approach to David so that Solomon would be appointed king (see the commentary on the Life of Solomon Al A Royal Conspiracy).

King Artakh’shasta responded favorably to Nehemiah, thus reversing his own decree. But Nehemiah would have opposition from three influential leaders: Sanballat the Horonite, Tobiah the servant, the Ammorite (Nehemiah 2:10 and 19), and Geshem the Arab. No doubt it was this strong opposition to his coming that caused Nehemiah to survey the City by night. Only a secret group of people knew of Nehemiah’s hidden, night tours when he inspected the ruins of Yerushalayim and estimated what could and should be done. When Nehemiah called the people together told them about the sorry state of Tziyon. They accepted his leadership and indicated that they were ready to begin the difficult task of rebuilding.210

2024-07-28T15:05:10+00:000 Comments

Bu – Nehemiah Intercedes for Jerusalem Nehemiah 1: 1-11

Nehemiah Intercedes for Jerusalem
Nehemiah 1: 1-11

Nehemiah intercedes for Jerusalem DIG: What was Nehemiah’s burning issue? Why was it so important to him? What did Nehemiah do about his passion? What costs was he willing to pay? What does that say about his relationship with God? How vital was his relationship with God? How vital a force do you think prayer was for him: Daily routine? Crisis times only? Intimate? Energizing? What do you see of God’s nature through Nehemiah’s prayer? What does Nehemiah see in himself, the more he focuses on God? What does he recall as he persists in prayer? What do Nehemiah’s actions tell you about his character?

REFLECT: What do you feel passionately about? How grieved are you about the physical and spiritual state of God’s people? Enough to pray? Fast? Act? When news from around the world of exiled people, brokenness and famine hits you, do you react anything like Nehemiah? Do you tend to despair over what is? Accept what is? Or pray for what should be? Why is that? What is the one thing you can do this week about an issue you feel passionately about?

445 BC During the ministry of Nehemiah (to see link click Bt The Third Return).
Compiled by: The Chronicler from the Ezra and Nehemiah memoirs
(see Ac Ezra-Nehemiah from a Jewish Perspective: The Nehemiah Memoirs)

Thirteen years after Ezra’s spiritual revival, Nehemiah came to Jerusalem to revive the spirit of the discouraged exiles and bring them hope (Isaiah 57:14-21); ADONAI used him to lead the Jews in rebuilding the walls of Jerusalem (for a summary of Nehemiah – From Persia to Jerusalem click here). Nehemiah comes to us as a man on top of his profession, but we know nothing of his background or the stages of his rise to position and influence.199 We can make a reasonable assumption that Nehemiah grew up in Babylon among the exiles and that for some reason – possible because he was too young – he did not return with Ezra.

Now it happened that in the month of Chislev (November-December) in the twentieth year of King Artakh’shasta, I was in Shushan, or Susa the capitol (Nehemiah 1:1). Nehemiah first appears in the fortress (capital) of Susa, about 225 miles east of Babylon, built on three hills overlooking the Shaur River. ADONAI put Nehemiah in Susa just as He had put Esther there a generation before, and just as He had put Joseph in Egypt and Dani’el in Babylon. When God wants to accomplish a work, He always prepares His workers and puts them in the right places at the right time.200

Susa was the winter resort of the Persian kings, located on the western edge of Iran about 150 miles east of the Tigris River. Greater Susa stood on a mound about two and a quarter miles in circumference, covering nearly 250 acres. The ten-acre citadel was located on an elevated area on the northern point of the site. Susa itself was an ancient city of the Elamite, Persian, and Parthian empires of Iran, and one of the oldest known settlements of the world. The city had been taken during the reign of Cyrus at the time of the First Return of exiles in 538 BC. The palace was built by Darius approximately fifty years before the period in question here in Nehemiah Chapter One. Modern excavations of the site have shown an audience hall, where the Persians held court. It was a square building over 350 feet long on each side, featuring seventy-two stone columns, each estimated at eighty feet tall.201

No doubt, it was just routine day when Nehemiah met his older brother Hanani who had just returned with some men from Jerusalem, but it turned out to be a turning point in Nehemiah’s life. Like large doors, great life-changing events can swing open on very small hinges. It was just another day when Moses went out to care for his sheep, but he heard the call of YHVH and became a prophet (Exodus 3). It was just an ordinary day when David was called home from shepherding his flock, but on that day, he was anointed king (First Samuel 16). It was a normal day when Peter, Andrew, James and John were mending their nets after a night of futile fishing, but it was a day when Yeshua called them to be fishers of men (Luke 5:1-11). You never know what God has in store for you, even in a commonplace conversation, so keep your heart open to His leading.202

It has been said that a true Jew never completely forgets Jerusalem. This was certainly true of Nehemiah. He wanted to know about the people and the condition of the Holy City. Nehemiah asked Hanani about the Israelites, the remnant who had survived the captivity, and about Jerusalem. They said to him, “The remnant is in great distress and disgrace” (Nehemiah 1:2-3a) The word translated distress (Hebrew: raah) means misery, distress, calamity, or injury. It is closely related to a term in other Semitic languages that means sharp, cutting, or piercing. The picture painted by this term portrays someone suffering from the lacerations of cutting words. The Jews were severely criticized and slandered by people who were enemies of the faith. Not only that, but Hanani related that the walls of Jerusalem were broken down and its gates had been burned with fire (Nehemiah 1:3b). In Nehemiah’s day, pagans thought the walls and fortifications that surrounded a god’s temple reflected his strength. The lack of city walls in Jerusalem reflected badly on the character of Ha’Shem in the eyes of Judah’s neighbors, and it also left the Temple unprotected against further attacks and destruction.

Nehemiah was heartbroken.

In the fourth example of leadership in the life of Nehemiah, there are four vital factors that characterize the lives of competent spiritual leaders (see BtThe Third Return).

First, a leader sees the needs of the problem clearly. The beginning of verse 4 reads: Upon hearing these words . . . Nehemiah wasn’t preoccupied. He didn’t live in a dream world, isolated from reality. He asked, “What’s the condition?” Hanani answered, “It’s a miserable situation.” He heard what his brother said. You might think recognizing needs is an elementary concept, especially for leaders. But there are many people in responsible leadership positions who never seem to see the problems they ought to be solving. Now I think people can be so problem-oriented that problems are all they can think of – and that’s not good either. But a person who is a leader has a clear recognition of needs.

Are you aware of needs? How about the needs in your own family? Are you sensitive as a parent or a spouse? Maybe you live alone. Do you know what is on your parents’ or friends’ hearts? If you teach, do you know your students’ needs? If you are in business leadership, are you in touch with more than the perks of your executive privilege? What about those otherwise hidden areas where problems start to fester?

Second, a leader is personally concerned with the needs. Nehemiah went a step beyond recognition of the problem. He not only heard about the matter, but he identified with it. I sat down and wept and mourned for days (Nehemiah 1:4a). You never lighten the load unless you first have felt the pressure within your own soul. You are never used of God to bring a blessing to others until He has opened your eyes and made you see things as they are.

As we study Nehemiah as a model for leadership, realize that we are not only talking about Nehemiah and some ancient City in the far historical past. We are talking about today! The higher you are elevated in what the world calls success, the easier it is to fade into theoretical preoccupation and to leave the realistic “lesser things” to work themselves out.

Third, a serious leader goes to the LORD with the need. Prayer is absolutely essential in the life of a leader. I prayed and fasted before the God of heaven (Nehemiah 1:4b). This prayer is the second of twelve prayers recorded in Nehemiah (9:5ff, here, 2:4, 4:4, 4:9, 5:19, 6:9, 6:14, 13:14, 13:22, 13:29, 13:31). Nehemiah’s story begins and ends with prayer. It is obvious that Nehemiah was a man of faith who depended entirely on ADONAI to help him accomplish the work that He had called him to do.203 First, he praised ADONAI. Then I said: YHVH, God of heaven, the great and awesome God who keeps the covenant and lovingkindness (see the commentary on Ruth AfThe Concept of Chesed) with those who love Him and keep His mitzvot (Nehemiah 1:5).

Who did Nehemiah work for? The king of Persia. Was this king great and mighty on the earth? The mightiest! But compared to YHVH, King Artakh’shasta was nothing. And so, it stands to reason that when we go to God in prayer, we put things into proper perspective. If you are having difficulty loving or relating to someone, take him or her to God in prayer. Bother the LORD with this person. Don’t be bothered with them – leave them at the throne.

Next, he confessed his part of the problem. Please let Your ear be attentive and Your eyes open to hear the prayer of Your servant that I am praying before You today persistently, both day and night on behalf of Your servants, the Bnei-Yisrael. Notice the progression of Nehemiah’s confession. First, he acknowledged that the children of Isra’el had sinned against YHVH by pursuing other gods (Ezeki’el 81-18). I am confessing the sins of Bnei-Yisrael that we have sinned against You (Nehemiah 1:6). Then he confessed that his ancestral house had sinned, which encompassed his family and those for whom he was personally responsible. Finally, he acknowledged that he was personally guilty of sin and failure before God.204 Nehemiah knew that God would hear; he was asking God to take action. How great is YHVH that He can pay attention to each of our prayers, millions and millions of them around the world, individually and simultaneously! Our minds cannot comprehend it, but the LORD is beyond our comprehension.

We have acted very corruptly (Hebrew: habal, meaning to offend) against You. We have not kept the mitzvot, the statutes, nor the rulings of the Torah that You commanded Your servant Moses (Nehemiah 1:7). The concept of disobedience goes right to the heart of the matter. God’s mitzvot are not trivial; He knows what is best for His people and for all society. Nehemiah recognized the seriousness of disobeying Ha’Shem’s ethical demands. We have many ethical dilemmas in our day that are not easily solved; however, we often make them more difficult by not accepting the clear teaching of the Scriptures.

Next, he claimed the promise. Please recall the word that You commanded Your servant Moses, saying: If you act unfaithfully, I will scatter you among the peoples. What was Nehemiah doing? He was quoting Scripture (Leviticus 26; Deuteronomy 30). He knew the Torah. It was as if he was saying, “LORD, I open the Torah before You. I bring You the very words You spoke, the promise You made. And I am claiming it right now!” What was the promise? It was twofold. The promise was that if the people of Isra’el disobeyed, they would go into a foreign land. That had come to pass (see the commentary on Jeremiah Gu Seventy Years of Imperial Babylonian Rule). The second part was that when the time of captivity had ended, ADONAI would bring the Jews back to Jerusalem and protect them. That part was unfilled.205

So, Nehemiah repeated God’s own words back to Him as if to claim the promise: But if you return to Me and obey My mitzvot, and do them, then even if your dispersed people are at the ends of the heavens, I will gather them from there, and bring them back to the place where I have chosen for My Name to dwell (Nehemiah 1:8-9). Most of this prayer is based on Deuteronomy, many phrases of which are practically the same (Deuteronomy 4:27, 6:1, 7:9, 9:29, 10:17, 12:5, 21:15, 28:64, 30:1-4). Nehemiah realized that ADONAI had fulfilled much of Deuteronomy 30:1-10; but he was convinced that God’s promise included more than the situation in which the Jerusalem community found itself at that moment. Nehemiah challenges us to pray based on an understanding of God’s purpose and will as found in His Word. He also reminds us that we can always begin again in our relationship with YHVH if we return to Him in humility.

They are Your servants and Your people whom You redeemed by Your great strength and by Your mighty hand (Nehemiah 1:10). This is almost a copy of Deuteronomy 9:29. Redemption involves payment of a price to reclaim a person from slavery. Here reference is made to God’s act in delivering Isra’el from slavery in Egypt. The exodus theme is used many times in the B’rit Chadashah to emphasize redemption from the power and judgment of sin, and the changed relationship between the Redeemer and the redeemed. You know that you were redeemed from the futile way of life handed down from your ancestors – not with perishable things such as silver and gold, but with the precious blood like that of a lamb without defect or spot, the blood of Messiah (First Peter 1:18-19).206

Next, he brought his prayer before God. Nehemiah finished his prayer by saying: Please, my Lord, let Your ear be attentive to the prayer of Your servant and to the prayer of Your servants who delight in revering Your Name (Nehemiah 1:11a).

Fourth, a leader is available to personally meet the need. Give Your servant success today and grant compassion in the presence of this man, the king (Nehemiah 1:11b). A genuine leader is marked by diligent faithfulness in the midst of the task. It is demonstrated by being available and personally involved in meeting needs. He didn’t pray for God to send someone else, nor did he argue that he was ill-equipped for such a difficult task. Like Isaiah, he simply said: Here I am, send me (Isaiah 6:8). Nehemiah knew he would have to approach the king and ask for a leave of absence.

Now I was a cupbearer to the king of Persia (Nehemiah 1:11c). On the surface, this doesn’t sound very impressive. His position sounds more like a dishwasher, or at best something like a butler. But the cupbearer was far more important than that. The office of cupbearer was a place of great honor in the Persian court. Being in the daily presence of the king, and seeing him in a relaxed atmosphere, the cupbearer had many opportunities to ingratiate himself into the good-will of the king, and therefore doubtless obtained many favors that were denied to others. In fact, it has been suggested by historians that the cupbearer typically wielded enormous political power, even more than the king’s own family.

They held the cup for the king in their left hand, and in the right hand a fly-flap made of split palm leaves. A long napkin, richly embroidered and fringed, is thrown over the left shoulder for the king to wipe his lips with. Among the Medes and the Persians the cupbearer, before serving the king, poured some of the wine into the palm of his hand and drank it; so that if the wine were poisoned, the king would not be harmed. An attempt was made, for example, by an assassin named Bogoas to poison the last of the Persian kings, Darius III, before the Persian Empire fell to the onslaught of Alexander the Great. The attempt failed when Darius got wind of it and made the assassin drink the poison himself. Pharaoh had cupbearers to attend him (see the commentary on Genesis JnSo the Chief Cupbearer Told Joseph His Dream); Solomon also had them (First Kings 10:5; Second Chronicles 9:4).207

Nehemiah had prayed for days, but now he was at the decisive moment. After prayer, action was needed. He decided that the time was today. He asked that King Artakh’shasta might be divinely moved to act on behalf of the righteous of the TaNaKh. Humanly speaking, Nehemiah had no reason to expect such a favor. Artakh’shasta had earlier issued a decree to stop work on the city of Jerusalem (see Aw The Resumption of the Work Under King Darius). To make such a request was clearly contrary to royal policy and, like Queen Esther (see the commentary on Esther Ba I Will Go to the King: If I Perish, I Perish), possibly even cost him his life. But Nehemiah called the king “this man,” perhaps to stress that he was only a human in God’s sovereign hands. Like many after him, Nehemiah’s greatness came from asking great things of a great God, and attempting great things in reliance on Him.208

Nehemiah pleaded for compassion (mercy, or not getting what we deserve). Compassion is always optional with ADONAI. In effect, Nehemiah was asking that he might be used in some way to help in the cause of the Kingdom. He wasn’t exactly sure how that was going to happen. As cupbearer to King Artakh’shasta, he was committed to doing his duty every day. The king ate and drank every day, and Nehemiah would have been expected to be in attendance. God is sovereign and His ways are marvelous, but until things become clearer to Nehemiah, all he could do was fast, and pray, and wait . . . wait in the spirit of David: I waited patiently for ADONAI. He bent down to me and heard my cry. He brought me up out of the slimy pit, out of the mud and mire. Then He set my feet on a rock. He made my steps firm (Psalm 40:1-2).

Perhaps that is where you find ourselves . . . waiting on the Lord. The question that faces us is whether we are waiting patiently. Nehemiah waited for four or five months (Nehemiah 2:1) when all he could do was pray. But it was the first thing he desired to do. Has God’s Word shaped your prayer in this way? Does the love of Yeshua Messiah and His will in your life lead you to plead in the way Nehemiah did?209

2022-09-02T18:17:13+00:000 Comments

Bw – The Response of King Artakh’shasta Nehemiah 2:1-10

The Response of King Artakh’shasta
Nehemiah 2:1-10

The response of King Artakh’shasta DIG: In the intervening three months, what do you think Nehemiah had been doing? What did King Artakh’shasta notice and why? Why had it taken so long for Nehemiah to express his grief? What does he request the king to do? What three questions does the king have? In Nehemiah’s ready response, what do you see that demonstrates his practical wisdom? His dependence on God? On human resources? His respect for his superior? What obstacle to his success looms on the horizon? Why?

REFLECT: Can others read what you are thinking or feeling, almost like an open book? Or is your heart under lock and key? Why is that? If someone could read what you feel right now, what would they see? How can you make your needs known to your King? What are some of the challenges in your life that you are praying about? What do you need to do to be ready to help make the answer to one of those requests come true?

March-April 445 BC During the ministry of Nehemiah (to see link click BtThe Third Return).
Compiled by: The Chronicler from the Ezra and Nehemiah memoirs
(see Ac Ezra-Nehemiah from a Jewish Perspective: The Nehemiah Memoirs).

There are very few areas of life in which we live or work that do not come ready-equipped with a superior – a boss or other authority figure. Student, teacher, nurse, executive, salesman, airline pilot, coach, chef, or scientist all have immediate superiors whose presence significantly controls and affect their lives. It is our task to develop qualities of leadership germinating within ourselves while still being accountable to these superiors in our individual spheres of influence. It isn’t easy! Leaders are usually better at leading than being led. The question remains, when that time of confrontation comes – between boss and employee, parent and child, coach and player, teacher and student – how do we handle it? That question. Becomes increasingly complex when the superior is insensitive to, or unconcerned with, spiritual things.

Proverbs 21:1 says: A king’s heart is like a stream of water in the hand of ADONAI. The heart that communicates attitudes and decisions is in the Lord’s hand. He directs it wherever He wants. YHVH has in His hand the heart of the king (whether the king is a believer or not is irrelevant). Because Ha’Shem has the king’s heart in His hand, He literally causes it to be bent wherever He pleases. What is true of the king is true of your superior! To understand your boss, you must be acquainted with God’s method of operation, for the Lord has the heart of your superior in His hand. Pause for a moment and rivet that thought in your mind.

We will see how the story of Nehemiah beautifully illustrates the truth of Proverbs 21:1. Nehemiah worked for the king of Persia, who had a reputation of being a very stubborn, hard-headed man who wouldn’t change his mind. As mentioned before (see BuNehemiah’s Intercedes for Jerusalem), was in an influential position, for he played an intimate part in the king’s life. But Nehemiah’s heart wasn’t in Persia; it was in Jerusalem. He wanted to go back to his beloved city and rebuild her walls, but he couldn’t just leave his job. He needed a leave of absence. Nehemiah prayed, in effect, saying, “Ha’Shem, I ask You to change the heart of the king. Alter his attitude. Change the situation so that I may be allowed to do Your will with his pleasure.” He didn’t act hastily, but laid his problem before the LORD.

So, what happened after Nehemiah prayed? Nothing! At least not right away. Now I was cupbearer to the king in the month of Nisan, in the twentieth year of King Artakh’shasta. Nehemiah’s story began in Chislev (November-December), and it resumes in Nisan (March-April). For four or five months, nothing happened. Nehemiah was in a familiar situation. The king and his queen were reclining together, having finished their superb meal. The delightful aroma of food permeated the room. Nehemiah poured some wine and gave it to the king, adding the insightful statement, “I had not been sad before in his presence” (Nehemiah 1:11b-2:2a). Up until then, Nehemiah had controlled his feelings. Four months, however, can seem like a long time to wait on the LORD. There had been no response. No visible glimmer of hope. Nothing. Everybody’s got a breaking point. Nehemiah had probably come to the place where he had just begun to wonder, “Is this ever going to happen?” for he was rather sad when he served the royal couple that day.211

Court etiquette in ancient times required that subjects appear cheerful before the king, and a sad or grim face could actually bring down the royal wrath. Happy subjects suggested the king was a good and wise ruler, while being worried or downcast in the royal presence was dangerous, because it was liable to be misinterpreted as disloyal thoughts. Nehemiah would have needed to observe such customs of courtly behavior very carefully because the erratic temper of Persian kings was well known. Hence, Nehemiah’s fear described in the next verse. But the king noticed Nehemiah’s glum expression and said to me, “Why is your face so sad when you are not ill? This can be nothing but sadness of heart.” Near Eastern monarchs normally did not take time to consider the personal lives of their subjects.

This was the moment Nehemiah had been waiting for. God had thrown the door wide open. I was very frightened, but I said to the king, “May the king live forever!” The subject sensitively introduced. Like Esther (see the commentary on Esther Bi Now Write a Counter-Decree in the King’s Name on Behalf of the Jews), he had the wisdom to present the matter first as news of a personal disappointment rather than a political issue. “Why should my face not be sad, when the City where my ancestors are buried lies in ruins and its gates have been destroyed by fire” (Nehemiah 2:2b-3)? Such a description showed by Nehemiah’s respect for his ancestors and also his sense of shame at the condition of his native City. Nehemiah’s request no doubt touched the sentiments of the king. He carefully avoided raising the king’s suspicions by not mentioning Yerushalayim by name and so reminding him of his earlier decree (see AwThe Resumption of the Work Under King Darius). True, the decree had left a loophole for change (Ezra 4:21). He left himself the option to make another decision in the light of new circumstances. Such a quick about-face would be a great deal to ask anyone, and a king’s wrath is a messenger of death (Proverbs 16:14a). Nevertheless, Nehemiah showed his great ability in communication and delicate diplomacy. He first had to get the king’s sympathy before going into the details.212

In the fifth example of leadership in the life of Nehemiah, successful leaders must be prepared and ready when God opens the door of opportunity (see BtThe Third Return). The king asked me, “What is your request?” Then I prayed quickly and silently in my heart to the God of heaven, and I answered the king, “If it seems good to the king and if your servant has found favor in your sight, send me to the city in Judah where my ancestors are buried that I may rebuild it” (Nehemiah 2:4-5). This is the third of twelve prayers recorded in Nehemiah (9:5ff, 1:5-11, here, 4:4, 4:9, 5:19, 6:9, 6:14, 13:14, 13:22, 13:29, 13:31).

Then the king, with the queen sitting beside him, asked me, “How long will your journey take, and when will you return?” Esther had been queen of King Ahasuerus, who was Artakh’shasta’s father. It is possible that her role as the present king’s stepmother had made him predisposed to show favor to the Jews – especially if she was still alive. Since it pleased the king to send me, I set a time for him (Nehemiah 2:6). The journey of almost a-thousand miles had taken Ezra four months to make, so it was unlikely that Nehemiah could have anticipated returning in less than a year. We learn from Nehemiah 5:14 that he was governor in Jerusalem for twelve years. It seems that within a year he reported back to Artakh’shasta after the dedication of the walls, then his appointment as governor was renewed.213 The whole scene gives us the impression that it was Nehemiah’s character that won him the right to speak and make his request, overriding all the political obstacles.

As the prayerful months had gone by, Nehemiah had given some thought to how his initial prayer might be answered given the right circumstances. For him to secure safe passage, he would need letters! So, when the time came to speak up before the king, Nehemiah not only told him his request to be sent to Jerusalem, he also asked for letters be given to him from the king to ensure that his reception among the governors of Trans-Euphrates would go smoothly.

I said to the king, “If it pleases the king, let him give me letters of safe conduct for the governors of Trans-Euphrates that will enable me to pass through without hindrance until I arrive in Judah, as well as a letter to Asaph, the keeper of the king’s royal forest so he will give me lumber to make beams for the gates and towers of the fortress adjacent to the Temple, for the wall of the city and for the residence I will occupy” (Nehemiah 2:7-8a). Asaph is a Hebrew name, so a Jew must have held this position. Some take for granted that the royal forest would have been located in Lebanon; however, there must have been other official reserves, and the name of the keeper suggests it could have been in Judah. The fortress was on the north side of the Temple. That side was always the hardest to defend. Therefore, the fortress was a precursor to the later Roman Fortress Antonia seen on the right side of the Temple Mount.

So, Nehemiah was able to travel safely throughout the Persian Empire and had the full authority as one of the king’s officials in Judah. In addition to granting Nehemiah safe passage, the king also provided much of the raw materials the Jews would need to rebuild the city gates and the wall – and Nehemiah’s own residence as well. Lumber was a precious commodity at the time, and the ruling monarchs guarded their royal forests carefully.214

Nehemiah had not been presumptuous, he was practical, and Artakh’shasta was impressed. It is important to recognize that in the First Return led by Zerubbabel, in the Second Return led by Ezra, and in the Third Return led by Nehemiah, it was always the gracious prompting of the Ruach ha-Kodesh that led the remnant home to Jerusalem. The Second Return will begin with God’s prompting of the Persian king to act compassionately toward Isra’el by granting Ezra everything he requested because the hand of ADONAI his God was upon him (Ezra 7:6b, also see Ezra 7:9, 28, 8:22 and 31; and Nehemiah 2:18). Similarly, in the Third Return, Nehemiah will again express the conviction that Ha’Shem was responsible for the gracious support of the Persian throne when he stated: The king granted me the request because the good hand of my God was upon me (Nehemiah 2:8b). The decisive factor was not his faith in his relationship with the king, but his faith in his relationship with the King of kings.

Then I went to the governors of Trans-Euphrates and I gave them the king’s letters. The king had also sent army officials and cavalry with me (Nehemiah 2:9). Ezra had not asked for an escort, but Nehemiah accepted protection from the king (for the different reasons, see BkEzra’s Arrival in Jerusalem).

Then we meet Nehemiah’s opposition: Sanballat the Horonite and Tobiah the Ammonite. These two men cast a long shadow over the story. Both of them were men of considerable influence and power, as can be seen not only from the connections they established with the high priest (Nehemiah 13:4 and 28), but from secular sources as well.

Sanballat the Horonite: As the governor of Samaria, he would have been a formidable opponent. Sanballat is a Babylonian name. Nehemiah’s term is Horonite, that is, a native of Beth-horon, about eighteen miles northwest of Jerusalem mentioned in Joshua 16:3-5. No doubt he saw Nehemiah’s visit to Jerusalem as a mission that would produce a strong Jerusalem and therefore bring about a decrease in his own political power. We know nothing of his own personal belief in YHVH, but it had to be a faith far removed from that held in the City of David (see the commentary on the Life of Solomon DdGolden Calves at Bethel and Dan). In Sanballat’s opposition to the Jews, we see the old hostility renewed between the northern kingdom of Samaria and the southern kingdom of Judah.215

Tobiah the Ammonite: One conjecture is that he was employed by Sanballat in some capacity, perhaps as his scribe. Tobiah is a Jewish name and not Ammonite, but the Tobiah family was to have influence in Ammon for a long time. These Tobiads may have been the descendants of the Tobiah who in Ezra 2:60 was rejected from the Jewish community because they were not able to give evidence of their fathers’ households and their descendants, whether they were of Isra’el. If so, their long-standing hatred against the Jewish community may have begun at that time.216

They were very displeased that a man had come to seek the welfare of Bnei-Yisrael (Nehemiah 2:10). They immediately began to plan how to stop Nehemiah from accomplishing God’s will. This attitude revealed the true nature of those men and their followers: they were committed enemies of YHVH and His people. It is particularly revealing that they were not so much opposed to the authority that Nehemiah possessed, but were opposed to anyone who sought the well-being of the Righteous of the TaNaKh. But Nehemiah’s motivation would remain strong. He knew that ADONAI had brought him to that moment in Isra’el’s history and he was about to tackle a project that others, for almost a hundred years before him, had been unable to complete.217

An important lesson to be learned here is that our protection is found in God alone. The Jews in Jerusalem were anxious to rebuild the city walls. They wanted a strong defense against the many enemies who surrounded them and would have been glad to see them carried off into captivity once again. King Artakh’shasta himself recognized the danger in the region, which is why he provided Nehemiah with a powerful military escort to protect him on the dangerous journey. These were treacherous times for the Jews, for there were many who hated them and longed to participate in their destruction.

Yet, ADONAI did not need stone walls or well-armed soldiers to protect His people. His omnipotent hand was sufficient, and His faithfulness to His promises ensured that nothing could ever touch His servants without His permission. Ezra had previously chosen to trust in Ha’Shem’s protection and make the same long journey without any military escort (see Bk Ezra’s Arrival in Jerusalem), and his faith had proved sound. This does not mean, of course, that Nehemiah had less faith than Ezra. The king had offered the escort, and Nehemiah saw that as God’s provision at the time. Nevertheless, had the king not offered any soldiers, Nehemiah would still have arrived safely through the faithfulness of YHVH.

However, we must not overlook the important element of obedience in God’s protection. Notice what Nehemiah prayed: YHVH, God of heaven, the great and awesome God who keeps the covenant and lovingkindness with those who love Him and keep His mitzvot, please let Your ears be attentive and Your eyes open to hear the prayer of Your servant that I am praying before You today (Nehemiah 1:5-6). Ha’Shem is always faithful to His promises, and faithful during the trials of life to be with His children, but He also expects us to be faithful to His Word. When we sin knowingly, we make ourselves vulnerable to the attacks of the evil one and hinder God’s hand of blessing in our lives. Our job is to obey His Word and trust Him for our needs.218

Nehemiah gives us four timeless principles of preparation:

First, changing hearts is God’s specialty. Do not try to change people to fit your specifications. Don’t try to manipulate people, play games, plan schemes, trick or deceive them. Instead, tell God on them! You may be dealing with someone who is just plain stubborn, and from every indication they are not going to change. Let Ha’Shem deal with their stubbornness. Relax. Let Him take care of it.

Second, praying and waiting go hand-in-hand. You have never really prayed until you’ve learned to wait, and wait with release. Abandon yourself – let God change the king’s heart. This is tough; it cuts across the grain of our human nature. But stand firm. Give up your own homemade solutions and run the risk of letting YHVH take charge.

Third, faith is not a synonym for disorder nor a substitute for careful planning. People of faith need orderly minds. Leaders like Nehemiah think through the problems they face. Although their circumstances may only allow them to take the first step now, you can be sure they have already thought through the next ten steps. Why – because faith breeds organization, for God is not the author of confusion (First Corinthians 14:33).

Opposition is to be expected when God’s will is carried out. When you follow God’s will, the Adversary will get busy. You become a threat. That’s why it’s important to study Nehemiah. You just have to love his tenacity. When he faced financial needs, he asked the king for letters. When he was afraid, he said, “ADONAI, give me the words to say.” He was a man of faith, yet he carefully balanced faith with realism. He didn’t have to have a detailed game plan in his hands, but he thought through the possible difficulties.219

2024-07-28T15:10:41+00:000 Comments

Bt – The Third Return Nehemiah 7:1 to 7:73a and 12:1 to 13:31

The Third Return
Nehemiah 7:1 to 7:73a and 12:1 to 13:31

445 to 432 BC

There was a twelve year gap between the ministry of Ezra and that of Nehemiah.

Like the First Return, it begins with preparation in Babylon and the introduction of the opposition to God’s plan from Sanballat, Tobiah and Geshem.

Leader: Nehemiah

Decree of: Artakh’shasta (445 BC)

Company: a small group

Purpose: Build the walls of Tziyon and continue to enact reforms

Problem: Samaritans and mixed marriages

Nehemiah: A Manual for Leaders

When it comes to leadership, Nehemiah stands with heroes of the TaNaKh like Joseph, Moses, Joshua and David. Yet, he is strangely obscure and virtually unknown to people today. It was written by a man who was prominent in business and politics in the ancient Near East. He not only possessed an exceptional personal philosophy of leadership, but he lived it out as well. In his lifetime, cupbearer to the King, he rose from utter obscurity to national recognition.

Believe it or not, what Nehemiah had to say about leadership speaks to the very same issues you and I face today. For example, we learn how to relate to touchy bosses; how to balance faith in Ha’Shem’s sovereignty and the need for personal planning; how to handle discouragement at the executive level; and how to respond to unwarranted criticism.

In this biblical manual for leaders we find timeless and reliable guidelines that work. They enable us to know how to build quality characteristics in ourselves and others – the kind that are rarely seen today. These truths are not suddenly “dumped” on us, but rather handed to us – brick by brick, as it were – in the form of a narrative. The story begins with an unassuming servant and follows his personal journey to become the official governor of Isra’el during its reconstruction, which incidentally points to our first lesson. Good leaders are made, not born; they are built, shaped, and tested by God – brick by brick – over time.

That’s one of the purposes of this ancient book; to equip you to build you into the kind of leader ADONAI desires – a true leader. If you allow yourself to get caught up in the story, you will find something wonderful begin to happen. As you watch the plot develop, as you see Nehemiah’s character and his project built, shaped, and tested, you will find something in your hand that wasn’t there before: a brick . . . something with which to begin building your own character.198 There are twelve examples of leadership in the life of Nehemiah.

1. It is essential that leaders have insight (to see link click Bn).

2. Nothing is more important for wise leaders than prayer (Bp).

3. Effective leaders establish clear priorities and use their time wisely (Bq).

4. There are four vital factors for competent leaders (Bu).

5. Successful leaders must be prepared when God opens the door of opportunity (Bw).

6. Competent leaders know how to handle themselves in solitude (Bx).

7. Effective leaders motivate people to action (Bz).

8. Wise leaders know how to handle criticism (Cc).

9. Good leaders do not merely rebuke, but takes steps to correct the problem (Cf).

10. Successful leaders lead by example (Cg).

11. Wise leaders must be careful not to fall (Ci).

12. Effective leaders are positive people (Cl).

2021-02-09T18:35:25+00:000 Comments

Bs – Those Guilty of Intermarriage Ezra 10: 16-44

Those Guilty of Intermarriage
Ezra 10: 16-44

Those guilty of intermarriage DIG: Which of these names have you seen listed elsewhere in Ezra? What is significant about only one singer and three gate-keepers marrying pagan wives (10:24)? Likewise, why do you suppose no Temple servants or descendants of Solomon’s servants are guilty of this? Why do you think children were insufficient reason for halting the divorce proceedings (10:44)? Why such furor over only 111 transgressors?

REFLECT: How do you feel about 111 families broken apart? How would you feel seeing your name listed here? Would that diminish the spiritual principle involved? This list of guilty men attests to a momentary purge and purification of Isra’el. Some 25 years later, Nehemiah would confront the same sin of mixed marriages. What does that say about human nature? The tenacity of sin? Where then do you place you hope for a purified Church today (see Matthew 13:24-30)?

March 27, 458 BC During the ministry of Ezra (to see link click BfThe Second Return).
Compiled by: The Chronicler from the Ezra and Nehemiah memoirs
(see Ac Ezra-Nehemiah from a Jewish Perspective: The Ezra Memoirs).

Ezra knew the story of Solomon and his foreign wives, and the devastating effect that it had on Isra’el (see the commentary on the Life of Solomon BxSolomon’s Wives). The Jewish family and the convictions of the whole Jewish community were at stake. Ezra’s action was drastic, but he chose the path most likely to protect the Jewish community from pagan syncretism.192 It is important for us to see that Ezra was not the initial instigator of this measure and was not the one who carried it out. As the Persian representative for reform, he bore the ultimate responsibility, but the people had agreed as one voice in the matter (see Bp The Israelites Confess Their Sins), approving of what they saw as the Lord’s will in a unique situation.193

So the exiles did as proposed. Ezra the cohen, leader of the tribunal, set apart men who were patriarchal leaders of their fathers’ households each designated by name. So they sat down on the first day of the tenth month to consider the matter, and they were finished dealing with all the men who had married foreign women about three months later on the first day of the first month of Nisan (Ezra 10:16-17), and almost exactly one year after they had set out from the Ahava Canal to go to Jerusalem (Ezra 8:31a). Ezra and the other spiritual leaders considered each case individually, and it was likely that each unbelieving wife was given an opportunity to openly forsake her false gods and embrace the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob as Ruth had done (see the commentary on Ruth An Your People Will Be My People and Your God My God). Such repentance would change the marriage from an unequal yoking to a proper marriage between the righteous of the TaNaKh. So, only the wives who were resolute in their unbelief were sent away.

The list of those who divorced their pagan wives seems rather short, considering the frequent reference to many of us (Ezra 10:13), so it is possible that at least some of the unbelieving spouses repented of their pagan ways and embraced God’s truth. Among the sons of the cohanim it was found that the following had married foreign women: The sons of Jeshua son of Jozadak and his brothers Maaseiah, Eliezer, Jarib and Gedaliah (Ezra 10:18). At the head of the list of those who had intermarried were the descendants and other relatives of the high priest who first returned with Zerubbabel and led in the Temple reconstruction. They all gave their hands in pledge to put away their wives, and for their guilt, they offered a ram of the flock as a guilt offering (Ezra 10:19). Although the pledge and guilt offering are mentioned only at this point, they are probably to be taken as the standard procedure throughout the list.

Also from the sons of Immer: Hanani and Zebadiah (Ezra 10:20). Given the fact it took three months to resolve the situation, this list of 113 men could represent only those in leadership. There were seventeen priests, ten Levites and eighty-six lay Israelites, which made up of less than one-percent of the total male population that had originally returned under the decree of Cyrus. The record must have been preserved in the Temple archives from which it was copied from the Chronicler. The entire process would last for about three months, about two cases a day. There were apparently more violators among the people, and even though Ezra and the Jewish leaders dealt with the problem directly, it would reappear years later under Nehemiah (see CrNehemiah’s Final Reforms).194

One might argue that such a small number, just over a hundred men, was so small as to be of no importance. But Scripture doesn’t agree with that. The stories of Achan in the TaNaKh (Joshua 7:1-26), and Ananias and Sapphira (Acts 5:1-11) are reminders to us of how the sin of a few can have serious consequences in the life of God’s people. Our sins can bring others to a standstill, draining their spiritual power and influence. A little hametz leavens the whole batch of dough (First Corinthians 5:6).195

From the sons of Harim: Maaseiah, Elijah, Shemaiah, Jehiel, and Uzziah (Ezra 10:21).

From the sons of Pashhur: Elioenai, Maaseiah, Ishmael, Nethanel, Jozabad and Elasah (Ezra 10:22). The same four clans listed generations earlier (see An Priests, Levites and Temple Servants Who Returned with Zerubbabel: The cohanim, or the priests descending from Aaron, returning).

From the Levites:

Jozabad, Shimei, Kelaiah – he is Kelita – Pethahiah, Judah and Eliezer (Ezra 10:23).

From the singers: Eliashib.

From the gatekeepers: Shallum, Telem, and Uri (Ezra 10:24).

Also from Isra’el:

From the sons of Parosh: Ramiah, Izziah, Malchijah, Mijamin, Eleazar, Malchijah and Benaiah (Ezra 10:25).

From the sons of Elam: Mattaniah, Zechariah, Jehiel, Abdi, Jeremoth, and Elijah (Ezra 10:26).

From the sons of Zattu: Elioenai, Eliashib, Mattaniah, Jeremoth, Zabad, and Aziza (Ezra 10:27).

From the sons of Bebai: Jehohanan, Hananiah, Zabbai and Athlai (Ezra 10:28).

From the sons of Bani: Meshullam, Malluch, Adaiah, Jashub, Sheal and Ramoth (Ezra 10:29).

From the sons of Pahath-moab: Adna, Chelal, Benaiah, Maaseiah, Mattaniah, Bezalel, Binnui and Manasseh (Ezra 10:30).

From the sons of Harim: Eliezer, Isshijah, Malchijah, Shemaiah, Shimeon (Ezra 10:31), Benjamin, Malluch and Shemariah (Ezra 10:32).

From the sons of Hashum: Mattenai, Mattattah, Zabad, Eliphelet, Jeremai, Manasseh and Shimei (Ezra 10:33).

From the sons of Bani: Maadai, Amram, Uel (Ezra 10:34), Benaiah, Bedeiah, Cheluhu (Ezra 10:35), Vaniah, Meremoth, Eliashib (Ezra 10:36), Mattaniah, Mattenai, Jaasai (Ezra 10:37), Bani, Binnui, Shimei (Ezra 10:38), Shelemiah, Nathan, Adaiah (Ezra 10:39), Machnadebai, Shashai, Sharai (Ezra 10:40), Azarel, Shelemiah, Shemariah (Ezra 10:41), Shallum, Amariah and Joseph (Ezra 10:42).

From the sons of Nebo: Jeiel, Mattithiah, Zabad, Zebina, Jaddai, Joel and Benaiah (Ezra 10:43).

All these had taken foreign women, and some of them had children by these wives (Ezra 10:44). The chapter ends with a touch of human feeling, in that it recognizes the tragic experience it was. An appropriate provision was doubtlessly made for the divorced wives and children.

A new start is not a new heart: The Jews returned to the Land with such promise. They had put away their idols, and only those who wanted to work on the Temple returned. This was a new beginning for Isra’el, and the sins of the previous generations of Jews must have seemed a distant memory. Yet, a generation or two later, they began imitating their parents’ sins. Passion, lust, and worldliness had fatally compromised them. It was as if the exile had never happened! As someone once said, “The place for the ship is in the sea, but God help the ship if the sea gets into it.”196

The main lesson of Ezra (and Nehemiah, Haggai, and Zechariah) is that apart from the B’rit Chadashah and the indwelling of the Ruach Ha’Kodesh, true obedience to God’s Word is impossible. ADONAI repeatedly started over . . . and the Israelites repeatedly failed. He started with Noah and his family, and sin gripped them as soon as they stepped off the ark. He started over with Moshe and a new nation fleeing from Egypt, but ended up leaving every one of them (except Joshua and Caleb) to die in the wilderness. YHVH had again purified Isra’el by removing their entire nation from the Land for seventy years (see the commentary on Jeremiah Gu Seventy Years of Imperial Babylonian Rule), but they were back to their sinful ways again.

This illustrates the fact that a new start does not necessarily indicate a new heart. This is the lesson that Yeshua gave Nicodemus, who was the teacher of Isra’el. Messiah told him: Very truly I tell you, no one can see the Kingdom of God unless they are born again (John 3:3). Nicodemus thought Jesus was telling him to start his life over, and he wondered how that was even possible. But the Lord told Nicodemus that without a new heart, fresh starts would simply produce fresh failures. The Jews were learning the lesson that they didn’t need their Land, their Temple, or the walls that Nehemiah would eventually build. What they needed was their Messiah.197

2024-07-28T15:08:05+00:000 Comments

Br – The Calling of a Public Assembly Ezra 10: 7-15

The Calling of a Public Assembly
Ezra 10: 7-15

The calling of a public assembly DIG: Why did Ezra respond so vehemently to the Jews’ marrying foreigners? Why was that such a big problem for God’s people? Why had the Jews married foreigners in the first place? Considering that they had just recently moved to a new home far from Persia, what factors might have made such marriages seem acceptable to them at the time? Why does God condemn marriage between a believing and unbelieving spouse? What dangers does it pose to the believer? To the children? To the Church as a whole? How do some believers justify marriage to an unbeliever as “no big deal?” What arguments do they use? What does God’s Word say on the matter?

REFLECT: Why does God hate divorce? Why did Yeshua make an exception in the case of adultery (Matthew 5:32)? How are adultery and divorce similar? What does it mean to be unequally yoked? How does this principle apply in other areas of life? How do the scriptures affect your marriage? How do they affect your views on divorce? How do these teachings apply to your own life?

Tevet 19, 458 BC During the ministry of Ezra (to see link click BfThe Second Return).
Compiled by: The Chronicler from the Ezra and Nehemiah memoirs
(see Ac Ezra-Nehemiah from a Jewish Perspective: The Ezra Memoirs).

Following a night of fasting in the room of Jehohanan (probably a priest who had a room in the Temple complex Ezra 10:6), a proclamation was circulated throughout Judah and Jerusalem for all of the exiles to assemble in Jerusalem (Ezra 10:7). As they had done two months earlier (see BpThe Israelites Confess Their Sins), all the people were brought as a single body into the plaza that was before the Water Gate (Nehemiah 8:1a). The Temple area was always the center of action in the book of Ezra.

Everyone who did not come within three days, would forfeit (Hebrew: cherem, which refers to putting something under a ban) all his property to the Temple treasury (Leviticus 7:21) according to the counsel of the officials and the elders, and would himself be cut off (Hebrew: karet, meaning the individual was devoted to destruction or excommunicated) from the assembly of the exiles (Ezra 10:8). This seems drastic, but the situation required stern measures if the community of YHVH was going to survive. The little community was in grave danger of being absorbed in the syncretism of its stronger and more powerful neighbors.188 Given that only the territories of Judah and Benjamin were involved, the greatest distance for the proclamation to travel would have been no more than forty to fifty miles.189

So within three days all the men of Judah and Benjamin assembled in Jerusalem. On the twentieth day of the ninth month of Kislev, a little more than four months after Ezra’s arrival, all the people were sitting in the plaza before the House of God, trembling because of fear of God’s wrath and over concern about their families being separated – and because of the rain (Ezra 10:9). This must have been exceptionally heavy because the Hebrew uses the plural of intensity, and the men interpreted the abnormal rainfall as a sign of Ha’Shem’s displeasure.

On December 19, 458 BC, on a cold, rainy day in Jerusalem, the leaders stood and shivered as accusations were read, demanding a confession and a willingness to agree collectively to reform. Bad weather prohibited a long speech. Wasting no time, Ezra summarized what had been said two months earlier (see BoEzra’s Prayer about Intermarriage), he cited their sin of unfaithfulness, pronounced their guilt, and challenged them to acknowledge their sin and do something about it by becoming separate from their unbelieving foreign wives (Second Corinthians 6:14). Then Ezra the cohen stood up and said to them, “You have been unfaithful and taken unbelieving foreign wives, increasing the guilt of Isra’el. They had violated the Torah and with it His covenant. The relationship had to be restored somehow. So now, give praise to ADONAI, the God of your fathers, and do His will. Separate yourselves from the people of the land and from your foreign wives” (Ezra 10:10-11). The Bible is clear that God allows divorce because of the hardness of the human heart (Deuteronomy 24:1-5), although it was considered a serious matter and one which ADONAI the God of Isra’el hates (Malachi 2:16). Yeshua also addressed the problem (see The Life of Christ Ij Is It Lawful for a Man to Divorce His Wife?). The issue here, however, was not one of race, but faith. The men had married unbelievers.

The people responded that they agreed, but that matter would take some time because of the large number of people involved and because of the rain. In fact, it took three months (see Bs Those Guilty of Intermarriage). The entire assembly answered and said with a loud voice, “Yes, we will do just as you have said” (Ezra 10:12).

However, the heavy rain and the numbers of men made it impossible for the matter to be dealt with in a timely fashion: There are many people here and it is the rainy season, and we are not able to stand outside. Besides, this task cannot be resolved in one or two days, for we have transgressed greatly in this matter (Ezra 10:13). This shows us how large the problem was and how widespread that sinful practice of mixed marriage was among the Israelites.

Let our leaders stand for the whole assembly. A proposal was made that each man who had married a foreign woman should make an appointment with the elders and judges of his hometown so that the matter could be settled locally. They agreed to do that until the burning wrath of our God is turned back from us in this matter (Ezra 10:14).
This was a good suggestion because the elders and judges of each town would know the individuals involved. They would know whether the women involved were worshipers of ADONAI or were still involved in pagan worship. The entire process would last for three months, until March 27, 458 BC, while the elders and judges met with the offending men.

Some opposition to the drastic proposal was to be expected. But the opposition was surprisingly small. Only four men, Jonathan son of Asahel and Jahzeiah son of Tikvah stood against this, supported by Meshullam and Shabbethai the Levite, but it is not clear why (Ezra 10:15). Perhaps they wanted to take care of the matter right away; or maybe they didn’t want to take care of it at all. There may have been friends or relatives whom some of those four men wanted to protect.190 At least one of them, Meshullam the Levite was mentioned (Ezra 10:29), but it was an extremely common name at the time, in fact, there are ten different Meshullams mentioned in Ezra-Nehemiah.

Believers should not marry unbelievers: For us today, Ezra’s reaction to the Jews marrying unbelievers might seem extreme. But, we must take care not to trust our modern way of thinking into God’s Word. Ezra’s response to the situation showed how seriously ADONAI took the sin of intermarriage. Indeed, the Israelites were returning from exile and rebuilding the Temple indicated that YHVH did indeed take intermarriage seriously – for it was that very sin that had led the nation into idolatry in the first place. The Scriptures refer to believers who are married to unbelievers as unequally yoked. The word picture comes from a pair of oxen that a farmer would use to pull his plow. The two animals would be connected with a yoke. If the two oxen had different ideas concerning their roles as they pulled the plow in different directions, with one trying to pull left and the other pulling to the right. The result would be obvious, the field would not be plowed and the plow itself might be destroyed in the contest of wills. Paul warned clearly: Do not be unequally yoked with unbelievers. For what partnership is there between righteousness and lawlessness? Or what fellowship does light have with darkness (Second Corinthians 6:14)? 

Two further principles are given for the believer who is already married to an unbeliever. First, he or she is not permitted to seek a divorce even though the marriage is unequal because God hates divorce (Malachi 2:16). Paul teaches us: But to the rest I say – I, not the Lord – if any brother has a wife who is not a believer, and she agrees to live with him, he must not divorce her. And if any woman has a husband who is not a believer, and he agrees to live with her, she must not divorce him (First Corinthians 7:12-13). Second, if an unbeliever is married to a believer, and the unbeliever wants a divorce, the believer should let the unbeliever go. Once again Paul wrote: But if the unbeliever separates, let him be separated. The brother or sister is not bound in such cases, but God has called you to shalom (First Corinthians 7:15).191

2021-02-09T23:38:16+00:000 Comments

Bq – A Binding Agreement Nehemiah 9:38 to 10:39

A Binding Agreement
Nehemiah 9:38 to 10:39

A binding agreement DIG: From verses 1-29, what significance do you see in the listing of specific names? Where else have you seen most of these names? Do you suppose the original agreement contained all the names of those summarized in verse 28? Why or why not? What subjects are covered by the provisions of this covenant? What rationale do you see for the prohibition in verse 30 (see Exodus 34:16)? For the prohibition and duties in verses 31-33 (see Exodus 20:8-11 and 30:11-16)? For the duties in verses 35-36 (see Deuteronomy 26:1-11)? Is Nehemiah prescribing tighter or more lenient restrictions than the Torah required? Why might that be? In verses 37-39, how did the Jews demonstrate they were good stewards? What had neglecting the house of God taught them in the past tense (see Nehemiah 13:11 and Haggai 1:4-11)?

REFLECT: For the believer, is there any similar covenant that reflects the values or principles of this chapter? Immersion? New members classes? Communion? What part does putting it in writing play? How could this become legalistic? Is personal stewardship a reliable index of commitment to God and His work? Why or why not? What else might serve that purpose for you? In your messianic synagogue or church, what seems most neglected, or in need of repair? God’s house? God’s Word? God’s people? God’s leaders? Why do you think so? What will you do about it this next week as a direct result of renewing your covenant vows?

458 BC During the ministry of Nehemiah (to see link click BtThe Third Return).
Compiled by: The Chronicler from the Nehemiah memoirs
(see Ac Ezra-Nehemiah From a Jewish Perspective: The Nehemiah Memoirs).

Following the public confession of sin that took place on the twenty-fourth day of the seventh month, Isra’el entered into a written binding agreement. The Hebrew verb karat, used many times in the TaNaKh to make or cut (Hebrew: berit), is used here with binding agreement (Hebrew: anana). The Chronicler may have used it here because in Nehemiah 9:7-8 he remembered Abraham’s faithfulness (the same Hebrew root aman) and ADONAI’s covenant with him (see the commentary on Genesis, to see link click Eg I am the LORD, Who Brought You Out of Ur of the Chaldeans to Give You This Land). Just as Abraham was faithful, the exiles from the Babylonian Captivity must be faithful to God.173

Collectively, they were convicted by the demands of Scripture. Corporate and personal sin had been exposed. Wearing sackcloth with dust on their heads, they expressed their sorrow for their failure to obey the Torah. But it was not enough to say they were sorry; they needed to express the sincerity of their desire to serve ADONAI wholeheartedly and passionately. Repentance, after all, includes both a turning from sin, and a turning to God.174

The life of a believer is a series of new beginnings. The Lord is able to keep us from stumbling (Jude 24), but if we do stumble, He is able to lift us up again. From ADONAI our steps are made firm, when He delights in our way. Though we stumble, we will not fall headlong, for ADONAI is holding our hand (Psalm 37:23-24). The nation had sinned, but now it was taking new steps of dedication and obedience.175

As we consider the story of Nehemiah, we find people who were anxious to change their lives. In short, they were determined to do things in the order of importance. First things were to come first. It was as if they were saying, “Because of all these things we have brought before You, ADONAI, we want to establish some priorities. We are making a binding agreement in writing.” Nehemiah Chapter 9 dealt with those priorities (see Bp The Israelites Confess Their Sins). They poured out their souls to God. They declared their dependence on Him.

In the third example of leadership in the life of Nehemiah, effective leaders establish clear priorities and use their time wisely (see BtThe Third Return). Under the leadership of Nehemiah, the people of God decided to put first things first, regardless of the situation. This action, this document, was a crucial choice in the life of Isra’el. They drove a literal stake into the ground that day, which became part of their rallying point. They drafted and ratified their declaration of dependence and distinction – their constitution. It established their purpose and values. It was as if the righteous of the TaNaKh were saying, “We don’t care if anyone else in the world lives by this. We will live by it. It will be our guide. Our homes will be distinct. Our philosophy of life will not be like that of those who live outside our walls – or even some who live within the walls of the City. This is something, ADONAI, that we want to live out before You.176

Seventh, a solemn, climatic oath and recommitment by way of a covenant: Now because of all this (see Bp The Israelites Confess Their Sins), the Israelites made a binding agreement in writing. Covenants need to be signed in order to take effect. Think of a marriage certificate and the signing ritual after public vows have been made. The thousands present in Jerusalem in Nehemiah’s day could not all have signed the document, so representatives performed the signing ritual: The names of their leaders, their Levites and their cohanim agreed to affix their seals on a written document that they would obey the stipulations of the Torah (Nehemiah 9:38). On the sealed document were:

The chief leaders and priests who signed (see AcEzra-Nehemiah From a Jewish Perspective: This commentary is based on several premises). Putting a seal on this document was a serious matter because it meant making a solemn oath before the LORD (Deuteronomy 29:10-13). Zedekiah; Seraiah, Azariah, Jeremiah, Pashhur, Amariah, Malchijah, Hattush, Shebaniah, Malluch, Harim, Meremot, Obadiah, Dani’el, Ginnethon, Baruch, Meshullam, Abijah, Mijamin, Maaziah, Bilgai, and Shemaiah. These were the cohanim (Nehemiah 10:1-8).

The Levites who signed: And the Levites were:

Jeshua son of Azaniah, Binnui from the sons of Henadad, Kadmiel (Nehemiah 10:9),

and their associates Shebaniah, Hodiah, Kelita, Pelaiah, Hanan (Nehemiah 10:10),

Mica, Rehob, Hashabiah (Nehemiah 10:11),

Zaccur, Sherebiah, Shebaniah (Nehemiah 10:12),

Hodiah, Bani, and Beninu (Nehemiah 10:13).

The other leaders who signed: The leaders of the people (most of these names represent the heads of leading lay families):

Parosh, Pahat-Moab, Elam, Zattu, Bani (Nehemiah 10:14),

Bunni, Azgad, Bebai (Nehemiah 10:15),

Adonijah, Bigvai, Adin (Nehemiah 10:16),

Ater, Hezekiah, Azzur (Nehemiah 10:17),

Hodiah, Hashum, Bezai (Nehemiah 10:18),

Hariph, Anathoth, Nebai (Nehemiah 10:19),

Magpiash, Meshullam, Hezir (Nehemiah 10:20),

Meshezabel, Zadok, Jaddua (Nehemiah 10:21),

Pelatiah, Hanan, Anaiah (Nehemiah 10:22),

Hoshea, Hananiah, Hasshub (Nehemiah 10:23),

Hallohesh, Pilha, Shobek (Nehemiah 10:24),

Rehum, Hashabnah, Maaseiah (Nehemiah 10:25),

and Ahiah, Hanan, Anan (Nehemiah 10:26),

Malluch, Harim, and Baanah (Nehemiah 10:27).

The solemn promises: Now the rest of the people – the cohanim, the Levites, the gatekeepers, the singers, the Temple servants, and all who had separated themselves from the peoples of the lands for the sake of the Torah of God, along with their wives, their sons and their daughters who were able to understand – did not place their seals into the written agreement, but they did join their brothers the nobles, and enter into a curse (Deuteronomy 28:15-68) and an oath to walk in the Torah of God given through Moses the servant of God, and to keep and do all the mitzvot of Adonai our Lord, along with His ordinances and His statutes (Nehemiah 10:28-29). It was made completely clear that everyone, down to the youngest children who could understand, shared in this oath.

Should believers today bind themselves with oaths as we seek to walk with the Lord and serve Him? Probably not. Our relationship with ADONAI is like that of children to a father, and our Father wants our obedience to be based on love. I don’t know of any examples in the B’rit Chadashah of believers taking oaths of obedience to God. Our obedience should be a joyful response to all that He has done for us in Messiah (Colossians 3:1ff). We don’t succeed as believers because we make promises to YHVH, but because we believe the promises of God and act upon them.177

Mixed marriages: In Nehemiah 10:29 there was a general promise to obey what God had declared. But in Nehemiah 10:30, the people specifically said that they would obey Him in their homes. Furthermore, we will not give our daughters to non-believers, the peoples of the land, and we will not take their daughters for our sons. They took marrying idol-worshipers very seriously. Divorce was permitted in the TaNaKh (Deuteronomy 24:1), although it was considered a serious matter and one which God hated (Malachi 2:6). The issue here was not marriages that were racially mixed, but marrying unbelievers (Second Corinthians 6:14-7:1). Bo’az, a descendant of David, married Ruth, a Moabitess (see the commentary on Ruth Bd Coda: The Genealogy of David), but she became a proselyte of the Covenant (see the commentary on Ruth An Your People Will Be My People and Your God My God). Therefore, theirs was not a mixed marriage. However, the marriages Ezra was addressing were Jews marrying unbelievers, or the people of the land around them. This became a big issue as the next file will detail (see Bs Those Guilty of Intermarriage).

Believers marrying unbelievers, what I call “missionary dating,” is still a problem in the congregations of God today. “As long as we love each other, it will work out!” is the argument many messianic rabbis and pastors hear from believers who want to marry unbelievers. But the question is not, “Will this marriage work out?” but, “Will this marriage enjoy God’s best blessing and fulfill His will?” It’s difficult to see how Ha’Shem can bless and use people who deliberately disobey His Word (Second Corinthians 6:14 to 7:1; First Corinthians 7:39).178 Becoming a believer after being married, however, is an entirely different matter altogether. For the unbelieving husband is made holy through the wife, and the unbelieving wife is made holy through her husband. Otherwise your children would be unclean, but now they are holy (First Corinthians 7:14).

The Sabbath: When the people of the land bring merchandise or any kind of grain on Shabbat, we will not buy from them on Shabbat or on a holy day. The mitzvot regarding Shabbat and the Sabbatical Year are based on the Torah, but they define new cases. The Jews would not have bought and sold among themselves. However, living so close to non-Jews who brought merchandise to sell on the Sabbath presented a new situation. The people could now see that the tone and spirit of the day were being threatened. Also every seventh year we will forego working the land and the debt of every hand (Nehemiah 10:31). The poor would be protected. The land would lie fallow in the seventh year. During the seventh year, when the land was not cultivated or planted, the poor could help themselves to whatever grew on it, the vineyards and olive groves (Exodus 23:11).179

The Support for the House of God: The phrase the House of our God is used nine times in this section and refers to the restored Temple. The people were promising ADONAI that they would obey His mitzvot and provide what was needed for the ministry at the Temple. To be sure, the restored Temple didn’t have the magnificence of the Temple built by Solomon (Ezra 3:8-13; Haggai 2:1-9), but it was God’s House just the same and deserved the support of God’s people. The promised support was specific and involved four different areas of ministry.

First, the Temple tax: During the time of Moshe, everyone over twenty was charged half a shekel as a ransom for himself, and this money was used for the service of the tent of meeting (see the commentary on Exodus EuThe Atonement Money for the Tabernacle). But it was levied only when a census was held, whereas, the present passage promises a slightly small but annual sum.180 We also assume responsibility for the mitzvot to give a third of a shekel each year for the work of the House of our God: for the bread of the Presence (see the commentary on Exodus Fo The Bread of the Presence in the Sanctuary: Christ, the Bread of Life), the regular grain offering and regular burnt offering, the Shabbatot, the New Moons, for the moadim, for the holy things, for the sin offerings to atone for Isra’el, and for all the service of the House of our God (Nehemiah 10:32-33).

Today we don’t have to provide animals, grain, and other materials in order for the Church, made up of Jews and Gentiles (Ephesians 3:14), to worship the Lord, but we do have to help maintain the work of the ministry. This means paying salaries (Luke 10:7), sharing with the needy (First Corinthians 16:1-3), and being good stewards of all that ADONAI gives us (Second Corinthians Chapters 8 and 9), so that the gospel may be sent to the whole world. For where your treasure is, there your heart will be also (Matthew 6:21).181

Second, the wood offering: We – the cohanim, the Levites and the people – have cast lots concerning the offering of wood, to bring it into the House of our God according to our ancestral house at the appointed times year by year to burn on the altar of ADONAI, our God, as it is written in the Torah (Nehemiah 10:34). The work of supplying the wood necessary for the altar fires was a part of the task assigned to the Temple servants, or the Nethinim (see An Priests, Levites and Temple Servants Who Returned with Zerubbabel). As a result of the Babylonian captivity, their organization was broken up, and though some returned to Jerusalem, they were probably not so numerous as before. Therefore, it became necessary for all classes of Jews to attend to this work, and this was regulated by the casting of lots. This work was called the offering of wood in the text and can also be seen in the final verse of Nehemiah (13:31). The rabbis teach that different families had different times of the year assigned to them for their share in the work. This was the origin of a great festival that was known by the name of “the feast of the wood-carrying,” and was celebrated annually on a certain day in Av (corresponding to the months of July-August). This was the last day of the year that wood could be cut for this purpose, and all the people without the distinction of being part of a Jewish tribe, like the Temple servants, brought wood to the Temple on that day. The festival was universally and joyously kept; no fasting or mourning was permitted.182 The Oral Law (Ta’an. 4.5) records that this happened nine times a year.

Third, the firstfruits: The list of firstfruit offerings here appears to take a maximum view of what the Torah required. There were basically five kinds of fruits: Also to bring the firstfruits of our land (Exodus 23:19) and (1) the firstfruits of all fruit trees year by year to the House of Adonai, and the firstborn of our sons. These were to be redeemed and the money given to the priests (Exodus 8:13; Numbers 18:15ff), and (2) our livestock as written in the Torah (Exodus 13:11-13). If they belonged to the species not offered on the altar, they had to be redeemed by being exchanged for a lamb; the firstborn of our cattle and our sheep to the House of our God – (3) to the cohanim ministering in the House of our God (Deuteronomy 26:2) was responsible for the payment of the tithe; and the first of our coarse meal, (4) along with our offerings – the fruit from every kind of tree, new wine and oil – to the cohanim at the store rooms of the House of our God, as well as (5) a tenth of the crop of our land to the Levites (Nehemiah 10:35-37a). The various commandments and offerings in the Torah leave a considerable amount of leeway – especially to the generations removed from the original practices – about how they all related to each other. Leaving nothing to chance, Ezra’s community combined them all together. The gathering of the tithe became systematic, with the Levite, the chief beneficiary, permitted to take the initiative rather than leaving it to the donor.183

Fourth, the tithes: The word tithe means a tenth. The Jews were to bring a tenth of their produce to the LORD each year for the support of the Levites. The Levites then were to give a tenth of the tithes they received to the priests (Numbers 18:25-32). The Israelites were to tithe the other ninety percent that was left over and take it to the Temple for the annual feasts (Deuteronomy 26:1-11). To those tithes was added a third tithe, received every third year for the poor (Nehemiah 14:28-29).

Chambers in the outer courts of the Temple were used as storerooms for the silver, gold, and other objects. Also, the cohen, a descendant of Aaron, will be with the Levites when the Levites receive the tithe, and the Levites will bring a tenth of the tithes up to the House of our God, to the storerooms of the treasury (Nehemiah 10:37b-38). 

For Bnei-Yisrael and the sons of Levi will bring the grain offering, new wine, and oil to the storerooms where the utensils for the Sanctuary, and for the ministering cohanim, the gatekeepers, and the singers are kept. The people’s pledge, then, was not merely lip-service. They meant it (at the time). It was accepted as a heavy burden, saying: We will not forsake the House of our God (Nehemiah 10:39).184

While there is no express command in the B’rit Chadashah that believers should tithe today (see the commentary on The Life of Christ DoWhen You Give to the Needy, Do Not Do It to be Honored by Others), proportionate giving is certainly suggested (First Corinthians 16:1-3). We are stewards of God’s wealth and must make wise use of what He shares with us. If people who lived before the cross (see the commentary on Exodus DaThe Dispensation of the Torah) could bring three tithes, how much more should we give today who live under the New Covenant of God’s abundant grace?185

In this binding agreement, though given in summary form, the details and extent of the commitment and sacrifice of the people of Isra’el are breathtaking. They made promises – oaths – that they were of the most serious nature. Religion to them was not a trifling matter. It was not something to be engaged in on the Sabbath and then quickly forgotten. It was life-changing and total in its scope.186

Those tithes and offerings given to ADONAI, were responses to His grace. They follow a distinctive pattern of gospel logic: obedience is offered by way of gratitude of grace received – never the other way around. Nothing is more vital to appreciate than this! Get this wrong, and everything goes wrong! We dare not confuse the priority of grace in the promise of obedience, or else we sow the seeds of legalism. But equally important, we dare not so emphasize the beauty of grace that we ignore the need for gratitude expressed in will and devoted obedience from the heart to live unreservedly for the Lord. For the pools of grace received comes the echo of a willing heart, nowhere better expressed than the prayer: “My heart I offer to You, O Lord, promptly and sincerely.”

Is this your response?187

2021-02-09T18:13:52+00:000 Comments

Bp – The Israelites Confess Their Sins Ezra 10:1-6 and Nehemiah 9:1-37

The Israelites Confess Their Sins
Ezra 10:1-6 and Nehemiah 9:1-37

The Israelites confess their sins DIG: What is the effect of Ezra’s prayer on the people? What is Shecaniah’s message and its effect? Why would the Israelites confess their sins right after Sukkot, which is supposed to be a time of joy? Why did they separate themselves from all foreigners? In the prayer recorded here, God’s grace and power are reviewed throughout redemptive history. Where do you see God at work in creation? In Abraham? In Egypt? In the Exodus? In the wilderness? At Mount Sinai? In their possessing Canaan? In the era of the Judges? Of the prophets? Where is the LORD at work in their present situation? What Psalm(s) does this whole prayer remind you of? In seeing God in a new light in this prayer, how do the people then respond (especially notice the verbs)? How do the people think Ha’Shem treated them? What did they say was the source of all their problems?

REFLECT: When was the last time you needed to confess your sins to someone else? What brought it out into the open? How was your confession received? How does a believer today show sincerity in our confession and repentance of sin? In doing so, what part would you attribute to God’s Word? To other believers? To prayer? What is the “great distress” from which you want ADONAI to deliver you? What is the connection here between repentance and hope? Between prayer and action? Between unilateral covenant and mutual agreement? Point of decision and process of implementation? When have you been caught in a cycle of learning and relearning the same lesson over and over again? What are some sacrifices you have had to make? How did you feel about them?

During the ministry of Ezra (to see link click BfThe Second Return).
Compiled by: The Chronicler from the Ezra and Nehemiah memoirs
(see Ac Ezra-Nehemiah from a Jewish Perspective: The Ezra and Nehemiah Memoirs).

This is one of the great chapters in the Bible on prayer. Like Abraham’s prayer for Sodom (Genesis 18:23-33), the prayer of Dani’el (Dani’el 9:1-19), Nehemiah’s plea for God’s help (Nehemiah 1:1-11), or the prayer here that is a model for us to employ when our tired prayers need refreshing. From time to time, when prayer has become routine- a shopping list of intercessions, asking the Lord to bless this or that, and little by way of adoration or confession – we need to rethink our approach to prayer. All of us, if we are honest, know all too well the experience of lifelessness that can overtake our spiritual condition, when energy and vitality give way to routine and predictability – and, worse, to deadness and prayerlessness. Reading this particular prayer, with its unrelenting, God-focused perspective, and unfettered confession of personal and corporate sin, should prove a tonic for tried, struggling souls.167

Now on the twenty-fourth day of Tishri, two days after the celebration of Sukkot ended (to see link click Bn The Feast of Sukkot Celebrated), while Ezra was praying and confessing, weeping and prostrating himself before the House of God, a very large assembly of Israelites – men, women and children – gathered around him, fasting and wearing sackcloth and putting dust on their heads, weeping very bitterly as the earnestness of Ezra’s confession (see Bo – Ezra’s Prayer about Intermarriage) and his profound grief affected them greatly (Ezra 10:1-2a; Nehemiah 9:1)

Then one man, Shecaniah son of Jehiel (Ezra 8:3), who was not involved in the mixed marriages, was bold and chose to obey God rather than please his relatives, spoke for all the people who were weeping and said to Ezra, “We have been unfaithful to our God and have married foreign women from the people of the land living in Judea. But in spite of this, there is still hope for Isra’el. So now let us make a covenant with our God to send away all these unbelieving women and their offspring, in accordance with the counsel of my lord and of those who fear the commands of our God. Let it be done according to the Torah (Deuteronomy 7:1-6). Arise! For this matter concerns you.” Shecaniah then promised Ezra that the people would stand behind him in such a decision, saying: We are with you, so be strong and do it (Ezra 10:2b-4)! Though divorce was not the norm, it may have been preferable in this situation because the mixed marriages, if continued, would eventually destroy the nation. Shecaniah urged Ezra to act, but the responsibility was his.

So Ezra rose up and made the leading cohanim, the Levites, and all Isra’el take an oath to do according to this word; and they took the oath. Once he had the promise of support from the leaders, he was confident that the rest of Isra’el would follow. The offspring of Isra’el separated themselves from all foreigners, standing and confessing their sins and the iniquities of their fathers. They stood in their place and read in the scroll of the Torah of ADONAI their God for three hours; and for another three hours they were confessing and prostrating themselves before ADONAI their God (Ezra 10:5; Nehemiah 9:2-3).

Then the Levites – Jeshua, Bani, Kadmiel, Shebaniah, Bunni, Sherebiah, Bani, and Chenani – all stood on the same high wooden platform that Ezra had stood on twenty-four days earlier (see Bm – Ezra Reads the Torah Scroll of Moses), and cried out with a loud voice to ADONAI their God (Nehemiah 9:4). The Levites – Jeshua, Kadmiel, Bani, Hashabneiah, Sherebiah, Hodiah, Shebaniah, and Pethahiah said to the people, “Stand up! Bless ADONAI your God, from everlasting to everlasting, from the beginning of creation to the end of all existence” (Nehemiah 9:5a)! This is the first of twelve prayers recorded in Nehemiah (here, 1:5-11, 2:4, 4:4, 4:9, 5:19, 6:9, 6:14, 13:14, 13:22, 13:29, 13:31).

Ezra and his companions were overwhelmed by God’s greatness. This is exactly what Yeshua exemplifies in His response to the apostle’s request for help in prayer. He gave them the model of the Lord’s prayer (see the commentary on The Life of Christ Dp When You Pray, Go into Your Room and Close the Door), in which the first half sings the praises of the Father’s glory and greatness, urging them to focus on ADONAI.

In the second example of leadership recorded by Nehemiah (see BtThe Third Return), of all the disciplines a leader must maintain, nothing – let me repeat, NOTHING – is more important than prayer. The prayer here consists of seven distinctive sections:

First, praise to God as Creator: May Your glorious Name be blessed; may it be exalted above all blessing and praise. Nehemiah 9:6-11 has passed into the Jewish liturgy as part of the daily morning prayers. You alone are ADONAI. You made the heavens, even the highest heaven with all its array the rabbis teach that this phrase denotes the highest of the seven heavens (Colossians 1:16), the earth and everything on it, the seas and everything in them. You give life to them all, and the multitudes of angels in heaven worship You (Nehemiah 9:5b-6). The doctrine of creation is important because it emphasizes God’s sovereignty over all.

Second, a careful review of Isra’el’s history with a particular focus on God’s faithfulness: You are ADONAI, the God who chose Abram, and through him the people of Isra’el, brought him from Ur of the Chaldeans and gave him the name Abraham. You found his heart faithful before You and made a covenant with him to give the land of the Canaanite, Hittite, Amorite, Perizzite, Jebusite and the Girgashite to his seed (see the commentary on Genesis EgI am the LORD, Who Brought You Out of Ur of the Chaldeans to Give You This Land). You have fulfilled Your words, for You are righteous (Nehemiah 9:7-8).

The exodus experience had a decisive influence on the life and thought of Isra’el. You saw the affliction of our fathers in Egypt and heard their cry by the Sea of Reeds. You gave signs and wonders against Pharaoh, all his servants, and all the people of his land, for You knew how insolently they treated them. You made a name for Yourself which remains to this day. You divided the sea before them, so that they passed through the midst of the sea on dry land! But their pursuers You threw into the depths like a stone into mighty waters (see the commentary on Exodus Ci The Waters Were Divided and the Jews Went Through the Sea). You led them with a pillar of cloud by day and with a pillar of fire by night to illuminate for them the way they were to go (see the commentary on Exodus Cg After Leaving Succoth they Camped at Etham). God had delivered them from Babylon just as He had delivered them from Egypt (Nehemiah 9:9-12). We should also remember God’s daily guidance as a miraculous gift.168

You descended on Mount Sinai and spoke with them from heaven. You gave them just judgments, reliable laws, and good statutes and mitzvot. You made known to them Your holy Shabbat and ordained for them mitzvot, statutes and Torah by the hand of Your servant Moses (see the commentary on Exodus Dj The Ten Commandments). You gave them bread from heaven for their hunger (see the commentary on Exodus Cr I Will Rain Down Manna from Heaven for You), and brought them water from the rock for their thirst (see the commentary Exodus Cu Strike the Rock and Water Will Come Out of It). You told them to go in to possess the land that You had sworn to give them, literally raised your hand (Nehemiah 9:13-15). God gave the commandments as not simply negative commands, but a blueprint for godly living. So, the Jews did not see the Torah as a burden or something negative, but as a gift from YHVH to guide His people in forming a good and just society. But the corruption of the commandments that we see in the gospels resulted in bondage and not freedom, legalism and not grace (see the commentary on The Life of Christ EiThe Oral Law).

Third, a testimony of God’s forgiveness, graciousness and compassion in memorable words: The intensity of the people’s failure seemed to intensify the urgency and conviction of their prayer. But they, our ancestors, became arrogant and rebellious against God even to the point of worshiping a golden calf. They stiffened their neck and did not obey Your mitzvot. They refused to obey and did not remember Your wonders that You did among them. Instead, they became stiff-necked and in their rebellion, appointed a leader (Numbers 14:4) in order to return to their bondage. The imagery is that of an animal that struggles against having a yoke placed on its neck. This attitude of pride and wickedness was widespread during the monarchical period and was the reason for the fall of both Samaria and Judea. But You are a God of forgiveness, merciful and compassionate, slow to anger, and abounding in love. Therefore, You did not abandon them, even when they made a cast image of a calf for themselves (see the commentary on Exodus Gq – The Golden Calf Incident) and said: This is your god who brought you up from Egypt! or when they committed great blasphemies (Nehemiah 9:16-18).

Yet in Your great compassion, You did not abandon them in the wilderness. God punishes sin, but He is also a God of compassion. This prayer teaches us that to view the God of the TaNaKh as a God of anger, and the B’rit Chadashah as a God of love is false. Even when the people rebelled, He responded with grace. The pillar of cloud by day did not depart from above them, guiding them in the way, nor the pillar of fire by night, illuminating the way they should go. You also gave Your good Ruach to teach them. You did not withhold Your manna from their mouth and You gave them water for their thirst. For forty years You sustained them in the desert: they lacked nothing, their garments did not wear out and their feet did not swell (Nehemiah 9:19-21). ADONAI met every need. This prayer reflects the faith of the people that just as God cared for the children of Isra’el who came up from Egypt, they too would be cared for in a similar way.

You gave them kingdoms and peoples and You allotted them their boundaries of the land. They possessed the land of Sihon king of Heshbon and the country of Og king of Bashan. You multiplied their descendants like the stars of heaven (see the commentary on Genesis Ef Abram Believed the LORD and He Credited It to Him as Righteousness), and You brought them into the Land that You told their ancestors to enter and inherit. The phrase like the stars of heaven is basic to the original covenant with Abram. The fulfillment of the covenant was realized in the fact that there were people who had regathered in the Land to renew the covenant.169 So the children went in and possessed the Land. You subdued before them the Canaanites who were the inhabitants of the land. You delivered them into their hands, along with their kings and the peoples of the land to deal with them as they pleased. They captured fortified cities and fertile land. They took possession of houses full of every good thing – hewn cisterns, vineyards, olive groves, and an abundance of fruit trees. They ate and were satisfied, and grew fat. They enjoyed Your great goodness (Nehemiah 9:22-25). However, Isra’el took all their prosperity for granted and disobeyed God’s commands.

Fourth, an open confession of sin: This section presents the same four-step cycle seen
in the book of Judges: (1) the people were disobedient; (2) God handed them over to their enemies, who oppressed them; (3) then they cried out to ADONAI for help; (4) YHVH heard and delivered them.

(1) Nonetheless they became contentious and rebelled against You once again. They cast Your Torah behind their back. They killed Your prophets who warned them (Matthew 23:30-31) to return to You; they committed appalling blasphemies. (2) Therefore, You delivered them into the hand of their enemies who oppressed them. (3) But in the time of their distress, they cried out to You and You heard from heaven. (4) According to Your great compassion, You gave them deliverers, who rescued them out of the hands of their enemies (Nehemiah 9:26-27). Isra’el seemed to have needed a crisis to recognize her need of dependence of Ha’Shem. Thus, the cycle repeated itself.

(1) But as soon as they were at rest, they returned to doing evil before You. Therefore, You abandoned them into the hand of their enemies who ruled over them. When they repented and cried out to You, You heard from heaven, and according to Your compassion You delivered them many times (Nehemiah 9:28). When all goes well, it’s easy to neglect our dependence on God. Often we do not realize that we need Him until we are under oppression. Our last resort is prayer, rather than being our first resort.

The prophetic messages were inspired by the Spirit of God. However, even revelation through the prophets was rejected. You warned them in order to turn them back to Your Torah, but they became brazen and disobeyed Your mitzvot. They sinned against Your ordinances – those by which if a man does them he will live. They turned a stubborn shoulder and stiffened their necks, and would not listen. You bore with them for many years and admonished them by Your Ruach through the hand of Your prophets. (2) Yet they would not listen, so You handed them over to the people of the lands. This entire prayer emphasizes God’s abundant mercy. The prayer recognized that Ha’Shem would have been justified in putting an end to those rebellious people. Yet, He kept on loving, guiding and delivering them. Nevertheless, in Your great compassion, You did not put an end to them or abandon them, for You are a gracious and compassionate God (Nehemiah 9:29-31).

Fifth, with their checkered past and the LORD’s faithfulness fresh on their minds, the Jews took stock of their present situation: In this concluding part of the Levites’ prayer, they asked for relief, again acknowledging ADONAI’s power, majesty and loyalty. (3) So now, our God – the great, mighty and awesome God, who keeps covenant and mercy – do not let all the hardship that has befallen us throughout our history because of our disobedience seems insignificant to you – our kings, our leaders, our cohanim, our prophets, our ancestors and all Your people, from the time of the kings of Assyria, over four hundred years before Ezra’s time, to this day (Nehemiah 9:32). The people could address ADONAI as our God because they knew He was merciful. The Chronicler wrote: If My people, over whom My Name is called, humble themselves and pray and seek My face and turn from their evil ways, then I will hear from heaven and will forgive their sin and will heal their Land (Second Chronicles 7:14). The covenant relationship between YHVH and His people is central in the Bible. The people knew that God was faithful and merciful because of His actions in the past. Nevertheless, the last cycle was not completed (also see the commentary on The Life of Christ Hu The Parable of the Lost Son and His Jealous Brother). The cry for help (the third step in the cycle) is the theme of this prayer, and it looks forward to ADONAI’s expected deliverance.

You are righteous in all that has come upon us. For You have acted faithfully even while we have done wickedly. The people recognized that God’s judgment was just and they deserved punishment because their ancestors did not obey Ha’Shem. Our kings, our leaders, our cohanim, and our ancestors have not kept Your Torah or paid attention to Your mitzvot or Your testimonies by which you have admonished them. Even in their own kingdom with the abundance of Your good things that You gave them, or with the spacious and fertile land that You set before them, they did not serve You or turn back from their evil deeds (Nehemiah 9:33-35).

Sixth, a complaint that the people are in distress: But see, even today we are slaves! Slaves in the Land that You gave to our ancestors to eat of its fruit and its bounty. We are slaves in it. Even though the Persians were not cruel to their subjects as Assyria and Babylon had been, they exacted heavy taxes. The Jews were still their subjects, but their desire was to live only under the God of their ancestors. It’s abundant produce goes to the kings You have set over us due to our sins. They rule over our bodies and over our livestock as they please. The prayer ends on a confessional note. We are in great distress (Nehemiah 9:36-37)! Such an end to a prayer is a tremendous sign of faith in YHVH. The people knew that ADONAI was their only chance for deliverance, just as it had been the case for the children of Isra’el when they were in Egypt.170

Then Ezra got up from before the House of God and went into the room of Jehohanan son of Eliashib (see Af – Ezra-Nehemiah Timeline: The dates of the high priests). While he was there, he ate no bread and drank no water, because he continued to mourn over the unfaithfulness of the exiles (Ezra 10:6). This was an unusually stringent fast, for people generally only fasted from food but not from water. It indicated the depth of Ezra’s grief and alarm over this situation, which underscores the seriousness of marrying an unbeliever.171

Seventh, a solemn, climatic oath and recommitment by way of a covenant in the next file (see BqA Binding Agreement). Employing these seven observations in our own prayer life would have an immediate, reforming effect on the content of our prayers. The prayer is earnest and forthright. Everything about it suggests sincerity and urgency. They knew themselves to be sinners and knew that ADONAI had every right to be angry with them. This was not a time for excuses. They wanted to have real dealings with YHVH and not simply the trappings of religion. It was time for commitment and promise in the face of the covenant mercies of God.172

2021-02-09T17:28:51+00:000 Comments

Bo – Ezra’s Prayer about Intermarriage Ezra 9: 1-15

Ezra’s Prayer about Intermarriage
Ezra 9: 1-15

Ezra’s prayer about intermarriage DIG: How extensive was the problem of intermarriage? What five parties are guilty (9:1-2; see 10:18-43 for the names)? How long is Ezra on the scene before being brought in for damage control (compare 10:9 and 7:9)? Ezra wanted to establish a holy nation with pure marriages. What are the pros and cons of this (see Deuteronomy 7:1-5; Malachi 2:10-16; Second Corinthians 6:14 against Genesis 41:45; Numbers 12:1)? What is the emotional tone in Ezra’s response? The gist of his logic? The dramatic high-point (or low-point)? Why is he so heart-broken? What five themes do you see in this classic prayer (see verses 6, 8, 10, 13, 15)? What does this prayer tell you about which is greater – guilt or grace? Slavish habits or new life? God’s anger or mercy? What hope for the remnant do you see (9:14)?

REFLECT: What effect do you suppose this prayer had on the audience? On later readers? On God? On you? Explain? Some 25 years later, Nehemiah dealt with the same problem of intermarriage with foreigners, but “pulled more hair” than Ezra (see Nehemiah 13:23-29). If confronted with similarly offensive sin, would you respond? Do you have a problem with people marrying a non-believer? How common is that among your friends? With what results? What else could compromise a struggling community of faith as much as mixed marriages in ancient Isra’el?

During the ministry of Ezra (to see link click BfThe Second Return).
Compiled by: The Chronicler from the Ezra and Nehemiah memoirs
(see Ac Ezra-Nehemiah from a Jewish Perspective: The Ezra Memoirs).

The problem of mixed marriages is a tricky subject, even in our times. It is not just the issue of a believer marrying an unbeliever, producing what Paul called an unequally yoked marriage (Second Corinthians 6:14). No believer should intentionally walk into such a relationship if they know what’s good for them. The inability to share together what is most important and dear – a love for Jesus Christ and the gospel – will, at best, doom the relationship into something that is always less than what the believer’s heart desires, no matter how “ideal” the partner may otherwise seem. Chemistry and charisma cannot make up for the lack of spiritual communion. But it wasn’t merely the issue of a believer intentionally marrying an unbeliever that is in view here – it is a racial issue. The Jews were forbidden to marry non-believers, and this was evidently something that the Israelites who lived in Jerusalem were flouting. This is a politically sensitive issue, then as it is now.162

But no sooner had the festival of Sukkot been celebrated, Ezra was confronted with an unexpected problem: many of the Jewish men had married Gentile wives. Jewish leaders approached Ezra with some tragic news. The people of Isra’el, the cohanim and the Levites: As was the case during the Assyrian deportation of the northern kingdom of Isra’el and the Babylonian deportation of the southern kingdom of Judah, not only had the people fallen into sin, but the nation’s spiritual leadership had led the way.

They have not separated themselves from the peoples of the lands who practice detestable things just like the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Perizzites, the Jebusites, the Ammonites, the Moabites, the Egyptians and the Amorites (Ezra 9:1): YHVH had commanded His people to keep themselves holy, and set apart from the people of Canaan when they arrived in the Promised Land. In fact, He had even ordered them to make war against all of the pagan nations (see the commentary on Jeremiah, to see link click Ae The Problem of Holy War in the TaNaKh), destroying their altars and religious sites dedicated to idols. If the Israelites failed to do this, Ha’Shem warned that they would wind up becoming just like their pagan neighbors – intermarrying and adopting their idolatrous ways (Exodus 34:10-16; Deuteronomy 7:1-6). Unfortunately, the Israelites did not obey the LORD’s commands in this regard, and He sent them into exile.

For they have taken some of their daughters as wives for themselves (Acts 9:2a): Later, Nehemiah’s time, the same thing happened. Malachi added that some of these people had even divorced their Jewish wives in order to marry non-believers (see CqMalachi: The Pollution of the Priesthood). And for their sons and have mingled the holy seed with the peoples of the lands(Acts 9:2b): This is a powerful expression that can help us understand why God doesn’t want His people to intermarry with unbelievers. ADONAI had chosen Abraham and his descendants to be the race into which He would bring Yeshua, the Messiah, His holy and sinless Son. As such, YHVH wanted Abraham’s descendants to be set apart as a holy people, distinct from the nations around them, rather than imitating them. This same principle applies to believers today, for the Church is the Bride of Christ (see the commentary on Revelation  FtCome, I Will Show You the Bride, the Wife of the Lamb). The LORD still demands that His Bride keep Herself apart from the world.

The situation in Jerusalem was dire. The problem was not confined to the fringes of the population. Indeed, the hand of the leaders and the officials have been at the forefront in this unfaithful act (Ezra 9:2b). This must have seemed incomprehensible to Ezra. It was bad enough that the Jews had fallen back into their former sins, but it was inconceivable and inexcusable that the nation’s spiritual leaders were actually leading the way.163

Ezra’s immediate response was to fall before ADONAI in deep mourning. Yet, As God’s chosen leader, he identified himself with the people. When Ezra heard this report, he tore his garment and his robe, a sign of grief repeatedly mentioned in the Bible, and pulled out some of the hair from his head and from his beard, a manifestation of sorrow. Then he sat down devastated (Ezra 9:3).

Everyone who trembled at the words of the God of Isra’el gathered themselves around me because of the unfaithful act of the exiles. There were still some in Judah, including Ezra, who took his words seriously. They sat there with Ezra until the evening offering, during which there was a time of public prayer. Then Ezra rose up from his self-abasement with his garment and robe torn, then he bowed down on his knees, spread out his hands to ADONAI his God (Ezra 9:4-6a).

Then Ezra prayed so everyone could hear: O my God, I am ashamed and humiliated to lift up my face to You, my God! For our iniquities are higher than our heads, drowning us, as it were, and our guilt has reached to the heavens, a metaphor referring to the magnitude of their guilt which rises like a colossal tower to the skies. From the days of our fathers when the Torah was first given, to this day our guilt has been great. Because of our iniquities we, as a people, our kings and our cohanim have been subjected to the sword, to captivity, to plunder and to humiliation at the hand of the kings of the lands, as it is today (Ezra 9:6b-7). He recognized that sin is like leaven: a little bit of it can infect the entire nation. But he was also demonstrating the important element of spiritual leadership by identifying himself with the people who were in sin, remembering that he, too, was a sinner.

But now for a brief moment ADONAI our God has shown us favor in leaving us a remnant and giving us as a symbolic peg in His holy place. That is, the remnant of God’s people in Judah had been firmly fixed in ADONAI’s Holy City as a peg is firmly fixed in a wall.164 Thus our God has enlightened our eyes and has given us a little relief in our bondage (Ezra 9:8). The English translation fails to express the deep despair of the original. A little grace had been granted by God to His people; a small remnant had found its weary way back to its home and had driven a single peg into its soil; a solitary ray of light was shining; a faint breath of freedom lightened their slavery. How graphically Ezra epitomizes the Jewish experience in these few words.

Though we are slaves, subject to the rule of a Persian king, our God has not forsaken us in our bondage. He has extended lovingkindness (see the commentary on Ruth Af – The Concept of Chesed) to us in the sight of the kings of Persia, reviving us in order to restore the House of our God, to raise up its ruins, and to give us a spiritual wall (Hebrew: gader) of protection (see Psalm 80:12) around Judah and Jerusalem (Ezra 9:9). The term gader refers to a vineyard wall rather than a city wall, suggesting that figure of Isra’el as God’s vineyard (see the commentary on Isaiah Az The Vineyard of the LORD is the House of Isra’el), which He had appointed the Persians to protect.

So now, our God, what should we say after this? For we have forsaken Your mitzvot that You commanded through Your servants the prophets saying: The land that you are entering to possess is a land defiled by the impurities of the peoples of the lands. Through their abominations, they have filled it from one end to the other with their uncleanness. Therefore, do not give your daughters to their sons or take their daughters for your sons. Do not seek their shalom or their welfare, so that you may be strong, eat the good things of the Land and leave it as an inheritance for your children forever (Ezra 9:10-12). If God’s people refuse to separate themselves from the world (First John), then those who still fear God’s Word will separate themselves from them.

Paul had warned the Corinthians in equally strong terms: Do not be unequally yoked with unbelievers. For what partnership is there between righteousness and lawlessness? Or what fellowship does light have with darkness? What harmony does Messiah have with Belial? Or what part does a believer have in common with an unbeliever (Second Corinthians 6:14-15)? 

Then Ezra pleaded for God’s mercy: After everything that has happened to us because of our evil deeds and our great guilt – for You, our God, have punished us less than our iniquities deserve, and given us a remnant such as this – shall we once again break Your mitzvot and intermarry with the peoples who commit such detestable actions as these? Would You not be angry enough with us to destroy us, leaving us no remnant or survivor? ADONAI, God of Isra’el, You are righteous, for we are left this day as a remnant. Behold, here we are before You in our guilt; because of it no one can stand before You (Ezra 9:13-15). For all Israelites, innocent as well as guilty, are bound up together in that responsibility for the nation’s guilt.

The prayer ends with a clear recognition that Ha’Shem had every reason to wash His hand of the Jerusalem community, as He had once threatened to do with an earlier generation (see the commentary on Exodus Gs Now Leave Me Alone So That My Anger May Burn Against Your People). This was a real possibility. There were other Israelites scattered abroad, through whom the promises of YHVH could be fulfilled. Ezra had not even the heart to plead, as Moshe had, that the LORD’s name would suffer in such a case. His prayer was naked confession, without excuses, without the pressure of so much as a request.165

The problem of mixed marriages is one that dominates the ministries of both Ezra and Nehemiah (see Cr Nehemiah’s Final Reforms: Nehemiah’s handling of mixed marriages). The issue is not so much marriage to Gentiles, but marriage to non-believers. A Moabite such as Ruth, for example, of one of the races mentioned by Ezra above, could marry an Israelite such as Bo’az (see the commentary on Ruth Az Scene Four: Bo’az Marries Ruth), because in the goodness of ADONAI, she had been wonderfully converted! These marriages of which Ezra and Nehemiah (and the Torah) spoke were essentially marriages outside the faith of Isra’el. They brought with them the threat of idolatry as one or the other partner maintained his or her false religion within the marriage. If the practice continued, Isra’el would no longer be a distinct people through whose line the redemptive promises of a Messiah would come. She would no longer be the wife of ADONAI (Isaiah 54:6), recipient of the promises given to Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses, and David, and through who all the families of the earth will be blessed (Genesis 12:3).

So important was this issue in the earlier periods of Jewish history that YHVH had sent a plague that killed twenty-four thousand Israelites. Only after the priest Phinehas had killed an Israelite man who was engaged in sexual immorality with a Midianite woman did it become clear that the rest of the Israelites were to be spared (Numbers 25:1-13). After the Israelites’ conquest of the Land, Joshua had urged compliance with this rule, threatening that if they engaged in intermarriage with the Canaanites, know for certain that ADONAI your God will no longer drive these nations out from before you. Instead, they will become a snare and a trap for you, a scourge in your sides and thorns in your eyes, until you perish from this good land which ADONAI your God has given you (Joshua 23:13).

The issue is one of worldliness and includes a warning against conforming to the world. The congregations of God are the Body of Messiah, called under the leadership of Yeshua, its head, to permeate and purify society and reflect His values. The Church, made up of Jews and Gentiles (Ephesians 2:14) is therefore meant to transform culture. But the Adversary’s empire, the pagan, secular ideologies of the world, strikes back and the conflict continues. The call, then, to be a distinct, separate people, a chosen people, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people for God’s own possession, involves our actions, small and great, that reveal our holy status (First Peter 2:9).

To a large degree, the Jews in the Land had compromised themselves. They had gotten in bed with the world. As Ezra prayed, some of them realized that they had sinned. They had broken the expressed commandments of Ha’Shem. They had ceased being a distinct and holy people and had instead become like the world around them. Having the Temple, the Torah and the promises that God made to them made no difference in the way they lived. How did the Israelites react when confronted with their sin? That is what we will discover next.166

2021-02-09T23:25:51+00:000 Comments

Bn – The Feast of Sukkot Celebrated Nehemiah 8: 13-18

The Feast of Sukkot Celebrated
Nehemiah 8: 13-18

The feast of Sukkot celebrated DIG: What happened when the people truly understood (Deuteronomy 16:14)? Who was included in the second-day follow up study? What did they discover and do (see Leviticus 23:34-43)? What is the link between the Exodus from Egypt and their return from the Babylonian Exile? How did this add to the festive spirit?

REFLECT: What acts of God do you celebrate regularly and with joy as the Israelites did here? What three activities from Chapter 8 would be foundational to the renewal of your messianic synagogue or church? How could you help in one such activity?

During the ministry of Ezra (to see link click BfThe Second Return).
Compiled by: The Chronicler from the Ezra and Nehemiah memoirs
(see Ac Ezra-Nehemiah from a Jewish Perspective: The Nehemiah Memoirs).

On the second day of the seventh month of Tishri, the day after Ezra began reading the Torah scroll (to see link click Bm Ezra Reads the Torah Scroll of Moses), a special group consisting of the heads of the families along with the cohanim and the Levites gathered around Ezra to gain insight (Hebrew: sakal) into the words of the Torah (Nehemiah 8:13). The word insight means to be prudent, to be wise, to have foresight, to be shrewd in the practical management of one’s daily affairs and includes the qualities of discernment and keen awareness. In the first example of leadership in the Nehemiah Memoirs (see BtThe Third Return), it is essential that leaders have insight. A leader must be able to see the big picture, to envision the tomorrows of any undertaking, to visualize the future consequences of today’s actions, to calculate risk and develop contingencies. He or she must look further down the road than those who follow. No leader can remain entangled in only the tedious details of today.

Knowledge does not automatically create insight. Vast amount of Bible facts won’t make anyone more insightful. Remember the twelve apostles who helped Yeshua serve the fish and bread to more than 5,000 people? As they watched the bread and fish multiply in His hands, you would think they would have learned that He could exercise power over any circumstance in life-that nothing was beyond His ability. Yet only a few hours later, they demonstrated that the lesson failed to create insight. Jesus had them take a boat (without Him) across the Sea of Galilee. The sky grew dark as the clouds gathered for a storm. The winds started to blow, the apostles shook with fear. Then Messiah arrived walking on the waves: Then He got into the boat with them, and the wind stopped. They were utterly dumbfounded, for they still hadn’t understood about the bread and fish. Instead, their hearts were hardened (Mark 6:51-52). They had been exposed to the Master’s immense power over the elements before, they had seen His miracles and heard His teaching, but their knowledge failed to create insight.159

The heads of the families along with the cohanim and the Levites gathered around Ezra to gain insight was a more select group than the previous day. They found written in the Torah that ADONAI had commanded through Moses that Bnei-Yisrael should dwell in sukkot during the feast of the seventh month (Nehemiah 8:14). It was one of the three great pilgrimage-festivals of the Jewish religious calendar (Exodus 23:14-17; Deuteronomy 16:16). Ezra 3:4 describes the Feast of Booths being celebrated just after the First Return of exiles (see Aq Rebuilding the Bronze Altar and the Festival of Sukkot). But eighty years had passed from then until now. We must presume that the celebration of Sukkot had fallen into disuse. They were so cut to the heart about it that they immediately wanted to celebrate the feast.

So that limited group went out and spread this message in all their towns and in Jerusalem saying, “Go out to the hill country and bring olive branches and wild olive branches, myrtle branches, palm branches and branches of other leafy trees to make sukkot, just as it is written.” We know that this feast should begin on the fifteenth day of the seventh month. So from the second to the fifteenth the people went out and brought branches, and made sukkot for themselves, each on their own roof, in their courtyards, in the courtyards of the House of God, in the plaza before the Water Gate and in the plaza of the Ephraim Gate, or Fish Gate (Nehemiah 3:3). The entire assembly who had returned from the captivity, all Isra’el, made sukkot and dwelt in the sukkot. Since the days of Joshua the son of Nun until that day Bnei-Yisrael had not done so – and the joy was very great (Nehemiah 8:15-17).

The people had more joy than ever. But how could they have joy living in their sukkah? They were joyful because they were obedient. I can’t explain how it happens, but when you do what is right, regardless of your economic status, you have joy in your life. When you do what is wrong, you may make millions, but you’re miserable. Because the fathers in the home had gained insight as leaders, they had obeyed the LORD completely. And YHVH gave them contentment, which led to their joy being very great.

Day after day from the first day to the last day, on every one of the seven days of the Feast of Sukkot, Ezra read from the scroll of the Torah of God as commanded in Deuteronomy 31:11. And on the eighth day they held a closing ceremony according to the regulation of Leviticus 23:36 and Numbers 29:35 (Nehemiah 8:18). This shows that Ezra had precisely followed the precepts of the Torah. Therefore, the move to make Scripture the guiding principle of Jewish life was powerfully initiated. The great teaching operation on the first day of the month, the training session which had followed it, and now the seven days of readings at the festival had exposed the people to the fundamentals of their faith with considerable thoroughness. But the climax of it was yet to come, as the next two chapters will show.160

The Feast of Booths, Tabernacles, or Sukkot
(Leviticus 23:33-36, 39-44; Exodus 23:14-17; Numbers 29:12-38; Deuteronomy 16:13-16, 31:9-13; First Kings 12:25-33; Second Chronicles 7:8-10; Ezra 3:4; Nehemiah 8:13-18 Zechariah 14:16-19; John 7:1-41).

Perhaps by now you are beginning to understand why the fall season is considered the time of the high holy days for the Jewish community. Three major holy days occur in the first nineteen days of the biblical month of Tishri (September-October). They are Rosh Ha’Shanah, Yom Kippur and this holy day season ends with the eight days of Sukkot.

As with the other days, the name of this holy day tells its purpose. Essentially it is two-fold, the first being related to the fall harvest. As Leviticus 23 teaches, Sukkot was to be a time of bringing the latter harvest. It is, in other words, the Jewish “Thanksgiving.” In fact, it is widely believed that the Puritan colonists, who were great students of the Hebrew Scriptures, based the first American Thanksgiving on Sukkot.

A secondary meaning of this holy day is found in the command to dwell in booths as a memorial of Isra’el’s wilderness wanderings. To expand the theme of this specific historical event, we might best summarize Sukkot with the word “habitation.” We know from the Torah that ADONAI dwelt with His people in their forty-year wilderness camping trip. Yet, as we camp in booths today, we should be reminded that this same faithful God watches over our lives. With such meaningful themes, no wonder Sukkot is known as Zman Simkhatenu (The Time of Our Rejoicing). The fact that YHVH provided for us and built His habitation with us is something to celebrate!

The Biblical Practice: The feast itself is seven days long. It was celebrated by building booths or tabernacles to commemorate the forty years of wilderness wanderings. The feast was to be celebrated with four species. The first species is the citron, a citrus type of fruit. Second, the branch of a palm tree. Third a branch of a myrtle tree, and fourth a branch of a willow tree. It marked the firstfruits of the fall harvest. Because Sukkot follows Yom Kippur, it is considered to be a time of rejoicing following the affliction of the Day of Atonement. The rabbis developed 326 rules and regulations concerning the four species.

There was the addition of an eighth day of solemn assembly immediately following the seventh day of Sukkot, which technically was not a part of the Feast of Booths. For seven days the Israelites were to live in booths, sleep in booths, eat in booths, to remember the wilderness wanderings. But the eighth day was also to be a day of Sabbath rest.

The Jewish Observance: The Torah stipulates the fifteenth of the Jewish month of Tishri as the time when the Jewish people are to begin dwelling in the sukkah (singular for booth) and celebrating God’s provision. This holy day is so joyful, traditional Jews don’t even wait for the fifteenth of Tishri to construct their sukkah. Many begin the construction five days earlier, immediately after the close of Yom Kippur.

The construction of the sukkah can be both challenging and fun for the whole family. The Bible gives us a rather general commandment to build a sukkah, but the rabbis spelled out ten specific rules and regulations concerning the building of the booth.

First, there must be the feeling of a temporary abode. So it must be built in a somewhat flimsy way to emphasize the wilderness wanderings. The temporariness is not in the walls as such, but in the roof part of the sukkah.

Second, the material for the roof must possess three specific characteristics. First, it must come from the earth and this excludes making the roof from animal skins, metal or cloth. But wood can be used. Secondly, the roofing material must be cut down and no longer connected to the ground, which excludes using attached branches. They must be cut off. Thirdly, it must not be subject to ritual impurity so the roof cannot contain fruits and food that will spoil.

Third, the roof must always be put on after the walls are totally completed so that when it is constructed, the booth is complete.

Fourth, the roof must be sufficiently thick so that there is more shade than sun. No opening can be more than eleven inches and the stars should be visible on a clear night. Nevertheless, it should not be so thick as to keep rain out.

Fifth, any booth built inside or under an overhanging porch, balcony, or tree is invalid. The shade inside the booth must come only from the booth and nothing else.

Sixth, there are no restrictions on the materials for the walls, so they could be made of metal, wood, canvas, brick or stone.

Seventh, the sukkah must have at least two complete walls. It may have three and as many as four. The fourth may be left completely open. When it is built against a house outside, one or more walls of the house may be used as walls for the booth as well.

Eighth, there is no maximum size of the booth, but there is a minimum requirement. It must be big enough to hold one person and one table.

Ninth, the booth must be no lower than 37 inches and no higher than 36.5 feet because one must be aware that they are sitting in a booth. The rabbis, as they often did, decided in their infinite wisdom, that any higher than 36.5 feet, the person would no longer feel like they were sitting in a booth.

Tenth, decorations emphasized the esthetic. The walls may be decorated with pictures, tapestries, or flowers. The roof may be decorated (but not composed of) with fruits, nuts, apples, grapes, and pomegranates, but these are not to be eaten for the entire week.

Since Sukkot has so many rich spiritual lessons associated with it, we would expect to find some important reference to it in the B’rit Chadashah. Not far into the gospel accounts of the life of Yeshua, we find the first powerful reference to Tabernacles. As John relates the special background of Messiah, he openly declares the divine nature of Christ. The Word was not only with God in the beginning, but this Word is the very manifestation of God Himself (John 1:1)! This Word, as John calls Him, was manifested to the world in a very special and tangible way: The Word became flesh and tabernacled among us. We looked upon His Sh’khinah glory, the Sh’khinah of the Father’s one and only Son, full of grace and truth (John 1:14).

Yeshua of Nazareth is more than just a good rabbi or an intriguing philosopher. According to the Bible, He is the visible manifestation of the God of creation! Yet, did you notice the metaphor John employs to describe this incarnation of Messiah? The Word tabernacled (Greek: skene) among His people. In other words, as John sought to describe the Messiah’s first coming to His people, the most obvious picture was the holy day of Sukkot, the holy day that celebrated the dwelling of God!

There were two key ceremonies associated with Sukkot during the Second Temple period. The first is the drawing out of the water. The source of this tradition is not in the Bible, but in the Oral Law, although they tried to base it on Numbers 29:17-19 and Isaiah 12:3, which said: With joy you shall draw water. The location where the water was drawn from the Pool of Siloam, and the place where the water was poured on the southwest corner of the bronze altar, because it is where the grooves which drained the blood of the sacrifices were located. The pouring out of the water in Judaism, was a symbol of the outpouring of the Ruach Ha’Kodesh in the last days (see the commentary on The Life of Christ GoJesus Teaches at the Feast of Booths and GpOn the Last and Greatest Day of the Feast).

The second key ceremony is the lighting of the lights. There were huge lampstands, each one with four golden cups, set up in the Court of the Women. These lights would then be lit toward sundown and the rabbis taught that there was not a courtyard in all Jerusalem that was not lit by the lights emanating from the Temple Compound. The lighting of the lights was followed by dancing and juggling with fire torches. The Jews believed the lights were a symbol of God’s Sh’khinah glory (see the commentary on The Life of Christ GrI AM the Light of the World).

The Messianic Significance: Sukkot will be fulfilled by the establishment of the messianic Kingdom. But during the life of Messiah there were two misapplications of Sukkot. The first time was at the Transfiguration (see the commentary on The Life of Christ GbJesus took Peter, James and John Up a High Mountain where He was Transfigured). When Yeshua was transfigured, Peter suggested that he be allowed to build three booths: one for Moses, one for Elijah, and one for Yeshua. This was a proper response. The Jews believed that when the Messiah came, His Kingdom would begin. Knowing the TaNaKh very well, Peter also knew that the messianic Kingdom was the fulfillment of Sukkot. The Bible says that the Dispensation of Grace (see my commentary on Acts AmThe Dispensation of Grace) was a mystery to the righteous of the TaNaKh (Ephesians 3:1-13; Colossians 1:26). In the Bible a mystery is something that was once hidden, but now is revealed. So while Peter was correct in his theology, his timing was off. He did not know that the Feast of Passover must be fulfilled before the Feast of Weeks can be fulfilled. Peter did not understand that Christ had to die before the Kingdom could be established. In other words, Passover had to be fulfilled before Sukkot could be fulfilled.

The second misapplication of the Feast of Weeks was during the Triumphal Entry (see the commentary on The Life of Christ ItJesus’ Triumphal Entry into Jerusalem as the Passover Lamb). The actions of the people both by what they said and what they did showed that they also expected the Kingdom to be established at that time in fulfillment of Sukkot. According to John 12:12-13, they broke off palm branches, which is in keeping with Sukkot, but not with the Passover, which is what they were celebrating. Furthermore, according to Matthew 21:8-9 and Mark 11:8-10, they cried out, Hosanna in the highest and Hosanna to the Son of David. Like Peter, they did not understand that Passover had to be fulfilled before Sukkot could be, and the Passover could only be fulfilled by the death of Messiah.

During the messianic Kingdom it will be obligatory upon all the Gentile nations to send a delegation up to Jerusalem to celebrate the Feast of Weeks. In the Dispensation of Torah (see the commentary on Exodus DaThe Dispensation of Torah), it was obligatory for Jews only, but during the millennial Kingdom, for a thousand years, it will be obligatory for every Gentile nation. If a nation fails to send a delegation to observe this feast then they will be punished by drought (Zechariah 14:16-19).

Just as the Feast of Booths was a time of rejoicing following the affliction of Yom Kippur, even so the messianic Kingdom will be a time of rejoicing following the afflictions of the Great Tribulation. What a celebration there will be as the children of God, both Jews and Gentiles, celebrate this feast at that time. Amen. Come, Lord Yeshua!

The Feast of Passover was fulfilled by the death of Messiah, the Feast of Unleavened Bread was fulfilled by the sinlessness of His sacrifice, the Feast of First Fruits was therefore fulfilled by the resurrection of Christs’ life, Shavu’ot was fulfilled by the birth of the Church, the Feast of Trumpets will be fulfilled by the Rapture of the Church, the Day of Atonement will be fulfilled by the Great Tribulation, and the Festival of Booths points to the messianic Kingdom.

A Practical Guide for Believers in Messiah: The central element for the celebration of the Feast of Tabernacles is the booth we call the sukkah. While you may want to use the rabbinic description as a guideline (see above), you should not forget the freedom to construct this booth as you want. As with all the biblical holy days and customs, the sukkah is a “shadow” of the greater lessons of the coming Messiah (Colossians 2:17).

Building the sukkah can be an exciting and educational family project. Whether it is a shack on the side of the house or a free-standing structure, the hut can be constructed by anyone who wants to help. The outer frame can be assembled from various materials that, in turn, can be fortified with the traditional palm branches or leaves. For this reason, Sukkot is a great time to trim up the yard as well! Children will love to add their cut out paper fruit, leaves, or Bible verses.

As previously noted, traditional Jews begin constructing their sukkah immediately after breaking the fast of Yom Kippur. Many Messianic Jews and Gentiles follow this custom by inviting people over for a “Sukkah Decorating Party,” and planning for the upcoming holy days begins in earnest.

As the fifteenth day of Tishri begins, a holiday dinner is prepared. The table is set; although, being outside in the Sukkah, it will probably have a less formal atmosphere. Since this holiday is to be a reminder of the forty-year camping trip in the wilderness, the dinner will probably feel more like an outdoor picnic than a formal meal. But as with all the Jewish holidays, we start with the blessings over the fruit of the vine and challah bread.

A special emphasis will be the ha-Kavod (processionals), in which the people march around the sanctuary waving the lulav (closed fond of a date palm tree) and recounting the Hallel (Praise) Psalms 113-118.

These elements of the inner in the sukkah continue for eight days of the festival, while the synagogue services are usually convened only on the first two. To really get into the spirit of the holy day, the family might want to sleep in the sukkah under the stars, weather permitting.

As mentioned before, the seventh day of the festival has much spiritual significance for believers in Yeshua. However, as we reach the eighth day, we come to a special holiday, the Eighth Day of Assembly (see my commentary on The Life of Christ GpOn the Last and Greatest Day of the Feast). As mentioned in Leviticus 23:26, this day is to be set aside as a Shabbat and a holy assembly.

As if all these festivities aren’t enough, the Jewish community has added an additional ninth day to Sukkot called Simchat Torah (Rejoicing of the Torah). As its name implies, this day celebrates the revelation of God as symbolized in the Torah scroll. It’s a time of tremendous joy, with dancing and lively music.

A central part of the service is the reading from the last chapters of Deuteronomy and the start of the yearly cycle of reading the parashah every Shabbat all over again with the first chapters of Genesis (see my commentary on Deuteronomy AfParashah). Although rabbinic Judaism celebrated this holiday in the Middle Ages, believers in Yeshua can surely affirm the idea behind it. God’s Word is good and should be revered. It is even to be joyously celebrated! How much more so for believers of Yeshua Messiah.

With the close of Simchat Torah, we reach the end of the high-holy-day season. What wonderful truth is evident! What a complete picture of God’s plan for redeeming faithful Jews and Gentiles unto Himself. Sometime soon the shofar will sound and announce the regathering of believers from all over the world in the rapture. The seven-year Great Tribulation will follow this. But in the last three days of the Great Tribulation, the Jewish leadership will realize that they have rejected the Messiah and call out for His return (see the commentary on Revelation Ev The Basis for the Second Coming of Jesus Christ). Then Yeshua Messiah will return for the second time to the earth. This, in turn, will lead all believers into the joyful celebration of the Kingdom of God at Sukkot. May we be ready to dwell in that holy habitation with our Kosher King.161

2021-09-06T13:41:30+00:000 Comments

Aw – Jonás va a Nínive 3: 1-3a

Jonás va a Nínive
3: 1-3a

Jonás va a Nínive ESCUDRIÑAR: ¿Cuál es la diferencia entre misericordia y gracia? ¿Cómo mostró Ha`Shem misericordia a Jonás? ¿Cómo le mostró la gracia? ¿Qué evidencia ve aquí que ADONAI es el Dios de las segundas oportunidades? ¿Cuáles son algunos ejemplos de segundas oportunidades en la Biblia? En respuesta a la palabra del SEÑOR, ¿qué hace Jonás? ¿Qué dice la escena cuatro en general acerca de Dios?

REFLEXIONAR: ¿Cuándo ADONAI le ha dado a usted “dos oportunidades” para ser o hacer Su voluntad? ¿Para dar testimonio a alguien? Según lo mejor que pueda usted determinar, ¿a qué divina interrupción lo ha llamado Dios a rendirse ahora mismo? ¿Lucha con sentir que ha perdido demasiado tiempo para tener otra oportunidad con ADONAI? Si es así, ¿cómo afecta esta mentalidad a sus acciones actuales?

Breve descripción de la escena cuatro: ya que Jonás ha prometido ofrecer sacrificios y cumplir votos (2:9), podríamos esperar que la narrativa continúe con un relato de una visita al Templo en Jerusalén, donde se llevarán a cabo esos votos. Esta escena, sin embargo, trae una sorpresa. De repente volvemos al principio de la historia. Nuevamente, el SEÑOR inicia la acción dándole a Jonás su tarea original una vez más. Pero esta vez Jonás comienza a llevarla a cabo. Uno de los avivamientos más grandes de la historia ocurrió porque un hombre respondió con obediencia.76 ADONAI todavía quería usar a Jonás, y Él todavía quiere usarlo a usted.

Comentario de la escena cuatro: El pobre Jonás apenas tuvo tiempo de secarse antes de que en 3:1a la palabra de YHVH llegó por segunda vez a Jonás. Las palabras son idénticas a 1:1, excepto el comentario editorial: por segunda vez, que toma el lugar de hijo de Amitay. Esta fórmula introduce una segunda palabra del SEÑOR que también aparece en Jeremías 1:13 y 13:3 en forma de primera persona. Y vino a mí palabra de YHVH por segunda vez, diciendo. . . Sin embargo, en el caso de Jeremías, la segunda vez significa una pregunta completamente nueva (Jeremías 1:13), una orden (Jeremías 13:3) o una promesa (Jeremías 33:1). La segunda vez aquí en Jonás es una repetición de la palabra que vino la primera vez. Solo Jonás, entre los profetas bíblicos, debe recibir su asignación dos veces.

Un profeta desobediente como Jonás podría encontrarse con una calamidad inmediata, como se ve en el relato del profeta que desobedeció la palabra de ADONAI y fue asesinado por un león (Primera Reyes 13:20-32). Pero aquí, en una imagen de lo que Jonás mismo declarará (4:2), la misericordia y la gracia de Dios le dan a Jonás una segunda oportunidad. Con Su misericordia no nos está dando lo que merecemos, y Jonás pudo haber encontrado el destino de un falso profeta; la gracia es obtener lo que no merecemos, y Jonás tuvo una segunda oportunidad. Aunque este es un libro que enseña, el SEÑOR no usa esto como un momento de enseñanza, diciendo: “¡Mira Jonás, no puedes huir de Mí!” Tampoco Dios comenta sobre la estupidez o la desobediencia de Jonás. Él simplemente repite la tarea original.77

Esto no es algo inusual que Dios hizo solo en el caso de Jonás. Él no está haciendo una excepción con Jonás. Aarón era conocido como el hermano de Moisés, sirviendo como su portavoz cuando fue a comparecer ante el faraón. Después de la Pascua, ADONAI apartó a Aarón para oficiar en el Tabernáculo. Como sumo sacerdote, sirvió como mediador entre Dios y Su pueblo elegido. Aarón tuvo el privilegio de entrar al Lugar Santísimo y experimentar el deleite de la presencia del SEÑOR de una manera que pocos lo harían. Pero mientras Moisés estaba en el Monte Sinaí recibiendo los Diez Mandamientos, las cosas comenzaron a deshacerse. Se quitó pues todo el pueblo los zarcillos de oro que tenían en sus orejas y los llevaron a Aarón. Él los tomó de sus manos e hizo un becerro de fundición y acabó de modelarlo con un buril. Entonces ellos exclamaron: ¡Éstos son tus dioses, oh Israel, que te hicieron subir de la tierra de Egipto! (Éxodo 32:3-4). ¿Se imaginas la incredulidad de Moisés ante las acciones de su hermano cuando bajó de la montaña? Mientras que Moisés pudo haberse sorprendido, Dios no lo estaba. Aun cuando Ha`Shem le estaba dando a Moisés las tablas de piedra, Dios estaba completamente consciente de la desobediencia voluntaria de Aarón. Sin embargo, a Aarón se le dio una segunda oportunidad y se le permitió continuar sirviendo como el primer sumo sacerdote de Israel.

Sara era la esposa de Abraham. Dios le prometió a ella que tendría un hijo y que se convertiría en la madre de toda una nación. Pero diez años después todavía era estéril. Entonces Saray, mujer de Abram, tomó a Agar la egipcia, su sierva, y la dio por mujer a su marido Abram (Génesis 16:3b). La elección de Sara y el cumplimiento de Abraham dieron como resultado un niño llamado Ismael. Tanto Abraham como Dios amaron al niño mientras crecía, pero no era el hijo de la promesa a través del cual vendría la nación elegida. Mientras Abraham le rogó a ADONAI que usara a Ismael, el SEÑOR mantuvo Su posición y le dijo al padre de muchas naciones que, aunque Él bendeciría a Ismael y le daría muchos descendientes, Sara tendría una segunda oportunidad. Ella todavía tendría un hijo y él se convertiría en el hijo de la promesa (Génesis 17:17-21).

Jacob era un hombre justo (haga clic en el enlace y vea el comentario sobre Génesis Gn Entonces Jacob dio a Esaú guiso de lentejas y menospreció Esaú la primogenitura), pero debido a la desobediencia de Isaac, no recibió la bendición patriarcal de la manera adecuada. Por lo tanto, él quería y necesitaba una segunda oportunidad. El SEÑOR le dio esa oportunidad cuando Jacob luchó con Dios en Peniel toda la noche (vea el comentario sobre Génesis Hw Jacob lucha con Dios) y le cambió el nombre a Isra’el.

Los diez hermanos de José aparecen en el libro de Génesis como una familia celosa y engañosa que buscaban vengarse de su hermano menor. Estaban cansados ​​de vivir a la sombra del hijo nacido de Raquel, la esposa favorita de su padre. Estando bastante lleno de sí mismo, José parecía disfrutar de un estado preferencial resaltado por una brillante túnica de muchos colores. La envidia rugió fuera de control y estalló en llamas de violencia. Planearon matar a su hermano, pero sus planes cambiaron cuando algunos mercaderes que pasaban aceptaron comprar a José como esclavo, y se llevaron al joven de diecisiete años a Egipto. ¿Se imagina el desaliento y la angustia que debe haber desgarrado su joven corazón cada noche? Sin embargo, el SEÑOR estaba con José (Génesis 39:2) y, a través de la providencia de Dios, fue levantado milagrosamente para convertirse en Primer Ministro de Egipto, superado solo por el propio Faraón. Cuando llegó el hambre, José administró personalmente el grano para Egipto y para el mundo entero. Esta hambruna sirvió de catalizador para poner a sus hermanos cara a cara con él. Aunque estaba completamente consciente de su identidad, no lo conocieron hasta que él eligió revelarse. José pudo haber matado o encarcelado a sus hermanos por la injusticia cometida contra él. Pero en un asombroso despliegue de misericordia besó a todos sus hermanos, y lloró sobre ellos (Génesis 45:15a). José se abstuvo de enojarse, se abstuvo de vengarse y les ofreció a sus hermanos una segunda oportunidad de tener una relación con él que realmente no merecían.

Cuando Rahab aparece por primera vez en el relato bíblico, ella es uno de los personajes más desagradables que se pueda imaginar. De hecho, se la presenta como una prostituta (Josué 2:1). Si usted la conociera antes del gran momento decisivo de su vida, la habría descartado como completamente perdida. Ella era una mujer inmoral que vivía en una cultura pagana que estaba fanáticamente dedicada a todo lo que Dios odiaba y odia. Pero toda su vida y su futuro serían cambiados por su sorpresivo encuentro con dos espías israelitas. Por el diseño soberano de Dios, la casa de Rahab era perfecta para que los espías escaparan. Su conocimiento de YHVH era exiguo, pero cuando escondió a los espías judíos y ella los dejó caer por un solo cordón escarlata, demostró su fe (Josué 2:17-18). Dada una segunda oportunidad, ella llevó una vida completamente diferente. Su nombre aparece en el salón de la fe (Hebreos 11:31) y en la genealogía de Mateo.

David fue un hombre conforme al corazón de Dios, pero pecó contra Betsabé y su esposo Urías (Segunda Samuel 11:1-26). Pero después de que se arrepintió (Salmo 51) tuvo una segunda oportunidad y lo vemos en el futuro escatológico lejano con los títulos duales de rey y príncipe durante el Reino Milenial (vea el comentario sobre la Apocalipsis Fi El gobierno del Reino Mesiánico).

Los fariseos trajeron a Yeshua una mujer atrapada en adulterio. Querían ver si el Señor estaría de acuerdo en que la apedrearan. Ella quedó atrapada en el acto y ellos pretendían que la castigaran con el máximo grado de que no podía haber una segunda oportunidad, ni una posibilidad de redención. Pero Jesús es el Señor de las segundas oportunidades. El después de señalar que la Torá dijo que sus acusadores no podían ser culpables de pecado, todos se fueron. Luego Y enderezándose Jesús, y no viendo a nadie sino a la mujer, le dijo: ¿Dónde están los que te acusaban? ¿Ninguno te condenó? (Juan 8:10 RVG) Tal vez ella esperaba que Él la regañara. Tal vez ella esperaba que se alejara con asco. No estoy seguro, pero sé esto: lo que ella obtuvo, nunca lo habría imaginado. Ella recibió compasión y una comisión. Y ella dijo: Ninguno, Señor. Entonces Jesús le dijo: Ni yo te condeno; vete, y no peques más (Juan 8:11). La compasión fue: Ni yo te condeno; vete, declaró Jesús. La comisión fue: vete, y no peques más.

María Magdalena había empezado en el lado equivocado de la guerra espiritual. Ella era una fortaleza enemiga, que proporcionaba alimento y refugio a las tropas del diablo: siete en total, porque era una mujer de la que habían salido siete demonios (Lucas 8:2). La Biblia no nos da ningún indicio de cómo María Magdalena fue poseída por un demonio, cuánto tiempo vivió en ese estado desesperado o las circunstancias que rodearon su encuentro con Yeshua que llevó a su liberación. Por lo que sabemos de otros demonios en las Escrituras, podemos asumir con seguridad que hasta que ella conoció al Mesías, ella vivió una existencia desquiciada que la empujó a los límites de la sociedad. Pero el descenso de María Magdalena al infierno terminó ese día cuando conoció al Rey de reyes. Él puso un repentino final a su salvaje cautiverio, la devolvió a su sano juicio y la liberó para seguirlo. Dada una segunda oportunidad, María Magdalena siguió a su Maestro y tuvo el privilegio de ser la primera persona que lo vio después de Su resurrección.

Simón Pedro también tropezó y cayó. Él negó a Cristo y huyó de Él. Después de tal caída, parecía que el llamado de Pedro como apóstol había terminado. ¿Qué empleador mantendría a un miembro del personal desleal e indigno de confianza, y mucho menos ofrecerle una promoción dentro de la organización? Ciertamente, no se le permitiría tener una relación cercana e íntima con Aquel a quien le había negado con tanta vehemencia. Pero después de que nuestro Señor se había levantado, regresó y le dio a Pedro (Kefa) una segunda oportunidad (vea el comentario sobre La vida de Cristo Mn – Jesús restaura a Pedro), diciendo: Alimenta a mis ovejas.

La historia de Jonás ilustra cómo Dios trata a Sus hijos arrepentidos (vea el comentario sobre La vida de Cristo Hu – La parábola del hijo prodigo y su celoso hermano). El hijo pródigo llegó a casa. Cuando llegó allí, no recibió una paliza, recibió un banquete, no lo patearon, recibió besos. En lugar de ser rechazado, el padre lo amó y lo llevó de vuelta. ¡Qué maravilloso Padre celestial tenemos!

Aarón, Sara, Jacob, los hermanos de José, Rahab, David, María Magdalena, Simón Pedro y Jonás recibieron un regalo que todavía está disponible para usted y para mí. Querido lector ¿ha caído de la comunión con ADONAI? ¿Ha tomado decisiones que lo han llevado más lejos en el camino de la rebelión de lo que nunca creyó posible? Bueno, usted necesita saber que no puede sobrepasar el alcance de Su gracia o sobrepasar los límites de Su misericordia. Todavía está disponible para usted, para mí, aquí y ahora. ¡Gracias a Dios por una segunda oportunidad!78

La segunda comisión de Jonás se vuelve más específica que la primera, ya que ahora se le dan las mismas palabras para decir: Levántate y vete a Nínive, la gran metrópoli, y proclama en ella el mensaje que Yo te daré (3:2). El mandato de ir se expresa en hebreo con dos palabras, dos verbos (levantarse y andar). Juntos significan “ve ahora”. O “ve inmediatamente”. Nínive, el nombre es siempre un símbolo poderoso de una ciudad mundana. Así como el Nuevo Pacto (Brit Hadashah) une Belén y Herodes el Grande, Gólgota con Poncio Pilato, Pablo con Roma, Jesús (Yeshua) y todos los reinos del mundo, también Jonás está vinculado con Nínive. Una vez más se identifica como una gran ciudad. Esta vez no se dice nada de la maldad de la ciudad. La frase la gran ciudad, es literalmente grande para Dios; grande, no solo desde el pensamiento de la humanidad, sino para el de Dios. La palabra hebrea proclama aparece solo aquí en el TaNaJ. El paralelo está en Jeremías 19:2y proclama allí las palabras que Yo te diré. La Septuaginta lo traduce kérugma, la palabra utilizada para la predicación apostólica en el Nuevo Pacto (Romanos 16:25; Primera a Corintios 1:21, 15:14; Tito 1:3). Jonás, como autor de su libro, no indica el contenido del mensaje hasta el 3:4.

Cuando uno reflexiona sobre este breve pasaje, la paciencia del SEÑOR inmediatamente viene a la mente. Sin exhortaciones, sin reproches ni arrebatos, Dios reedita el cargo que se le dio a Jonás en primer lugar (4:2). Pero detrás de esta reasignación está la preocupación urgente de HaShem por, el mundo gentil (los goyim), en este caso la gente de Nínive. La repetición de esta comisión, única entre los profetas, le recordó a Jonás la bendición final de Isra’el. Bendeciré a los que te bendigan, y maldeciré al que te maldiga, y en ti serán benditas todas las familias de la tierra (Génesis 12:3). ADONAI se preocupa por todas las familias de la tierra, ya sean etíopes, filisteos, egipcios o asirios (vea el comentario sobre La vida de Cristo Mo – La Gran Comisión).

Asi que . . . Jonás fue a Nínive. Pero, ¿cómo se fue él? ¿Con qué actitud se fue? ¿Podemos obedecer externamente a Dios con nuestras acciones mientras nuestro corazón no está a la altura? Siglos más tarde, este fue el trabajo de los fariseos. Yeshua dijo que eran como tumbas blanqueadas con cal. Agradable y limpia en el exterior, pero lleno de huesos de hombres muertos en el interior (vea el comentario sobre La vida de Cristo Jd – Siete aflicciones para los maestros de la Torá y los fariseos). ¿Qué clase de hombre era Jonás? El profeta renuente sabía que la comisión de Dios incluía misericordia y gracia. Sin embargo, él fue. Su relación fue restaurada con ADONAI, pero no con los asirios. En resumen, Jonás es como nuestro retrato. Él no es perfecto, es capaz de enojarse, auto justificarse y desesperarse. Aunque es uno de los justos del TaNaJ, él todavía tiene una naturaleza pecaminosa. Así que Jonás tiene una partida a medias. Él no sabe lo que va a decir hasta que llegue allí, pero él va. Entonces los pies de Jonás se están moviendo, pero su corazón no está en eso.

Reflexión sobre lo que la escena cuatro en conjunto dice acerca de ADONAI: Jonás obedeció la palabra del SEÑOR. En 1:1-2, Jonás se levantó para huir, pero aquí se ha reconciliado con el llamado de Dios. La misión a Nínive comenzó de nuevo porque ADONAI lo había llamado nuevamente. Dios es paciente y amable, lleno de misericordia y gracia hacia Sus hijos. Aquí estaba Jonás… la ropa descompuesta debido al ácido del estómago del gran pez… algas alrededor de su cabeza. . . oliendo a ballena… y fue a Nínive (3:3a).

Las respuestas de Jonás a la pregunta de los marineros en 1:12 y sus acciones subsiguientes nos dan un presagio de cuatro principios significativos en el Nuevo Pacto para reconciliarnos con ADONAI.

El cuarto principio significativo: debemos actuar en la dirección de Dios por fe. El profeta fugitivo sabía que había muerto, y sabía que había resucitado (vea AtLa Oración de Jonás). Uno pensaría que un acontecimiento dramático cambiaría su actitud hacia los ninivitas. Pero no lo hizo. No tenía ganas de ir. . . pero de todos modos lo hizo, porque eso es lo que Dios le ordenó que hiciera. En otras palabras, Sus sentimientos no le impidieron estar de acuerdo con Dios. Finalmente entendió, y debemos comprender, que nuestros sentimientos no son el motor que impulsa nuestras decisiones; nuestros sentimientos son el furgón de cola. Actuamos en la fe, y los sentimientos van detrás. Y la fe es la certeza de lo que se espera, la convicción de lo que no se ve. Lo es, porque por ella fueron aprobados nuestros mayores. Pero sin fe es imposible agradarlo, porque es necesario que el que se acerca a Dios crea que existe, y que es galardonador de los que lo buscan. (Hebreos 11:1-2 y 6). Por la fe, Jonás fue a Nínive.

Querido Padre Celestial, te alabo porque eres el Dios de las oportunidades, mientras la persona esté viva. Y tal como está establecido para los hombres que mueran una sola vez, y después de esto el juicio (Hebreos 9:27). Rogamos que abras los ojos de los corazones de mi familia y amigos que aún no se han dirigido a Ti en busca de una segunda oportunidad. Por favor, ayúdalos a entender que habrá gran paz y gozo en el cielo, solo para aquellos que Te aman y Te siguen voluntariamente en la tierra. Que se enfoquen no en los placeres terrenales que terminan tan pronto, sino en la vida eterna contigo en el cielo. Porque esta leve tribulación momentánea, produce en nosotros un cada vez más excelente y eterno peso de gloria; no poniendo nuestra mira en las cosas que se ven, sino en las que no se ven; porque las que se ven son temporales, pero las que no se ven son eternas (2 Corintios 4:17-18). ¡Te amamos y esperamos vivir en el cielo contigo, alabando Tu grande y santo nombre por toda la eternidad! En el santo nombre de Yeshua y el poder de Su resurrección. Amén.

2021-06-25T16:08:40+00:001 Comment

Bb – Notas Finales

Notas finales

Introducción al libro de Jonás

1. The Jewish New Testament Commentary (El Comentario judío del Nuevo Testamento), por David Stern, Jewish New Testament Publications, Inc, Clarksville, Maryland, 1992, página 4.

2. The Bible Knowledge Commentary: Old Testament (El Comentario sobre el conocimiento de la Biblia): Antiguo Testamento, por John Walvoord y John and Roy Zuck. The Victor Books, Wheaton, IL, 1986, páginas 1461-1462.

3. The Remarkable Journey of Jonah (El notable viaje de Jonás), por Henry Morris, Master Books, Green Forest, AR, 2003, páginas 17-18.

4. The Book of Jonah (El Libro de Jonás): MBSO79, por Arnold Fruchtenbaum, Ariel Ministries, San Antonio, TX, 2005, página 18.

Autenticidad e historicidad de Jonás

5. Jonah and Micah (Jonás y Miqueas), por David Baker, TOTC, Intervarsity Press, Downers Grove, IL, 1988, página 81.

6. The Bible Knowledge Commentary (El Comentario sobre el conocimiento de la Biblia): Antiguo Testamento, por John Walvoord y John and Roy Zuck. The Victor Books, Wheaton, IL, 1986, páginas 1463-1464.

7. The Minor Prophets (Los Profetas Menores), por Charles Feinberg, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1951, página 134.

Jonás entre los libros proféticos

8. Jonás, por Jack Sasson, The Anchor Bible, Doubleday, Nueva York, NY, 1990, páginas 13-15.

9. Jonás, por James Limburg, Westminster / John Knox Press, Louisville, KY, 1993, págs. 19-20.

10. The Jealousy of Jonah (El celo de Jonás), por Richard Henderson, The Columba Press, Dublín, Irlanda, 2006, página 14.

11. Jonás, por James Limburg, Westminster / John Knox Press, Louisville, KY, 1993, págs. 21-22.

El camino de Jonás y el camino de Dios en el mundo

12. The NIV Application Commentary: Jonah (Comentario de la aplicación de la NIV): Jonás, por James Bruckner, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, páginas 32-33.

13. Jonás, por James Limburg, Westminster / John Knox Press, Louisville, KY, 1993, págs. 34-36.

El mensaje de Jonás

14. The Bible Knowledge Commentary: Old Testament (El Comentario sobre el conocimiento de la Biblia: Antiguo Testamento), por John Walvoord y John and Roy Zuck. The Victor Books, Wheaton, IL, 1986, página 1462.

Las buenas nuevas de Jonás

15. The NIV Application Commentary: Jonah (Comentario de la aplicación de la NIV: Jonás), por James Bruckner, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, páginas 33-34.

Jonás huye del SEÑOR

16. The NIV Application Commentary: Jonah (Comentario de la aplicación de la NIV): Jonás, por James Bruckner, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, página 40.

17. Jonah, Navigating a Life Interrupted (Jonás, Navegando una vida interrumpida), por Priscilla Shirer, LifeWay Press, Nash, TN, 2014, página 9.

Capítulo 1

18. Jonás, por James Limburg, Westminster / John Knox Press, Louisville, KY, 1993, página 37.

19. The Jealousy of Jonah (El celo de Jonás), por Richard Henderson, The Columba Press, Dublín, Irlanda, 2006, páginas 19-20.

20. Jonás, por Jack Sasson, The Anchor Bible, Doubleday, Nueva York, NY, 1990, página 69.

21. Jonás y Miqueas, por David Baker, TOTC, Intervarsity Press, Downers Grove, IL, 1988, página 63.

22. Jonás, por James Limburg, Westminster / John Knox Press, Louisville, KY, 1993, págs. 37-39.

23. The Bible Knowledge Commentary (El Comentario sobre el conocimiento de la Biblia): Antiguo Testamento, por John Walvoord y John and Roy Zuck. The Victor Books, Wheaton, IL, 1986, páginas 1493-1494.

24. Jonah, Navigating a Life Interrupted (Jonás, Navegando una vida interrumpida), por Priscilla Shirer, LifeWay Press, Nashville, TN, 2014, páginas 10-12 y 16.

25. The Minor Prophets: Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum and Habakkuk (Los Profetas Menores: Abdias, Jonás, Miqueas, Nahum y Habacuc), por Joyce Baldwin, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, MI, 1993, página 553.

26. The Jealousy of Jonah (El celo de Jonás), por Richard Henderson, The Columba Press, Dublín, Irlanda, 2006, página 122.

27. The Book of Jonah (El Libro de Jonás): MBSO79, por Arnold Fruchtenbaum, Ariel Ministries, San Antonio, TX, 2005, página 6.

28. The Minor Prophets: Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum and Habakkuk (Los Profetas Menores: Abdias, Jonás, Miqueas, Nahum y Habacuc), por Joyce Baldwin, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, MI, 1993, página 553.

29. The Remarkable Journey of Jonah (El notable viaje de Jonás), por Henry Morris, Master Books, Green Forest, AR, 2003, páginas 31-32.

30. The Jealousy of Jonah (El celo de Jonás), por Richard Henderson, The Columba Press, Dublín, Irlanda, 2006, página 23.

31. Jonah, Navigating a Life Interrupted (Jonás, Navegando una vida interrumpida), por Priscilla Shirer, LifeWay Press, Nashville, TN, 2014, páginas 36-37.

32. Jonás, por Jack Sasson, The Anchor Bible, Doubleday, Nueva York, NY, 1990, página 69.

33. The Jealousy of Jonah (El celo de Jonás), por Richard Henderson, The Columba Press, Dublín, Irlanda, 2006, página 24.

34. Jonás y Miqueas, por J. Vernon McGee, Thomas Nelson, Nashville, TN, 1991, páginas 23-25.

35. Jonás, por James Limburg, Westminster, Louisville, Kentucky, 1993, páginas 47-48.

36. The Jealousy of Jonah (El celo de Jonás), por Richard Henderson, The Columba Press, Dublín, Irlanda, 2006, páginas 24-25.

37. Jonás: Comentario sobre el estudio de la Biblia, John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, MI, 1982, pág. 14.

38. Jonás, por James Limburg, Westminster, Louisville, Kentucky, 1993, página 50.

39. The Jealousy of Jonah (El celo de Jonás), por Richard Henderson, The Columba Press, Dublín, Irlanda, 2006, páginas 26-27.

40. The NIV Application Commentary: Jonah (Comentario de la aplicación de la NIV: Jonás), por James Bruckner, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, página 44.

41. The Minor Prophets (Los profetas menores), por Charles Feinberg, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1951, página 136.

42. Jonás y Miqueas, por David Baker, TOTC, Intervarsity Press, Downers Grove, IL, 1988, página 115.

43. Jonás, por James Limburg, Westminster / John Knox Press, Louisville, KY, 1993, página 52.

44. The NIV Application Commentary: Jonah (Comentario de la aplicación de la NIV): Jonás, por James Bruckner, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, página 45.

45. Manners and Customs of the Bible (Modales y costumbres de la Biblia), por James Freeman, Logos International, Plainfield, New Jersey, 1972, página 322.

46. ​​Jonás, por James Limburg, Westminster / John Knox Press, Louisville, KY, 1993, página 52.

47. The NIV Application Commentary Comentario de la aplicación de la NIV: Jonás, por James Bruckner, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, página 45.

48. Jonás y Miqueas, por J. Vernon McGee, Thomas Nelson, Nashville, TN, 1991, página 29.

49. The Book of Jonah (El Libro de Jonás): MBSO79, por Arnold Fruchtenbaum, Ariel Ministries, San Antonio, TX, 2005, página 8.

50. The NIV Application Commentary (Comentario de la aplicación de la NIV): Jonás, por James Bruckner, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, página 45.

51. The Minor Prophets (Los profetas menores), por Charles Feinberg, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1951, página 137.

52. The NIV Application Commentary: Jonah (Comentario de la aplicación de la NIV: Jonás), por James Bruckner, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, páginas 47-48.

53. Ibíd, página 31.

54. The Minor Prophets: Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum and Habakkuk, (Los profetas menores: Abdias, Jonás, Miqueas, Nahum y Habacuc), por Joyce Baldwin, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, MI, 1993, página 563.

55. Jonah, Navigating a Life Interrupted (Jonás, Navegando una vida interrumpida), por Priscilla Shirer, LifeWay Press, Nashville, TN, 2014, páginas 58 y 63.

56. El Libro de Jonás: MBSO79, por Arnold Fruchtenbaum, Ariel Ministries, San Antonio, TX, 2005, página 10.

57. Jonah, Navigating a Life Interrupted (Jonás, Navegando una vida interrumpida), por Priscilla Shirer, LifeWay Press, Nashville, TN, 2014, página 53.

Capítulo 2

58. Jonás, por James Limburg, Westminster, Louisville, KY, 1993, página 60.

59. Ibíd, pág. 61.

60. The Book of Jonah (El Libro de Jonás): MBSO79, por Arnold Fruchtenbaum, Ariel Ministries, San Antonio, TX, 2005, página 10.

61. Jonás, por James Limburg, Westminster, Louisville, Kentucky, 1993, páginas 62-63.

62. Mateo 1-13, por J. Vernon McGee, Thomas Nelson, Nashville, TN, 1991, páginas 171-172

63. Mateo 8-15, por John MacArthur, Moody Bible Institute, Chicago, IL, 1987, página 327.

64. Matthew Presents Yeshua (Mateo presenta a Yhesua), por Barney Kasdan, King Messiah, Messianic Jewish Publishers, Clarksville, Maryland, 2011, páginas 166-167.

65. Jonás, por James Limburg, Westminster, Louisville, Kentucky, 1993, páginas 63-65.

66. Our Daily Bread (Nuestro pan diario), RBC Ministries, por Tim Gustafson, Grand Rapids, Michigan, septiembre-octubre-noviembre de 2014.

67. The Book of Jonah (El Libro de Jonás): MBSO79, por Arnold Fruchtenbaum, Ariel Ministries, San Antonio, TX, 2005, páginas 11-13.

68. Jonah, Navigating a Life Interrupted (Jonás, Navegando una vida interrumpida), por Priscilla Shirer, LifeWay Press, Nashville, TN, 2014, página 73.

69. Jonás, por James Limburg, Westminster, Louisville, KY, 1993, página 72.

70. Jonah, Navigating a Life Interrupted (Jonás, Navegando una vida interrumpida), por Priscilla Shirer, LifeWay Press, Nashville, TN, 2014, páginas 67-68.

71. The Bible Knowledge Commentary: Old Testament (Comentario sobre el conocimiento de la Biblia: Antiguo Testamento), por John Walvoord y John and Roy Zuck. The Victor Books, Wheaton, IL, 1986, página 1468.

72. Jonah: Bible Study Commentary (Jonás: Comentario sobre el estudio de la Biblia), John Walton, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, MI, 1982, pág. 35.

73. The Minor Prophets: Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum and Habakkuk (Los Profetas Menores: Abdias, Jonás, Miqueas, Nahum y Habacuc), por Joyce Baldwin, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, MI, 1993, página 554.

74. Jonah, Navigating a Life Interrupted (Jonás, Navegando una vida interrumpida), por Priscilla Shirer, LifeWay Press, Nashville, TN, 2014, páginas 90-93.

Capítulo 3

75. Chiasmus in Antiquity (Quiasmo en la antigüedad), por John Welch, Research Press, Provo, UT, 1981, página 60.

76. Jonás, por James Limburg, Westminster, Louisville, KY, 1993, página 74.

77. Ibíd, pág. 75.

78. Jonah, Navigating a Life Interrupted (Jonás, Navegando una vida interrumpida), por Priscilla Shirer, LifeWay Press, Nashville, TN, 2014, páginas 81-86.

79. Jonás, por James Limburg, Westminster, Louisville, KY, 1993, página 77.

80. The Minor Prophets: Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum and Habakkuk (Los profetas menores: Abdias, Jonás, Miqueas, Nahum y Habacuc), por Joyce Baldwin, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, MI, 1993, página 577.

81. The Bible Knowledge Commentary: Old Testament (Comentario sobre el conocimiento de la Biblia: Antiguo Testamento), por John Walvoord y John and Roy Zuck. The Victor Books, Wheaton, IL, 1986, páginas 1463-1464.

82. The Minor Prophets: Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum and Habakkuk (Los profetas menores: Abdias, Jonás, Miqueas, Nahum y Habacuc), por Joyce Baldwin, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, MI, 1993, página 579.

83. The Bible Knowledge Commentary: Old Testament (Comentario sobre el conocimiento de la Biblia: Antiguo Testamento), por John Walvoord y John and Roy Zuck. The Victor Books, Wheaton, IL, 1986, página 1469.

84. The NIV Application Commentary: Jonah (Comentario de la aplicación de la NIV: Jonás), por James Bruckner, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, página 94.

85. Jonah, Navigating a Life Interrupted (Jonás, Navegando una vida interrumpida), por Priscilla Shirer, LifeWay Press, Nashville, TN, 2014, página 123.

Capítulo 4

86. The NIV Application Commentary: Jonah (Comentario de la aplicación de la NIV: Jonás), por James Bruckner, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, páginas 108-109.

87. Jonah, Navigating a Life Interrupted (Jonás, Navegando una vida interrumpida), por Priscilla Shirer, LifeWay Press, Nashville, TN, 2014, página 129.

88. Jonás, por James Limburg, Westminster, Louisville, KY, 1993, páginas 88-89.

89. The Bible Knowledge Commentary: Old Testament (Comentario sobre el conocimiento de la Biblia: Antiguo Testamento), por John Walvoord y John and Roy Zuck. The Victor Books, Wheaton, IL, 1986, página 1470.

90. The Book of Jonás (El libro de Jonás): MBSO79, de Arnold Fruchtenbaum, Ariel Ministries, San Antonio, TX, 2005, páginas 15-16.

91. Jonah, Navigating a Life Interrupted (Jonás, Navegando una vida interrumpida), por Priscilla Shirer, LifeWay Press, Nashville, TN, 2014, página 129.

92. The Remarkable Journey of Jonah (El notable viaje de Jonás), por Henry Morris, Master Books, Green Forest, AR, páginas 112-113.

93. The NIV Application Commentary: Jonah (Comentario de la aplicación de la NIV: Jonás), por James Bruckner, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, páginas 110-111.

94. The Minor Prophets: Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum and Habakkuk (Los Profetas Menores: Abdias, Jonás, Miqueas, Nahum y Habacuc), por Joyce Baldwin, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, MI, 1993, página 584.

95. Jonás, por James Limburg, Westminster, Louisville, KY, 1993, página 89.

96. The NIV Application Commentary: Jonah (Comentario de la aplicación de la NIV: Jonás), por James Bruckner, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, MI, 2004, página 120.

97. The Minor Prophets: Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum and Habakkuk (Los Profetas Menores: Abdias, Jonás, Miqueas, Nahum y Habacuc), por Joyce Baldwin, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, MI, 1993, página 584.

98. Jonás, por James Limburg, Westminster, Louisville, KY, 1993, página 94.

99. Jonah, Navigating a Life Interrupted (Jonás, Navegando una vida interrumpida), por Priscilla Shirer, LifeWay Press, Nashville, TN, 2014, páginas 134-135.

100. El notable viaje de Jonás, por Henry Morris, Master Books, Green Forest, AR, página 117.

101. Ibíd, páginas 118-119.

102. The Jealousy of Jonah (El celo de Jonás), por Richard Henderson, The Columba Press, Dublín, Irlanda, 2006, página 77.

103. Jonah, Navigating a Life Interrupted (Jonás, Navegando una vida interrumpida), por Priscilla Shirer, LifeWay Press, Nashville, TN, 2014, página 144.

104. The Minor Prophets: Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum and Habakkuk (Los Profetas Menores: Abdias, Jonás, Miqueas, Nahum y Habacuc), por Joyce Baldwin, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, MI, 1993, página 587.

105. The Bible Knowledge Commentary: Old Testament (Comentario sobre el conocimiento de la Biblia): Antiguo Testamento, por John Walvoord y John and Roy Zuck. The Victor Books, Wheaton, IL, 1986, página 1472.

106. The Minor Prophets: Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum and Habakkuk (Los Profetas Menores: Abdias, Jonás, Miqueas, Nahum y Habacuc), por Joyce Baldwin, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, MI, 1993, página 589.

107. Jonás, por James Limburg, Westminster, Louisville, KY, 1993, página 98.

108. Jonah, Navigating a Life Interrupted (Jonás, Navegando una vida interrumpida), por Priscilla Shirer, LifeWay Press, Nashville, TN, 2014, página 145.

2021-05-25T17:52:58+00:000 Comments
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