Db – Que ninguno se aparte de la gracia de Dios 12: 12-17

Que ninguno se aparte de la gracia de Dios
12: 12-17

Que ninguno se aparte de la gracia de Dios ESCUDRIÑAR: ¿Por qué las personas creyentes y no creyentes, se apartan de la gracia de Dios? ¿Dónde comenzó este “apartarse”? ¿De qué culpa la gente a YHVH por el caos en sus vidas, que es el resultado de su propio pecado? ¿Cómo se relacionan estas amonestaciones con disciplinar a los miembros más débiles de las congregaciones? ¿Cuán importante es la paz en las congregaciones de Dios?

REFLEXIONAR: ¿Cómo le va en su carrera de fe? ¿Necesita ánimo para resistir, para ser persistente o para vigilarse? ¿Cómo puede orar a Adonai ELOHIM esta semana para que le ayude a volver al camino correcto? ¿Cuándo fue la última vez que se apartó del Señor? ¿Cómo reacciona usted? ¿Se golpea a sí mismo? ¿O se levanta, se reconcilia con el Señor y continúa en la carrera? ¿Cuál de estas instrucciones es la más importante para usted hoy? ¿Por qué? ¿Qué le consuela en este pasaje? ¿Qué le inquieta? ¿Por qué?

La idea básica de este pasaje es claramente animar a la comunidad mesiánica. El propósito no era enseñar, porque ya habrían tenido una buena comprensión intelectual del evangelio, sino animarlos a vivir de acuerdo con la verdad que ya conocían: creerla, seguirla, confiar en ella y obedecerla. La verdad que se conoce, pero no se obedece, se convierte en un juicio para nosotros en lugar de una ayuda. Enseñar y animar son inseparables. Enseñar la sana doctrina que no se aplica no sirve de nada, y animar sin basarse en la sana doctrina es arena movediza. El método de instrucción de Dios es simple: explicarnos los principios espirituales y luego ilustrarnos y alentarnos a su aplicación. Por lo tanto, Hebreos 12 también comienza con palabras de aliento. Después de que la fe ha sido cuidadosamente explicada, definida e ilustrada, es como si el escritor estuviera diciendo: “Ahora que sabe de qué se trata correr la maratón del creyente: ¡salga y corra!” No es suficiente conocer que el Brit Hadashah es mejor; debemos aceptarlo para nosotros mismos. No basta saber que el Mesías es superior y nuestro Perfecto Sumo Sacerdote; debemos confiar en Su sacrificio expiatorio. No basta saber cómo debemos vivir; debemos vivir realmente lo que sabemos.373

Estos versículos dan tres alientos: para resistir, para perseverar y para vigilar. Se dirigen en primer lugar a los creyentes, aunque también se aplican a los incrédulos. Es como si el autor estuviera diciendo: “Sobre la base de que debe estar en el maratón de los creyentes para ganar la carrera de la fe, y que su sufrimiento es parte de la amorosa disciplina de Dios para su bien, aquí hay tres cosas en las que usted debe concentrarse en hacer”.

Resistencia: Estos versos retoman la metáfora de la carrera. Lo primero que le sucede a los corredores cuando empiezan a cansarse es que se les caen los brazos. La segunda cosa, son las rodillas. Pero concentrarse en brazos débiles y rodillas débiles solo lo ralentiza. La única forma en que puede esperar continuar es enfocándose en la meta. Asimismo, cuando experimentamos brazos débiles espirituales y rodillas débiles, nuestra única esperanza es poner los ojos en Jesús, el Autor y Consumador de la fe (Hebreos 12:2c citando Habacuc 2:4).

El escritor de Hebreos obtuvo su metáfora de Isaías. Por lo tanto, fortaleced las manos debilitadas y las rodillas paralizadas” (Hebreos 12:12 citando a Isaías 35:3). Los fieles de Israel habían pasado por mucho. Tuvieron muchos reyes malvados, algunos falsos profetas, compatriotas israelitas generalmente desobedientes y obstinados, enemigos poderosos que los amenazaban, y parecía que no había perspectivas de que todos vivieran en paz en su propia Tierra. Estaban desanimados y abatidos, listos para darse por vencidos. Así que el profeta les recordó el Reino mesiánico venidero, cuando dijo ¡Alégrense el desierto y el sequedal! ¡Regocíjese el Arabá y florezca como el lirio… …Sí, ellos verán la gloria de YHVH, La majestad de nuestro Dios (Isaías 35:1-2). Dios les ordenó que se ayudaran unos a otros para que perseveraran: Fortaleced las manos débiles y afianzad las rodillas vacilantes. Decid a los de corazón tímido: Esforzaos, no temáis. He aquí, vuestro Dios viene con venganza; la retribución1 vendrá de Dios mismo, mas Él os salvará (Isaías 35:3-4). Luego le dio a Israel una forma de reconocer al Rey de Reyes cuando llegó (vea el comentario sobre Isaías Gl Los Tres Milagros Mesiánicos). Era como si Él estuviera diciendo, “No se rindan ahora. Soporten, se acerca un día mejor. Fíjense en eso y tendrán el ánimo y la fuerza que necesitan. La victoria está por delante”. Anímense unos a otros, y tanto más cuando vean el Día del Señor (vea el comentario sobre Isaías Kg – Se acerca la Segunda Venida de Jesucristo a Bosra (10:25).

…y haced sendas derechas para vuestros pies, para que no se disloque lo cojo, sino más bien que sea sanado (12:13). Las sendas derechas se refieren a permanecer en su propio carril en la carrera. Cuando se sale de su carril, no solo se descalifica a sí mismo, sino que a menudo interfiere con otros corredores. Un corredor nunca se sale de su carril intencionalmente; sólo lo hace cuando está distraído o descuidado, cuando pierde la concentración de la meta, o cuando el cansancio le quita la voluntad de ganar. Tus ojos miren de frente, Y ábranse tus párpados hacia lo que está delante. Examina la senda de tus pies, Y sean rectos todos tus caminos. No te desvíes a diestra ni a siniestra, Aparta tu pie del mal (Proverbios 4:25-27). Cuando emprendemos la carrera de la fe, nada debe distraernos o hacernos vacilar o cambiar de rumbo. Si lo hacemos, no solo tropezaremos nosotros mismos, sino que también haremos que otros tropiecen.374

…para que no se disloque lo cojo, sino más bien que sea sanado (12:13b), aquellos judíos incrédulos que entendieron quién era el Mesías pero que no habían cruzado la línea del conocimiento a la fe, no sean incapacitados, sino sanados o salvos (Hebreos 12:13 citando Proverbios 4:26). La palabra cojo (griego: colos) se encuentra solo en los evangelios sinópticos y Hechos, y se usa principalmente en un sentido literal. Sin embargo, aquí se usa metafóricamente. En 1 Reyes 18:21 (LBLA) leemos: Elías se acercó a todo el pueblo y dijo: ¿Hasta cuándo vacilaréis entre dos opiniones? Si el SEÑOR es Dios, seguidle; y si Baal, seguidle a él. Pero el pueblo no le respondió ni una palabra. Pero en la Septuaginta, la traducción griega del TaNaJ, usa la misma palabra (griego: colos) en 1 Reyes 18:21 que el escritor usa en Hebreos 12:13. Por lo tanto, la palabra aquí habla de cojera espiritual, en particular, de aquellos que entre la congregación mesiánica fueron los más afectados por las persecuciones y que estaban a punto de volver al Templo y a los sacrificios levíticos.

El aliento fue para los judíos nacidos de nuevo que habían dejado el Templo para resistir y aferrarse tan tenazmente a su nueva fe, de tal manera que aquellos vacilantes fueran animados a pasar a la fe en el Mesías como su Sumo Sacerdote superior. Se advirtió a los judíos creyentes que, si avanzaban cojeando en la carrera de la fe, los que estaban al borde de la salvación tropezarían y se saldrían de su camino. Esos judíos incrédulos habían comenzado la carrera hacia la salvación al salir del Templo, pero necesitaban el ejemplo y el testimonio alentador de los judíos salvos para soportar y terminar la carrera para que no quedaran discapacitados espiritualmente, sino sanados (salvados).375

Persistencia: Seguid la paz con todos, y la santidad, sin la cual nadie verá al Señor (12:14). Aquí comienza la advertencia que culminará en 12:29, porque en verdad, “Nuestro Dios es fuego consumidor”. Los que no prestan atención, que suponen que el mero reconocimiento intelectual de la existencia de Dios y el mesianismo de Yeshua, los llevaría al cielo sobre la base de sus buenas obras, tendrán un duro despertar porque el que no fue hallado inscrito en el libro de la vida, fue lanzado al lago de fuego (Apocalipsis 20:15).376

Mirando bien que ninguno se aparte de la gracia de Dios, que ninguna raíz de amargura brotando os impida, y por ella muchos sean contaminados;( 12:15 RV1909).

Vigilando: Mirando bien (12:15a), se traduce de la palabra griega episkopeo, que está estrechamente relacionada con episkopos, que significa supervisor y es sinónimo de anciano . Debemos cuidarnos los unos a los otros, ayudándonos unos a otros a crecer en santidad. También debemos cuidar, supervisar a aquellos en nuestro medio, especialmente con la iglesia o comunidad mesiánica, que pueden no ser creyentes. No debemos juzgar, sino ser sensibles y preocupados por las oportunidades de presentarles las afirmaciones de Jesucristo. Y dado que la carta a los Hebreos habla tan a menudo de tales personas en la comunidad mesiánica en la diáspora, este es un punto clave.

…se aparte de la gracia de Dios (12:15b), lo que significa llegar tarde, quedarse fuera. Si un incrédulo muere antes de confiar en Jesús (Yeshua el Mesías de Israel), él o ella se perderá por toda la eternidad, sin la gracia de ADONAI. Nosotros somos animados a velar, a estar atentos, a que, en la medida en que podamos influir en ellos, nadie a nuestro alrededor viva con la ilusión de ser creyente cuando no lo es, o que nadie expuesto al evangelio se aparte de él (Mateo 7:21-23; 1 Juan 2:19).377

Que ninguna raíz de amargura brotando os impida, y por ella muchos sean contaminados (Hebreos 12:15c citando Deuteronomio 29:18). Al presentar el pacto a todo Israel en Deuteronomio 29:1, Moisés advirtió: no sea que haya entre vosotros hombre o mujer, familia o tribu, cuyo corazón se aparte hoy de YHVH nuestro Dios, para ir a servir a los dioses de esas naciones. No sea que haya entre vosotros una raíz que produzca hiel y ajenjo (Deuteronomio 29:18), en lugar de producir fruto apacible de justicia (como se encuentra en 12:11). Según la ley de Moisés debían saber que: Pues sucederá que si no obedeces la voz de YHVH tu Dios, cuidando de practicar todos sus mandamientos y estatutos que yo te ordeno hoy, vendrán sobre ti y te alcanzarán todas estas maldiciones (Deuteronomio 28:15-69). Y sucederá que cuando él oiga las palabras de esta maldición, se envanecerá, diciendo: “Tendré paz aunque ande en la terquedad de mi corazón, a fin de destruir la tierra regada junto con la seca.” El SEÑOR jamás querrá perdonarlo, sino que la ira del SEÑOR y su celo arderán contra ese hombre, y toda maldición que está escrita en este libro caerá sobre él, y el SEÑOR borrará su nombre de debajo del cielo (Deuteronomio 29:19-20).378

Vigilando que no haya ningún fornicario, o profano, como Esaú, que por una comida vendió su primogenitura (12:16). Quizás la persona más triste y más impía de la Biblia fuera de Judas es Esaú. Superficialmente, sus actos contra YHVH no parecen tan malvados como los de muchos paganos brutales y sin corazón. Pero las Escrituras los condenan fuertemente. Tenían mucha luz y tuvieron todas las oportunidades posibles, como cualquier persona en su época, de conocer y seguir a ADONAI. Conocían Su palabra, habían oído Sus promesas, habían visto Sus milagros y tenían comunión con Su pueblo; sin embargo, con obstinación determinada le dieron la espalda a Dios y a las cosas de Dios.

Esaú no solo era inmoral, sino que era profano y fornicario. Según John MacArthur no tenía ética ni fe, ni escrúpulos ni reverencia. No tenía respeto por lo bueno, lo veraz o lo divino. Era totalmente mundano, totalmente secular y totalmente blasfemo. Y como resultado, era totalmente inepto para la bendición patriarcal. Por eso ADONAI le dijo a Rebeca que el mayor servirá al menor (Génesis 25:23b) , y por eso actuó como lo hizo (vea el comentario sobre Génesis Gn Entonces Jacob le dio a Esaú un guiso de lentejas y Esaú menospreció su primogenitura). Los creyentes deben tener cuidado de que nadie como Esaú contamine el Cuerpo del Mesías. Mirad que no haya ningún fornicario o profano como Esaú.379

Porque sabéis que aun cuando (Esaú) después deseaba heredar la bendición, fue rechazado (porque no halló lugar de arrepentimiento), aunque solícitamente la buscó con lágrimas (12:17). Aunque parece que Esaú tuvo un cambio de corazón entre Génesis 25:27-34 y Génesis 27:30-41, no persuadió a su padre Isaac para que lo bendijera con la bendición reservada para el hijo primogénito, porque una vez que la bendición fue dado no podía ser retirada. Aunque Esaú cambió de opinión, no hay indicios de que alguna vez se arrepintiera verdaderamente. Sus lágrimas no habrían brotado por la tristeza que es según Dios, y causa arrepentimiento para salvación sin remordimiento, pero la tristeza del mundo produce muerte (Segunda Corintios 7:10). Más bien, su cambio de corazón fue solo al valorar sus derechos como primogénito (Génesis 27) en lugar de despreciarlos (Génesis 25). Esaú quería desesperadamente la bendición de Dios, pero no en los términos de Dios. Sin embargo, no hay base para inferir de este pasaje que puede ser “demasiado tarde para arrepentirse”, demasiado tarde para que una persona se vuelva del pecado a Dios. Tal actitud es sólo una excusa para seguir pecando. Amado, ¡nunca es demasiado tarde! Los brazos de ADONAI están siempre abiertos, siempre está Su deseo: El Señor no retarda la promesa, como algunos la consideran tardanza, sino que es paciente hacia vosotros, no queriendo que ninguno perezca, sino que todos procedan al arrepentimiento (Segunda Pedro 3:9).380

PÁGINA SIGUIENTE:  El Sinaí Terrenal y el Sión Celestia Dc

Volver al esquema del contenido

2022-10-15T14:50:48+00:000 Comments

Da – Advertencia a los incrédulos y aliento a los creyentes 12 : 12-29

Advertencia a los incrédulos
y aliento a los creyentes
12: 12-29

A lo largo de la carta a los Hebreos hubo cinco advertencias específicas (vea Ntd) para los incrédulos dentro de la comunidad mesiánica, y el escritor ha enfatizado la importancia de una respuesta (haga clic en el enlace y vea AgLa audiencia del libro de Hebreos).

Al – La primera advertencia es el peligro de la negligencia: judíos intelectualmente convencidos

As – La segunda advertencia es el peligro de un corazón duro: judíos incrédulos

Ba – La tercera advertencia es el peligro de la insensibilidad para oír: judíos no convencidos

Bb – La cuarta advertencia es el peligro de caer: judíos indecisos

Ci – La quinta advertencia es el peligro de la apostasía: judíos apóstatas

Ahora que ellos entendieron el significado del sacerdocio superior del Mesías, se les imploró que se comprometieran a vivir por fe en lugar de volver al Templo y los sacrificios levíticos que solo conducirían a la muerte espiritual.

Pero tanto los salvos como los perdidos sufrían persecución por parte de la comunidad judía por abandonar el Templo y los sacrificios levíticos. El escritor ya ha dado algunos consejos sobre cómo responder a la disciplina divina. Muestren respeto por ADONAI obedeciéndolo aun cuando sea doloroso obedecer (12:9-11). No se rindan, por tanto, fortaleced las manos debilitadas y las rodillas paralizadas (12:12). Pero el escritor tiene aún más sugerencias que ofrecer a los creyentes. Sugerencias que, si las seguimos, nos permitirán experimentar la vida como ciudadanos activos del Reino inquebrantable de Dios.

Ntd: Otros reconocidos maestros de la palabra muestran las advertencias como se muestra abajo, se ruega al lector escudriñar sobre esto:

advertencia: No deslizarnos (o desviarnos de Su Palabra) 2:1-4

advertencia: No dudar de Su Palabra (o el peligro de la desobediencia) 3:7-4:13

advertencia: No descuidar de Su Palabra (o El peligro de no progresar hacia la madurez espiritual) 5:11-6:20

advertencia: No despreciar Su Palabra (El Peligro del Pecado Voluntario) 10:26-39

advertencia: No dudar de Su Palabra (Contra la Indiferencia a la Luz de La Mejor Sangre en un Lugar Mejor) 12:14-19 y 12:25-29

PÁGINA SIGUIENTE:  Que ninguno se aparte de la gracia de Dios Db

Volver al esquema del contenido

2022-10-15T15:37:05+00:000 Comments

Am – The Party’s Over First Kings 1:31-53 and First Chronicles 29:21-25

The Party’s Over
First Kings 1:31-53
and First Chronicles 29:21-25

The party’s over DIG: What ceremonies are involved in the coronation of Solomon? What significance do they have? What did Jesus mean by these very same symbols (Mt 21:1-5). Who are Benaiah, the Kerethites and the Pelethites? What is significant about the timing of Solomon’s inauguration? How do the various people respond to the news of Solomon’s coronation? Why did Adonijah take hold of the horns of the altar? Why does ADONAI seem to be silent in the midst of this story? What is He doing behind the scenes?

REFLECT: In what different ways does a real leader and a mere opportunist face crises differently? What opportunity do you have in your life to choose between these two options? When you see a schemer at work, do you step in and get involved? Or keep quiet and mind your own business? Are there any worries, rumors, political talk, which are causing you concern? In your family, are you the eldest child, the youngest or in any other way “favored” by your parents? How did your parents’ fairness (or lack of it) affect you?

The King is dead; long live the King!

According to ancient custom, the death of a ruler is greeted with the words, “The king is dead; long live the king!” This may seem like a contradiction. If the king is dead, then what use is there in wishing him long life? But the point is that the kingdom would endure. Even though one king had died, another king lived to take his place. Because the kingship would survive, the people who hoped for the continuity of the monarchy would say, “the king is dead, long live the king,” and that is why Bathsheba said: May my lord King David live forever (First Kings 1:31)! ADONAI had promised David eternal life and an eternal throne, so the queen’s hopes for David’s everlasting throne were not misplaced. The king still lives and so does his dynasty, to the everlasting joy of all the people of God.40

Dear Heavenly Father, How wonderful to know that You, our father, are the King of kings who never gets old! You are always watching over and reigning wisely over me! What joy it brings to know that no matter what is happening in the world, no matter how strong the enemy – You are wiser and more powerful! Be still before ADONAI and wait patiently for Him . . . Do not fret over one prospering in his way, over one carrying out wicked schemes. For evildoers will be cut off, but those who wait for ADONAI – they will inherit the land. Yet a little while, and the wicked will be no more. Yes, you will look at his place, but he will not be there (Psalms 37:7 and 9-10). Ha’Shem, even when wars and problems come, You are in the midst of accomplishing Your plans. You remain holy and in control. You are aware. You are active. All praise to You! in Yeshua’s holy Name and power of His resurrection. Amen

Scene five: David may have been dying, but he was not dead yet. As soon as he finished his audience with Bathsheba (to see the link click Al A Royal Conspiracy), he started giving out orders. There was not a moment to lose! In trying to usurp the throne, Adonijah had already announced that he would be king. David knew it was now or never; if he didn’t act immediately and decisively to put his rightful son on the throne, Solomon would never be king and God’s promise would fail. So, the king resumed command of the situation, saying: Call in Zadok the priest, Nathan the prophet and Benaiah (First Kings 1:32a). This was a shrewd and godly maneuver. David was calling together the prophet, the priest, and the representative of the king. Adonijah had not consulted any of those men. But David did, and in doing so he united his kingdom under the rule of God, who had appointed them to serve as rulers of Isra’el.

When they came before the king, he gave orders for Solomon’s coronation: Take the Kerethites and the Pelethites (foreign mercenaries and David’s loyal bodyguard) commanded by Benaiah, those loyal to me, with you and set Solomon my son on my own personal mule and take him down to the spring of Gihon (First Kings 1:32b-33). The fact that Solomon was mounted on David’s royal mule demonstrated to the people that the anointing had David’s blessing. By comparison, seeing Solomon riding on King David’s mule would be like seeing the queen of England in her royal carriage, or watching Air Force One take off with the President of the United States on board.41 Not only that, the presence of Zadok and Nathan indicated Divine approval, and that of Benaiah military approval.

The spring of Gihon, the site of Solomon’s anointing, was just outside the City in the Kidron Valley, on the east bank of the Ophel. It was Jerusalem’s major source of natural flowing water and was therefore a natural gathering place of the people.42 However, En Rogel, where Adonijah was feasting, was a half mile further north of the City; therefore, Solomon, could be crowned as king and march into the open arms of the Israelites ahead of his challenger.

Then Benaiah (see the commentary on the Life of David EjDavid’s Mighty Warriors), who was ready to replace Joab as the top military man, declared: Amen! This word is much stronger in Hebrew than the English might imply. It is an acclamation of commitment and expresses absolute reliance on the person he is speaking about; to trust in that persons faithfulness as was the case here.43 Benaiah was a man of prayer, for this is what he was really doing: praying for Solomon’s kingdom. By saying: May the LORD, the God of my lord the king, so declare it, he was asking God to be with Solomon the way he had been with David. As ADONAI was with my lord the king, so may He also be with Solomon to make his throne even greater than the throne of my lord King David, meaning David’s glory would live on in Solomon’s glory (First Kings 1:36-37).

Thus, Zadok the priest, Nathan the prophet, Benaiah, the military man, along with the Kerethites and the Pelethites, Philistines, who made up David’s private body guard (see the commentary on the Life of David CyDavid’s Officials), went down and had Solomon mount King David’s mule. Then they escorted him to Gihon. There, Zadok the priest took the horn of oil preserved for such an occasion (see my commentary on Exodus Fp The Altar of Incense in the Sanctuary: Christ, Our Advocate with the Father) from the Tabernacle and anointed Solomon as king over Isra’el (First Kings 1:34a and 38-39). This was Solomon’s first, private, coronation with those mentioned above. This was an emergency measure, hastily assembled to forestall Adonijah’s attempted coup.

The next day, however, was the public coronation, where the priests made sacrifices to ADONAI and offered burnt offerings of a thousand bulls, a thousand rams, and a thousand male lambs, along with their drink offerings and other sacrifices in abundance for all Isra’el. The extravagant number of offerings is a concrete expression of the grandeur of the event. Then they ate and drank with great joy in the presence of ADONAI that day. Then they acknowledged Solomon the son of David as king a second time, anointing him before ADONAI as ruler and Zadok to be the high priest (Second Chronicles 29:21-22).

So like Sha’ul and David, Solomon had a double coronation. Sha’ul first, private, coronation was in First Samuel 10:1 where Samuel took a flask of oil and poured it on Sha’ul’s head and kissed him saying, “Has not ADONAI anointed you leaver over His inheritance?” His second, public, coronation was in First Samuel 11:15 where Samuel said to all the people, “Come, let us go to Gilgal and there reaffirm the kingship.” So all the people went to Gilgal and confirmed Sha’ul as king in the presence of ADONAI. There they sacrificed fellowship offerings before the LORD, and Sha’ul and all the Israelites held a great celebration. Likewise, David had a double coronation. His first, private, coronation was when Samuel anointed David at Bethlehem when ADONAI spoke to His prophet saying: The LORD does not look at the things man looks at. Man looks at the heart. When David arrived from tending his sheep, ADONAI said: Rise and anoint him. He is the one. So Samuel took the horn of oil and anointed David in the presence of his brothers (First Samuel 16:7b and 12-13a). David’s second, public coronation, was in Second Samuel 5:3-5 when all the elders of Isra’el had come to David at Hebron . . . and they anointed him king over Isra’el. David was thirty years old when he became king, and he reigned forty years. In Hebron he reigned over Judah for about seven years and in Jerusalem he reigned over all Isra’el and Judah thirty-three years.

Therefore, after acknowledging Solomon as king a second time, the shofar sounded and all the people of Jerusalem shouted, “Long live King Solomon!” The public celebration was enormous. It was the proper way for King David to announce his immediate successor and for the people of Isra’el to make Solomon their king. He did it by his royal authority as God’s representative and he did it in broad daylight. Unlike Adonijah, who hosted his own coronation party, Solomon would be paraded through the city streets and crowned at the royal palace – not by his own will, but by godly men operating under the will of ADONAI.44 So, with Solomon then taking the lead, all the people went up after him, playing pipes and rejoicing greatly. Grown men were cheering and shouting. Women were singing and dancing in the streets. Children were jumping up and down, so excited they hardly knew what to do. The sound of their celebration was so loud that the ground shook with the sound; a sound that would easily reach En Rogel a half mile away where the supporters of Adonijah were partying (First Kings 1:34b and 40).

Scene six: Adonijah’s supporters feasted away until they were completely stuffed. But as the noise died down, they heard a sound that caught them all off guard. All the guests heard the shouting of Solomon’s celebration at En Rogel as they were finishing their feast. On hearing the sound of the shofar, Joab asked, “What’s the meaning of all the noise in Tziyon.” Little did they know that the party was over in every sense of the term. Even as he was speaking, Jonathan son of Abiathar the priest (Second Samuel 17:17-22) arrived. Adonijah thought he was bringing good news and said: Come in. A worthy man like you must be bringing good news. “Not at all,” Jonathan answered. “Our lord King David has made Solomon king. The king has sent with him Zadok the priest, Nathan the prophet, Benaiah son of Jehoiada, the Kerethites and the Pelethites, and they have put him on the king’s mule, and Zadok and Nathan have anointed him king at Gihon. From there they have gone up cheering, and the City resounds with it! That’s the noise that you hear. Moreover, Solomon has taken his seat on the royal throne (First Kings 1:41-46).

At the same time, the royal officials came to congratulate King David, saying: May your God make Solomon’s name more famous than yours and his throne greater than yours! And King David bowed in worship on his bed, accepting the praise of Solomon, and said: Praise be to ADONAI, the God of Isra’el, who has allowed my eyes to see a successor on my throne today (First Kings 1:47-48). David had always called Solomon his beloved son; now he was the first to proclaim him as king. Because this had transpired in David’s bedroom, either Nathan or Zadok (or both) must have quoted David’s words to the people. But however he learned of the news Jonathan made it clear from his eyewitness report that at that very moment, Solomon was the king of Isra’el.

At this, all Adonijah’s guests rose in alarm and disappeared like rats off a ship going down. The party was over. Nobody wanted to be seen with Adonijah. Earlier it had been acknowledged that if Adonijah had won, Solomon and his mother would be marked for death. Now the shoe was on the other foot. So Adonijah, in fear of Solomon, ran to the courtyard of the Tabernacle and took hold of the horns of the bronze altar where sacrifices were made for sin (First Kings 1:49-50). This method of seeking sanctuary for criminals deserving of death was a time-honored custom. In Isra’el the grasping of the horns of the altar didn’t provide sanctuary for every criminal – only those guilty of the unintentional slaying of another. The horns were the projections at the corners of the bronze altar on which the blood of sacrifice was smeared. To grasp the horns was to claim the protection of God until the case was judged.45 The symbolism of taking hold of the horns of the bronze altar seems to have meant that since YHVH had been gracious to man, as seen in accepting man’s offerings to atone for his sins, so one man should be gracious to another man who had offended him.46 It appears that Adonijah believed that the corners of the bronze altar was a holy place and would provide him with some protection from Solomon’s vengeance.

But when Solomon was told, “Adonijah is afraid of you and is clinging to the horns of the altar, saying: Let King Solomon swear to me today that he will not put his servant to death by the sword.” Solomon replied: If he shows himself to be worthy, not a hair of his head will fall to the ground; but if evil is found in him, he will die. Then King Solomon sent men, and they brought him down from the altar. And Adonijah came and bowed down to Solomon and the king said, “Go to your home” (1 Kgs 1:52-53). How the mighty had fallen! The man who had tried to elevate himself was brought low. The man who wanted to be king had to bow before his younger brother. The man who tried to give orders was told to go home. From that point forward Adonijah was on probation. A bargain seemed to be struck, a promise of good behavior in exchange for clemency. But Adonijah didn’t live up to his end of the bargain and his dark heart would soon be discovered.

So, Solomon sat on the throne of ADONAI as king in place of his father David. These words express the climax of Solomon’s rise to power (see Aj –). He prospered and all Isra’el obeyed him. All the officers and mighty men, as well as all of King David’s sons, pledged their submission to King Solomon. ADONAI highly exalted Solomon in the sight of all Isra’el and bestowed on him royal splendor such as no king over Isra’el ever had before (First Chronicles 29:23-25). The remarks on Solomon’s accession and reign are necessary to the complete conclusion of a history of David’s reign, for they show how David’s wishes for his son, Solomon, whom YHVH chose to be his successor, were fulfilled.

For now, we are left to put ourselves in the story and consider our own relationship to God’s anointed and eternal King Yesnua Messiah. The Bible says that Yeshua is superior to Solomon (Matthew 12:42). As much as we admire Solomon for giving Adonijah another chance, we should praise Yeshua for giving us more grace. Solomon said Adonijah’s life would be spared if he proved himself worthy, which was certainly fair enough. But Yeshua says that He will accept us even when we are unworthy, as we all are (see the commentary on Romans BjThe Restoration of Justification). Solomon said that if Adonijah sinned he would die. But Yeshua, seeing that we had sinned, climbed up onto the bronze altar of sacrifice and died in our place. Now, there’s a King for you – a ruler who offers His life for your salvation!

Our King still lives. Eventually David died, and so did Solomon. But Yeshua rose from the dead to give everlasting life to David, to Solomon, and to all His royal sons and daughters. There will never be an interruption, an interregnum, or another royal succession in the Kingdom of God, because Yeshua Messiah is the immortal King of all ages: To to the King – eternal, imperishable and invisible, the only God there is – let there be honor and glory for ever and ever! Amen (First Timothy 1:17).

Now everyone who belongs to the kingdom of David by choosing for Messiah can say, “The King is dead; long live the King!” Long live the King who welcomes the unworthy! Long live the King who died for sinners! Long live the King who rose from the grave! Long live the King who is coming again! ADONAI has given us this promise: Of the increase of His government and peace there will be no end. He will reign on David’s throne and over His Kingdom, establishing and upholding it with justice and righteousness from that time on and forever. The zeal of ADONAI-Tzva’ot will accomplish this (Isaiah 9:7). Long live the King, and all the loyal subjects of His royal Kingdom, who are saved by grace alone, through faith alone, in Messiah alone!47

2023-01-04T18:16:26+00:000 Comments

Al – A Royal Conspiracy First Kings 1: 11-27

A Royal Conspiracy
First Kings 1: 11-27

A royal conspiracy DIG: Why did Nathan oppose Adonijah and his plan? How was Bathsheba’s influence seen in the palace at this time? What’s the risk of getting involved? What were Nathan and Bathsheba concerned about? What might happen to them if Adonijah came to power? How is Nathan’s plan supposed to sway the king? How did Nathan’s speech compare with Bathsheba’s? How as Bathsheba’s influence seen in the place at that time?

REFLECT: Where do you see this kind of jockeying for position today? Do you have a brother or sister who can’t stand you? What happened? Is reconciliation possible? Desirable? In what ways do you need to “set your eyes upon your King” for direction at this point in your life? When you see a schemer at work, do you keep quiet and mind your own business or do you step in and try to make things right? What are you doing for the coming generation?

The right to rule as king has been the occasion of many bitter conflicts. Often brother has fought against brother to wear the crown, forcing members of the royal family and citizens of the realm to choose sides.

During the Third Crusade, King Richard I (also known as the Lion-hearted) waged war against the Muslim armies under the command of Saladin. But while Richard was fighting to regain Zion, his brother Prince John was busy trying to crown himself the king of England. Richard hurriedly made a treaty with Saladin and raced home to protect his royal rights. But as he made his way across Europe, the king was captured by Leopold V of Austria and held for a ransom equal to two or three times the amount of his kingdom’s annual income.

Everyone in England was forced to choose sides. John offered Leopold half as much to keep Richard in prison for another couple of years, so he would have time to consolidate his power. Meanwhile, Richard’s mother – Eleanor of Aquitaine – tried (and eventually succeeded) to raise enough money to have her son rescued and restored to his rightful throne. It was a conflict for the kingdom, which Richard finally won. But while the throne was still in dispute, people had to decide which man they wanted to be king, and how much they would give to support his cause.

We face a similar choice when it comes to the Kingdom of God. Will we honor God’s true and rightful King, or will we try to seize the crown for ourselves? Which Kingdom will we choose? And how much will we sacrifice to see it established?

The people of God faced the same choice during the last days of David, when the king was on his deathbed and two of his sons were contesting for the crown. With the question of royal succession on everyone’s mind, David’s oldest living son, Adonijah, decided to take the throne, declaring: I will be king (to see the clink AkKing Me!).33 When Nathan became aware of the plot, he acted immediately. He was tactful and thoughtful, just as he had when he reprimanded David for his sin against Bathsheba and Uriah (Second Samuel 12:1-14). The prophet probably sought a secret meeting with Bathsheba somewhere in the palace. Though we haven’t heard about Bathsheba since the birth of Solomon, it would be a mistake to think she was just a pretty face. Like Esther before her, this courageous woman saved Isra’el from disaster at a critical hour.

Nathan also knew what would happen if Adonijah proved to be successful: Bathsheba and Solomon would both be killed, for in ancient times it was customary for a king to put his rivals to death. The whole situation was a royal crisis. By trying to usurp the throne, Adonijah was threatening the royal succession, and with it all the promises that ADONAI had made to the house of David (see the commentary on the Life of David CtThe LORD’s Covenant with David). This was more than a power struggle; it was a life-and-death conflict for the Kingdom of God. Everyone had to make that destiny-deciding choice. Which king will I serve?

What Adonijah did not do – as the Bible is careful to show – was to let God decide what he was called to do, when and where he was called to do it. This is why Adonijah didn’t consult with the prophet (Nathan), or the priest (Zadol) that ADONAI had anointed over Isra’el (First Kings 1:8), and why he very conspicuously left his brother Solomon off the guest list for his coronation party (First Kings 1:10). It also explains why he never asked what his father David wanted him to do, even though his father was the true king of Isra’el.34

Scene one: Adonijah’s coup party was in full swing when Nathan decided to take action. He asked Bathsheba, “Have you not heard that Adonijah, the son of Haggith, has become king, and our lord David knows nothing about it? The fact that David didn’t know anything about it showed that it was a well-designed conspiracy. After sounding the alarm about Adonijah, Nathan then gave Bathsheba her lines to speak to the king, “Now then, let me advise you how you can save your own life and the life of your son Solomon.” Nathan sent Bathsheba in to see the king first. Her status as favored wife would ensure a quick hearing, and immediate action was indeed necessary: Go in to King David and say: My lord the king, did you not swear an oath to me your servant, “Surely Solomon your son shall be king after me, and he will sit on my throne?” This oath is mentioned here for the first time. David probably took it after the promise God made to him that Solomon would succeed him as king. The mention of an oath is ironic because Bathsheba means the daughter of an oath. Furthermore, Nathan advised her to ask: When then has Adonijah become king? Then Nathan explained the timing of their plan. While you are still there talking to the king, I will come in and confirm my word to what you have said (First Kings 1:11-14). That would make two witnesses, one of whom was King David’s wife, and the other his prophet. Together they would act decisively for the Kingdom of God.

The plan was set.

Scene two: So, because he was old and feeble, Bathsheba went to see the aged king in his royal bedroom where Abishag the Shunammite was attending him. Bathsheba approached David with deference and humility bowing down, prostrating herself to give him honor. These actions showed that she was asking for an audience with the king to make a request. “What is it that you want (only two words in Hebrew)?” the king asked (First Kings 1:15-16).

Bathsheba got to the point, telling him bluntly what he needed to hear. But she made five changes in what Nathan told her. My lord, you yourself swore an oath to me your servant by ADONAI your God, “Solomon your son shall be king after me, and he will sit on my throne.”

First, she made David’s “swear” into “You swore by ADONAI your God,” which would make David’s promise more binding.

Second, she changed Nathan’s rhetorical question, “Did you not swear,” into a fact, “My lord, you yourself swore.” The question had become a fact.

Third, she changed Nathan’s question, “Have you not heard that Adonijah has become king,” into “But now Adonijah has actually proclaimed himself king, and you, my lord the king, do not know about it” (First Kings 1:17-18). Nor did he know who was and who wasn’t, on Adonijah’s “guest list.”

Fourthly, on her own, she mentioned Adonijah’s coronation banquet: He has sacrificed great numbers of cattle, fattened calves, and sheep.

Fifthly, she mentioned that the only one left off of the guest list was Solomon. And Adonijah has invited all the king’s sons, Abiathar the priest and Joab the commander of the army, but he has not invited Solomon your servant (First Kings 1:19). This shows that Adonijah already knew that Solomon was David’s choice to succeed him. The validity of Solomon’s claim to the throne was not in question here. Both Nathan and Bathsheba knew David’s feelings in the matter. The danger was that Adonijah would succeed to the throne through David’s inaction.

So sixthly, the queen challenged David to take action: My lord the king, the eyes of all Isra’el are on you, to learn from you who will sit on the throne of my lord the king after him. Otherwise, as soon as my lord the king is laid to rest with his ancestors, my son Solomon and I will be treated as criminals (First Kings 1:20-21). Bathsheba’s warning reflected reality. The omission of Solomon from the “guest list” was a sure sign that she and her son would be marked for death if Adonijah succeeded.35

The speech of the queen was a daring and imaginative one, creating a political crisis from which David could only extricate himself in only one way, for he dared not go back on the oath he had made to her! Like Eleanor of Aquitane, Bathsheba was doing what she could to secure her son’s claim to the royal throne.

Scene three: On cue, while she was speaking with the king, Nathan the prophet arrived at the palace. And the king was told, “Nathan the prophet is here.” Like Bathsheba, Nathan entered David’s presence with all due respect: So, he went before the king in bed and bowed with his face to the ground (First Kings 1:22-23). At that point Bathsheba apparently left the bedroom and was not present when Nathan spoke to the king.

With the king’s permission, Nathan confirmed everything that Bathsheba had been saying: Have you, my lord the king, declared that Adonijah shall be king after you, and that he will sit on your throne? Today he has gone down from Jerusalem to En Rogel and sacrificed great numbers of cattle, fattened calves, and sheep. He has invited all the king’s sons, the commanders of the army and Abiathar the priest. Right now, they are eating and drinking with him saying, “Long live King Adonijah!” But me your servant, and Zadok the priest, and Benaiah son of Jehoiada, and your servant Solomon he did not invite. Is this something my lord the king has done without letting his servants know who should sit on the throne of my lord the king after him (First Kings 1:24-27)?

Frankly, the prophet wanted to know whether any of this had been done under David’s royal authority. If so, then why hadn’t his prophet been informed? If not, when what was David going to do about it? Nathan was challenging David to disavow what Adonijah had done, knowing the proper succession to the throne could come about only with the king’s royal consent. Whereas Bathsheba appealed to David’s pity as a husband and father, Nathan appealed to his authority as king.

It’s very likely that Nathan’s recitation of these facts brought David’s memory back to the terrible days of Absalom’s rebellion, but he didn’t want the nation to experience another civil war. Solomon was a man of peace (1 Chron 22:9). Reared in the palace, he had no experience of war as did his father; and if there was another civil war, how could he build the Temple?36 If only one person had come to warn him, perhaps David would have doubted the accuracy of the report he was given. But Bathsheba and Nathan came one right after the other, and with two witnesses – the biblical number for establishing any criminal matter in a court of law (Deut 19:15)the king was fully persuaded. Now that he knew the truth, he needed to act like a king.37

Scene four: After listening to Nathan and Bathsheba, David’s blood began to rise. He understood that Adonijah was trying to seize the throne from God’s chosen successor and what his wayward son had done was a direct challenge to his kingly authority. Therefore, he rose to the challenge, making one last decision for the glory of the Kingdom of God.

Up to this point, the king had barely spoken two words in this chapter (First Kings 1:16). But rising from his bed, King David summoned Bathsheba back into his royal chamber. She had evidently left the bedroom when Nathan’s presence was announced. Similarly, in keeping with Near Eastern custom, Nathan left the room when the queen was recalled. It was part of their plan to appear independent of one another and to avoid the appearance of collusion. So, she came into the king’s presence and stood before him. The two were alone. Then David took an oath, strongly reaffirming the previous one, declaring: As surely as ADONAI lives, who has delivered me out of every trouble, I will surely carry out today what I swore to you by ADONAI, the God of Isra’el, “Solomon your son shall be king after me, and he will sit on my throne in my place” (First Kings 1:28-30). By making Solomon his co-regent immediately, David stayed in command and Solomon would do his bidding. Solomon was no longer merely the prince or even his heir apparent. He was then co-regent with his father and the king of Isra’el.38 Nathan’s and Bathsheba’s double strategy had worked. David was still the key player, still master of his own house, still capable of an act of great authority. Then she bowed low with her face to the ground and, kneeling before the dying king, said: May my lord King David (the house of David) live forever (First Kings 1:31)!

What will you do for the Kingdom of God? Which side will you take when people exalt themselves and try to tear down His Kingdom? Do you see how your own eternal destiny is bound up with what God is doing in the world today? What will you do to make a Kingdom difference for the coming generation?

Since Messiah is the King, then we should do whatever we can for His Kingdom. After all, Yeshua Himself has done everything that He could do for the Kingdom. He has even done what no other king would dare to do: He has offered His own blood to save His people. Given what He has done for us, it is only right for us to do whatever we can for Him and for His Kingdom. As Matthew Henry (famous for his six-volume Exposition of the Old and New Testaments in 1708-1710) said, “Whatever power, interest, or influence, people have – they ought to improve it to the utmost for the preservation and advancing of the Kingdom of Messiah.” We should do this not only for our own people, in our own place, at our own time, but also for the coming generation.39

Dear Heavenly Father, How wonderful Your gracious love and yet how sad that so many seek to take selfish advantage of Your love by living for themselves – yet thinking that since God loves all, everyone ends up in heaven! Not so! You are so gracious to make the path to heaven to be thru the blood of Messiah who adopts us into His family. He predestined us for adoption as sons through Messiah Yeshua, in keeping with the good pleasure of His will – to the glorious praise of His grace, with which He favored us through the One He loves! In Him we have redemption through His blood – the removal of trespasses – in keeping with the richness of His grace (Ephesians 1:5-7). Each of us has a choice as to who will be the king in their life. For the child of God that choice was made when he chose to follow Messiah as his Lord and Savior. For if you confess with your mouth that Yeshua is Lord, and believe in your heart that God raised Him from the dead, you will be saved. For with the heart it is believed for righteousness, and with the mouth it is confessed for salvation (Romans 10:9-10). Thank You that Your Spirit lives inside of each one who loves You (John 14:23) to help, comfort and guide. In Yeshua’s Holy name and power of His resurrection. Amen

2023-01-06T13:37:21+00:000 Comments

Ak – King Me! First Kings 1: 1-10

King Me!
First Kings 1: 1-10

King me DIG: What is David’s condition? To what is an aging king vulnerable? Who arranges for Abishag to wait on David? Why does the writer view Adonijah in a negative light? Is he a champion schemer or an anxious heir apparent? Why did Adonijah invite Joab and Abiathar to his party? Why didn’t he invite Solomon and Nathan to his coronation ceremony?

REFLECT: In what ways do you feel more vulnerable now than ten years ago? What bothers you about aging? How competitive are you? Would you run over people in order to win? Walk over them? Ask them to step aside? What ambitions have you yet to fulfill? Do you try to control things directly or indirectly? How are you tempted to take what you want?

Have you ever felt the temptation to take what you wanted, when you wanted it,
instead of waiting for what God would give?

In every simple game of checkers there is a thrilling moment when one of the ordinary playing pieces suddenly becomes royalty. Having moved and jumped all the way to the far side of the board, a checker becomes a king. “King me!” commands one of the players. A second checker is carefully placed on top of the first checker, and from then on the new king has the power to move all over the board.

Many people want the game of checkers to become their way of life. Not content to be ordinary, they want to be the royal center of attention. “King me!” they say, wanting enough power and money to get the control and buy the pleasure they want out of life. “King me!” is what the single man is saying when he uses other women. “King me!” (or “Queen me!” to use a chess term) is what the overbearing mother says when she makes her own desires the rule of the household). And “King me!” is what I am saying whenever my own desires become the most important thing in life, even at the expense of others. The problem with building our own little kingdoms is that we never find our rightful place in the true kingdom of God. This is the central issue in our walk with the Lord, and it is the issue as we open the book of First Kings. Who will be king? Will we accept the Kingship that ADONAI has established? Or will we always insist on having our own way in this life?

The question of kingship arises right from the beginning of First Kings. The books of Samuel were dominated by the kingship of David. But First Kings opens by telling us that when King David was very old, he could not keep warm even when they put covers over him. For anyone who admires King David, this scene is full of sadness. He was among the greatest of earthly kings – maybe the greatest. From boyhood he performed many heroic feats in battle. He killed lions and bears to defend his father’s flocks and herds. He slew giants. He conquered kingdoms. He established a fortress for his people in Jerusalem. He sired a royal dynasty, fathering many sons to be the princes of Isra’el. But now, the famous king was old and gray, and for all his greatness, he was on his deathbed.

David’s feeble decline is a sad reminder of our own frailty. The king was about seventy years old when this event took place (Second Samuel 5:4). What happened to him will happen to all of us: our hearing will fail; our eyesight will grow dim; and our limbs will get weak and brittle. Eventually we will be confined to bed, and maybe will find it hard to stay warm. How important it is, therefore, to pay attention to this counsel from Scripture: Remember your Creator while you are young, before the evil days come, and the years approach when you will say: They no longer give me pleasure (Ecclesiastes 12:1). If, like David, we give our hearts to God when we are young, we will still remember Him when we are old, and He will remember us.26

Dear Heavenly Father, Praise You for being so wonderful! You are the absolute best Father, wisest King, Strongest and Most Almighty General, Perfect Lover, Gracious and always near friend. It is such a blessing that You welcome into Your family all who love You (John 1:12) and receive You as their Lord and Savior (Romans 10:9-10). What a joy to trust You as a child and to have You always near to help and to guide.

What a joy to make time to meditate on Your power and glory because I looked for You . . . to see Your power and Your glory (Palm 63:3). When we remember how great and Awesome You are, we delight in praising You! Since Your lovingkindness is better than life, my lips will praise You (Psalms 63:4). Meditating on You is a sure way to bring joy to my heart! When I remember You on my bed, I meditate on You through the night watches. For You have been my help, and in the shadow of Your wings I sing for joy. My soul clings to You – Your right hand upholds me (Psalms 63:7-9). May we bless You with praises. You are a wonderful God and Father and I seek to bless You in all I do, say and think! In Holy Yeshua’s name and power of His resurrection. Amen

So, his attendants said to him, “Let us look for a young virgin to serve the king and take care of him. She can lie beside him so that our lord the king may keep warm.” Then they searched throughout Isra’el for a beautiful young woman and found Abishag, a Shunammite, and brought her to the king. Abishag’s employment as a kind of human hot water bottle raises more questions than it answers. Were David’s servants simply trying to keep him warm? If so, then why did they conduct a Miss Isra’el pageant to find the prettiest young thing in the Land. Though the situation seems charged with sexuality, we also sense that the king was diminished. This was hardly the David who knew Bathsheba – a David who fathered so many other sons and daughters. Not even a stunning young virgin could stir his blood. On the contrary, his sexual incapacity showed that he suffered from a loss of vitality and virility. The woman was very beautiful; she took care of the king and waited on him, but the king had no sexual relations with her (First Kings 1:1-4). The woman chosen to minister to David had the status of a concubine, though in fact she served David as a nurse and nothing more.

Soon old David would be dead and buried, which showed one of the inherent limitations of kingship in ancient Isra’el. All the kings died, throwing the kingship into question for each new generation of the people of God. David was the best of Isra’el’s kings, yet even he went down to the grave, where his body remains to this day. His very mortality meant that he could never be the ultimate King for God’s people.

This shows, by way of contrast, the superior Kingship that we have in Yeshua Messiah, who is the true Son of David and the only divine Son of God. Yeshua also died, suffering crucifixion for our sins. But on the third day He was raised again to reign forever in kingly majesty. Messiah is the immortal King of all ages (First Timothy 1:16). This is the Kingdom we need, ruled by a King who will never die again, but will always live to rule us and defend us. Our Lord will never shiver in the cold chill of old age, but will remain at the full glow of His divine powers for all eternity – our once-and-forever King!27

As David’s kingship came to an end, his royal court was full of intrigue. The advisers were whispering in the hallways, “Who will be the next king?” That question had been on people’s minds for years, much the way that people have long speculated about who would succeed England’s Queen Elizabeth II. In fact, there had already been at least two attempts to take the throne away from David: the rebellion of Absalom, which led to civil war (Second Samuel 14-18), and the uprising of Sheba the Benjamite (Second Samuel 20). David was able to quell both rebellions, but as he grew older he also grew weaker. Now he was not even able to get warm in bed, and his shivering impotence was creating a power vacuum.

As far as ADONAI was concerned, David’s rightful heir was supposed to be Solomon. Although he was not the oldest sonhe was actually tenth in line – Solomon was the chosen son. God did not always choose the oldest son as David’s own coronation illustrated (First Samuel 16:10-13). We know from First Chronicles 22:9-10 that the word of the LORD had announced to David that Solomon would be the next king: But you will have a son who will be a man of rest. I will give him rest from all his enemies that surround him; for his name is to be Solomon, and during his reign I will give peace and quiet to Isra’el. It is he who will build a house for My name. He will be my son and I will be his father, and I will establish the throne of his kingdom over Isra’el forever. By divine calling, Solomon would be Isra’el’s king.

Yet, there was another contender for the crown, an alternative candidate to sit on Isra’el’s throne. Most people saw him as the heir apparent. His name was Adonijah, and he seemed to be everything that David used to be but was no more. The Bible describes him as a very handsome man (First Kings 1:6b). Humanly speaking, Adonijah had everything going for him. He had all the qualifications that people usually look for. Like his older brother Absalom, he was easy on the eyes, which counts for a lot in life – more than we sometimes would like to admit. So, as far as kingship was concerned, Adonijah looked the part (at least to people who look at the outward appearance, which God doesn’t).

So, the young man decided to seize his chance, declaring his intention to be the king after his father. Because David’s reign was scarred by violence, it isn’t a surprise that this chapter about his demise and succession is permeated with an undercurrent of violence.28 Now Adonijah, David’s fourth son, whose mother was Haggith, cherished the thought of his right to succeed David as king and put himself forward, brazenly declaring, as if thumping his chest: I will be king (First Kings 1:5). This gives us a window into his soul. The form of the verb may indicate continuous action, as if to show that Adonijah’s self-exaltation was not simply a one-time thing; his whole life was all about putting himself forward to be the king. But he seems to have learned nothing from his failed brother Absalom, for like him, he asserted himself without reckoning with the still formidable power of David to make or break his ambitious sons.

From a merely human perspective, Adonijah’s ambition is thoroughly understandable. After all, who wouldn’t want to be the king? Besides, isn’t it the natural order of things for a king to show some initiative and seize his crown? But this was no ordinary kingdom. The royal house of David was part of God’s plan for salvation of the world. David had received a divine and covenant promise that his dynasty would last forever, that his throne would be established eternally. This was the will of YHVH. It would be the work of God, which meant that rather than making its own choice for a king, Isra’el was supposed to trust ADONAI to provide the man of His choice. God would announce His own king in His own good time (Deut 17:15). The problem was that men like Adjonijah (and Absalom) would not accept God’s choice, but kept exalting themselves. They would not even wait for their father to die (Luke 15:12), but tried to take by force something that was only God’s to give.

Have you ever felt the same temptation – the temptation to take what you wanted when you wanted it instead of waiting for what God would give? Children are tempted to do it by saying, “That’s mine!” and grabbing whatever they can get. Bigger kids are tempted to do it by getting angry when they don’t get their own way. Some adults are tempted to do it by taking the pleasures of sex without the gift of marriage. Others are tempted to climb over other people to get the next promotion, or to put themselves forward for ministry without any calling from the congregation, or to gain ungodly control over their spouses by force.

In one way or another, we are all tempted to exalt ourselves. All too often we are like Diotrephes, whom the B’rit Chadashah describes as someone who likes to put himself first (Third John 9). But when we put ourselves on the throne, ADONAI is no longer the God of our lives; He is only another one of our servants. Rather than seeking His Kingdom, we expect Him to advance ours. Sooner or later, we will get upset with Him for not doing whatever it is that we expect Him to do for us. Typically, we get angry when we don’t get what we want, which makes anger one of the best clues to our own private idolatries. When we get angry at the world or angry with God, it is almost always because we have the wrong person on the throne.29

Consider the various ways that Adonijah acted for his own honor. First, like Absalom, he got chariots and horses ready, with fifty men to run ahead of him. If you want people to know how important you are, it helps to have your own entourage! So Adonijah gathered his posse, so to speak, an honor guard of palace chariots, and footmen to run ahead and announce his coming. When it comes to being important, image is everything. If you’re going to be the king, you need to act like the king, which includes having people around you treat you like the king. You need to have some followers – people to tell you how great you are. And so, like his brother Absalom before him (another ominous connection), Adonijah grandly employed an entourage of horses, chariots and foot servants (Second Samuel 15:1).

As a side note, David, had never disciplined him as a boy by asking, “Why do you behave as you do?” Adonijah was merely allowed to do whatever he wanted to do, so he assumed himself to be his father’s favorite and presumptive heir (First Kings 1:6). An excessively indulgent father had produced a self-exalted son. Good looks and a favored status, coupled with parental indulgence, rarely build strong character. Neither do they install wisdom. Adonijah may well have enjoyed a happy childhood, but his father’s lack of discipline eventually led the young man into treason.30

Adonijah was cunning enough to get the support of both the army and the priesthood by enlisting Joab the general and Abiathar the priest (First Kings 7:1). Though their careers ended in disgrace, both of those men were key leaders. Joab was the commander of Isra’el’s army. For many years he had served as David’s right-hand-man. Joab was a general who helped the king conquer Jerusalem, who suppressed rebellion against his throne, and who protected his life by assassinating his enemies (Second Samuel 2:13ff; First Chronicles 11:4-6). Unfortunately, Joab had also disobeyed David’s order when he killed his son Absalom, which put him out of royal favor and diminished his political influence. Yet perhaps aligning himself with Adonijah, he could regain his powerful position in the kingdom. Thus, Joab was decisive, powerful, and politically dangerous to Solomon.

Abiathar the priest was also making a power grab. Like Joab, he was one of the king’s old associates, a man who had been with David almost from the beginning (see the commentary on the Life of David, to see link click BdSha’ul Kills the Priests of Nov). Abiathar was not the high priest, but maybe he wanted to be. In any case, he decided that he would follow Adonijah in his rise to power. Both gave him their full support (First Kings 1:7b). Adonijah was falling headlong into rebellion against his father and his God. What made that especially ironic was that his very name meant “ADONAI is Master.” Yet, Adonijah wanted to be his own master, and thus he never submitted to the desires of YHVH.

To be more specific, he never submitted to the authority of the prophet, the priest, or the king that God had established in Isra’el. But he never consulted with the three men who had true, God-given spiritual authority: Nathan, Isra’el’s true prophet; Zadok, the first High Priest of Isra’el (First Chronicles 6:49-53); or Solomon, whom God had chosen to be the next king – representing the rightful kingship of David. Other mighty men – like Benaiah who was captain of the king’s bodyguard (see the commentary on the Life of David Ej David’s Mighty Warriors) – did not join Adonijah (First Kings 1:8). Adonijah did not consult with them because he knew they would not support him. He had made up his mind to be king, for his own glory and his own pleasure without ever submitting to the will of Ha’Shem.

Now David had already publicly proclaimed the selection of Solomon to the throne when he announced the building of the Temple (First Chronicles 22 and 28). Nevertheless, Adonijah had arranged a coronation feast on the eve of his planned proclamation as David’s successor. He sacrificed (Hebrew: zaback, used to indicate the solemnity of the occasion) sheep, cattle and fattened calves at the Stone of Zoheleth near the spring of En Rogel (First Kings 1:9a), which is located slightly southwest of Jerusalem, where the Hinnom and Kidron valleys intersect. It was evidently important that the coronation take place near a water source (this will come up later with Solomon). In addition, this stone may have been a sacrificial stone, and therefore a sacred place. It was somewhat secluded and thus ideally suited for Adonijah’s secret gathering of forces before taking public action.31

The participation of Joab and Abiathar in the ritual sacrifice and coronation lent an aura of legitimacy to the occasion (Absalom had begun his coup in a similar fashion). Adonijah invited all his brothers, the king’s sons (who evidently did not contest Adonijah’s claim to the throne) and all the royal officials of Judah. Maybe all his guests thought that David had actually laid his hands on Adonijah and named him king. But he did not invite Nathan the prophet or Benaiah or the special guard or his brother Solomon (who would have been killed at Adonijah’s ascension to the throne), so it was pretty obvious that Adonijah had named himself king without any authority from either David or YHVH (First Kings 1:9b-10).

This gives us a practical principle for our own decision making, which is always to submit to the will of God. Am I doing what I am doing because it is what I want to do or because it is what ADONAI wants me to do? Happily, in the goodness of the Lord many things that He calls us to do are the things that we want to do. But whenever there’s a conflict, we need to submit to God’s authority.

It is characteristic of godly decisions that they are made out in the open with the help of godly counsel, including from people who are willing to tell us some things that we don’t want to hear Submitting to God’s will always starts with knowing the Scriptures, which rule some things in and some things out. It also includes listening to the people God has provided for our spiritual guidance: parents, perhaps, or spouses, or teachers, or bosses, or Messianic rabbis, or pastors and elders in the congregations of God, depending on your situation in life.

Do not seek your own pleasure and glory, but submit to God’s will for your life. For Adonijah, that meant consulting with Nathan, Zadok, and David. For us it means submitting to Yeshua Messiah, who is the true Prophet, the faithful Priest, and the rightful King for the people of God. The prophets, priests, and kings in the TaNaKh all point to the Person and work of the Master. Yeshua is the Prophet who speaks the Word of God; listen to what He says. Messiah is the Priest who offered Himself as a sacrifice; trust in Him for the forgiveness of sins. The Lord is the King who rules us and defends us; ask for His protection.

As we consider Messiah as King, we can hardly help but notice that His Kingdom is the antithesis of everything we see in Adonijah, who announced his own kingship, for his own glory and his own pleasure. But Yeshua did the exact opposite. Unlike the proud Adonijah, He did not ride palace chariots or hire footmen to announce His royal majesty. Instead, He rode a lowly donkey, and whatever attendants He had followed Him of their own free devotion. Messiah did not come down to do His own will, but the will of the Father who sent Him, even when it meant going to the cross for our sins. Setting aside His own pleasure, He endured the agony of the cross. Then, rather than exalting Himself, He waited for God the Father to raise Him from the dead and lift him to heaven’s throne (Philippians 2:6-11).

This is the King we serve: not a king who is in it for himself, but who rules for the good of His people and the glory of God. Now we are called to live the same way: not “kinging” ourselves, but crowning Messiah as King, and serving others for Yeshua’s sake.32

The Bible says that Messiah died for our sins according to the Scriptures, that He was buried, that He was raised on the third day according to the Scriptures (First Corinthians 15:3b-4). If you believe that and have never asked Yeshua to be your Lord and Savior would you pray this simple prayer today: God, I admit that I have sinned. I believe Yeshua Messiah died for my sins, and I want to trust Him to save me right now. Now you need to find a good messianic synagogue or church that teaches the Word of God faithfully so you can grow in your faith and have fellowship with other believers.

2023-01-04T18:11:07+00:000 Comments

Aj – Solomon’s Rise to Power First Kings 1: 1-53

Solomon’s Rise to Power
First Kings 1: 1-53

The narrative that begins First Kings is really not a beginning at all, but the last chapter of the larger story of David found in the books of Samuel. First Kings 1:1 begins with the Hebrew word and, indicating that the verse is not the beginning of a new historical work, but a continuation of the narrative of the Second Samuel. It is there that Bathsheba, who plays such a prominent role in the beginning of Kings first appears, possessed by David at the cost of her husband’s life (see the Life of David, to see link click DcDavid and Bathsheba). Later, the lives of David’s various sons are recounted (Second Samuel 12-18). The end of Second Samuel is a sorry tale of wickedness and weakness, which raises an important question in the reader’s mind. The prophet Nathan, himself a major player in the beginning of First Kings (see Al A Royal Conspiracy), had promised David that his dynasty would last forever. David’s kingship would not be like Sha’ul’s, which all but died with him. Instead, ADONAI would raise up one of David’s sons and establish an eternal kingdom (see the commentary on the Life of David CtThe LORD’s Covenant with David). How was this promise to be fulfilled? Where is a surviving son to be found to sit on David’s throne? This is the question that the first chapter of the book of Kings will resolve.25

2023-01-04T18:08:22+00:000 Comments

Ai – King Solomon: Money, Sex, and Power First Kings 1:1 to 11:43

King Solomon: Money, Sex, and Power
First Kings 1:1 to 11:43

When Solomon ascended to the throne, the people of Isra’el soon learned that he was not another David. He was a scholar, not a soldier, a man more interested in erecting buildings than fighting battles. David enjoyed a simple life of a shepherd, but Solomon chose to live in luxury. Both David and Solomon wrote songs, but Solomon is better known for his proverbs. We have many of David’s songs in the book of Psalms, but except for Psalm 72 and 127, and the Song of Solomon, we have none of Solomon’s three thousand songs.

David was a shepherd who loved and served God’s flock, while Solomon became a celebrity who used the people to help support his extravagant lifestyle. When David died, the people mourned; when Solomon died, the people begged his successor, King Rehoboam, to lighten the heavy financial yoke his father had put on their necks. David was a warrior who put his trust in ADONAI; Solomon was a politician who put his trust money, sex, and power. In some respects, Solomon was among the wisest fools who ever wore a crown.

Solomon is mentioned nearly three hundred times in the TaNaKh and a dozen times in the B’rit Chadashah. He’s listed in the genealogy of Yeshua Messiah (Mt 1:6-7) and is cited as an example of splendor (Mt 6:29; Lk 12:27) and wisdom (Mt 12:42; Lk 11:31). He is identified as the builder of the Temple (Acts 7:47). One of the colonnades in the Temple was named after him (Jn 10:23; Acts 3:11 and 5:12). His father, David, was recognized as the ideal leader, and his record became the standard by which every succeeding king of Judah was measured. However, no one pointed to Solomon as a good example of godly leadership.24

2023-01-04T18:04:57+00:000 Comments

Ah – The Message of Ecclesiastes

The Message of Ecclesiastes

Ecclesiastes is not primarily meant to be a series of sermons, but rather a book that calls on you to engage with the Teacher (to see link click Ac The Life of Solomon from a Messianic Jewish Perspective: EcclesiastesAuthor) and his journey and to enter into the dialogue he arouses within you. Thus, any attempt to summarize his message is in real danger of the “heresy of the paraphrase.” Solomon’s message unfolds, and needs to unfold, as the journey develops. As a result, the readers of this commentary are encouraged to work closely with the text of Ecclesiastes, to feel the agony of the Teacher’s journey, and to return to this book again at the end of the journey with him. The Teacher articulates his quest in terms of the meaningfulness of labor (1:3a); so that in one sense, Ecclesiastes is a book about work. However, this question backs him into the deeper question of the meaning of life under the sun (1:3b). As his journey unfolds, the still deeper question surfaces of how to explore such a question wisely.

There have been many proposals for the to translation of the Hebrew word hevel, ranging from absurd, meaningless, useless, and vanity. But for this commentary I will be using the word pointless because all of our labor under the sun (1:3) is pointless. We can find no meaning or satisfaction in earthly things. Money, sex, power, achievement – none of these things satisfy – only God does. This does not mean that if we believe in God, we stop feeling the frustrations of life under the sun. We do feel it. But Ecclesiastes shows our need for an “above the sun” perspective that brings joy and meaning to life. Thankfully there is a God who lives above the sun. As a result, we are not limited to the terrestrial; we can also get outside our own solar system and see things from a celestial perspective.20

Ecclesiastes thus encourages those of us struggling with the nature of life’s meaning and God’s purposes to pursue genuine wisdom by allowing our thinking to be shaped by a recognition that ADONAI is the Creator so we can enjoy His good gifts amid the paradox of His purposes for us. Because of God’s sovereignty over our lives and the events in which we live, despite that sometimes the purpose of our lives seems to us to be bewildering as a result of frequent the many troubles and tragedies we encounter, ADONAI does have a purpose for us beyond any immediate and apparent futility. Thus, Ecclesiastes is an encouragement for us to be truly wise in difficult and confusing situations.21

The seventeenth-century poet and preacher John Donne discovered that Ecclesiastes spoke to him as a sinful man living in the world. This was partly because Solomon didn’t hide any of his sins and poured out his own soul for everyone to see. By being honest about life’s troubles, Ecclesiastes touches the hearts of people who are struggling. It also has a way of speaking to the issues of the day . . . any day.

As much as anything else, Ecclesiastes is for the person who has their doubts about God but can’t stop thinking about Him. Maybe this is why Herman Melville – the famous author of Moby Dick – returned to Ecclesiastes again and again. One literary critic compared Melville to “the last guest who cannot leave the party because he was always returning to see if he had left his hat and gloves.” Solomon had his doubts also, and they enabled him to speak to skeptics as well as believers down through the centuries.

One thing Ecclesiastes doesn’t try to do is give all the answers. Some authors admit their limitations. Back in the eighteenth century, Dr Samuel Johnson wrote a monumental dictionary. When he was finished with his lexical masterpiece, the prodigious Dr Johnson had a definition for nearly every word in the English language. However, not for a moment did he think that he knew all the answers. In the preface to his dictionary, he echoed Ecclesiastes, “I saw that one question only gave rise to another, Ecclesiastes revealed the fact that to search is not always to find, and to find is not always to be informed; and that therefore, to pursue perfection was . . . like chasing after the wind (1:14).

Solomon found that looking for the meaning of life was like chasing the wind. This desperate image helps us understand Ecclesiasties. It is not the kind of book that we keep reading until we get to the end and find the answer. It continues to be mysterious. It’s a book in which we keep struggling with the problems of life and, as we struggle, we learn to trust God with the with the questions, even when we don’t have all the answers.22

But if some believe that everything is dying, that there is no meaning to anything and nothing matters under the sun, for God will bring to judgment everything we do, including every secret, whether good or bad (Eccs 12:14). He was not talking about eternal judgment because life after death was as mysterious to him (11:8) as the unequal distribution distribution of justice. His emphasis was on this life under the sun, and its opportunities for service (9:10 and 12:17) and enjoyment (2:24-26, 3:12 and 22, 5:18-20, 8:15, 9:7-9). He thought life after death offered no such opportunities. Therefore, he didn’t comment on any differences after death between the righteous of the TaNaKh and the wicked, the wise and the foolish, man or beast.23

2023-01-06T13:28:54+00:000 Comments

Ag – What is the Difference between Kings and Chronicles?

What is the Difference
between Kings and Chronicles?

It is clear to even the casual reader that the books of First and Second Kings share a great deal of similarities with the books of First and Second Chronicles. So much so, in fact, that some wonder why it is that we have both of these accounts of Isra’el’s history in our Bibles.

Second Chronicles “overlaps” the books of Kings in many places. But the one thing that almost everyone agrees on is that the two sets of books were written at different times by different people. According to Jewish tradition, Ezra wrote Chronicles and Jeremiah wrote Kings. This tradition certainly reflects the truth of what I would wish to point out as the main area of difference between these two sets of books: Kings was written before the Babylonian captivity (before 586 BC), while Chronicles was written afterwards (before 516 BC). Additionally, Kings gives a detailed account of Jewish history from the death of David to the fall of Jerusalem, whereas Chronicles spreads a wider net covering, essentially, all Jewish history (dealt with through genealogy before David), ending at approximately the same time, though with the last part of Chapter 36 recounting Cyrus the Great’s decree for Jerusalem to be rebuilt.

Both Kings and Chronicles are inspired by the Spirit of God, but their purposes are slightly different. Just as in the case of the Gospels where we frequently find several different versions of the same story or incident, each giving unique details which are important for us to have and which serve the particular purpose of each inspired writer, so with Kings and Chronicles, the differences are to be attributed to the different emphases and particular purpose the Spirit has in mind in guiding the individual writers. In general terms, I think it is clear that Kings is more clearly a comprehensive divine history of the two kingdoms, summing up that history at its conclusion. Chronicles, on the other hand, is more of a selective and synoptic picture of the history of Isra’el at one glance, summing things up as a prelude to the future at the time of the reestablishment of the Jewish state.

As such, it is not surprising that certain things would be left out of Chronicles (having a tighter scope), or that the Ruach would lead the writer to include certain things of an explanatory and interpretive nature in those incidents which come in for detailed treatment. This is similar to the Gospel of John, for example, which contains much more detailed information on Yeshua’s discourses prior to His crucifixion than is to be found in the other Gospels, but less of the comprehensive detail of His earlier ministry, and for a similar reason. Readers of John had read and had available the other Gospels, which were produced some years before. Likewise, readers of Chronicles had read and had available the books of Kings, “Are [these things] not written in the book of the annals of the kings of Judah? [in other words, the books of First and Second Kings]” (2 Chronicles 25:26). And so just as John must include some of the same information for the purpose of having the narrative really “work” or flow and to link things together properly, but not all of the same detail (which would be otherwise available), so the writer of Chronicles leaves some things out, includes enough to make the narrative understandable, and is free (led, of course, by the Spirit) to put in additional details which expand on the story or incident in question from the standpoint of His own divine purpose and perspective.

Chronicles is concerned with restoration (being written, as mentioned, at the point when the Jewish state was being reestablished) and so these two chapters which you ask about make an excellent point for this comparison. In the first part of the account of Josiah’s reign, Second Kings gives a more detailed coverage of Josiah’s purging of the land from idolatry (cf.23:4-20: a key issue in the destruction of the kingdom, a focus of the writer of Kings – Jeremiah, traditionally held to be the writer of Kings, was, of course, a witness to all those tragic events and explaining this destruction is a key theme). On the other hand, in the second half of the Josiah account, Second Chronicles gives a more detailed treatment of Josiah’s reinstitution of the Passover (cf. 35:1-9: a key issue and element in the reestablishment of the Jewish state during that writer’s time – Ezra, traditionally held to be the writer of Chronicles, was instrumental in reestablishing the worship of ADONAI in the process of rebuilding the Temple). There are, of course, other differences between the narratives as well (for example Chronicles gives a more detailed treatment of the death of Josiah), which further supports the explanation given above. But my commentary on the Life of Solomon will be a harmony of First Kings and Second Chronicles to give a more complete picture.

The essential point that I would wish to leave you with from all this is that everything in the Bible is important and that it is all the Word of God, included for a definite purpose, even in those cases where we might not at first see or understand that purpose (Romans 15:4). Like all things in the Bible, the more we study, the clearer and the more blessed they become. Which is why we should all do exactly what you are now doing, read and reread the scriptures, pray and seek instruction, ever trusting God that He will make clear for us everything we need to know in His own good time and manner for our spiritual edification and growth (2 Peter 3:18).18

Lastly, let me make five observations:

1. Kings begins with the death of David, Chronicles begins with the historical record from Adam to Abraham.

2. Kings gives equal focus to both the kings of Isra’el and Judah, while Chronicles is primarily interested in the kings of Judah and the Davidic Covenant.

3. Kings emphasizes the human perspective, while Chronicles emphasizes the Godly perspective.

4. Kings evaluates the kings by the standard of the Torah, while Chronicles evaluates the kings by the standard of King David and the worship of ADONAI.

5. Kings emphasizes wars, while Chronicles emphasizes the Temple.19

2023-01-06T13:27:16+00:000 Comments

Af – The Political Situation in First and Second Kings

The Political Situation
in First and Second Kings

Domestic and foreign politics play a significant role in the events recounted in First and Second Kings. Regional conflicts, superpower expansionism, and petty internal squabbles all affect how Isra’el’s history unfolds. To read First and Second Kings intelligently, then, it is necessary to note some key nations and events that impact the book’s telling of the story. Though these nations and events take place in a “secular” context, the author constantly reminds readers that ADONAI determines who rules at what point in history.15

The United Kingdom: Except for a description of David’s last days, Isra’el only existed as a unified, twelve-tribe nation during Solomon’s reign (970-930 BC) in First and Second Kings. Unity had been difficult for David to achieve after King Sha’ul’s death (Second Samuel 2-4), and tribal tensions never completely died. As a result, Solomon’s ability to govern all twelve tribes for forty years was in itself a major achievement. Of course, the absence of wars and the emergence of economic prosperity probably helped people accept his leadership more readily.

Solomon’s foreign policy was also effective. He made peace with Egypt, the main threat from the south, through a marriage alliance (First Kings 3:1). Though that practice came to haunt him, marriage alliances were keys to peace with other neighboring countries as well (First Kings 11:1). Solomon also continued David’s vital relationship with Tyre (First Kings 5:1-7). Tyre helped Solomon with his building projects, and he, in turn, paid them in wages and with a few small cities (First Kings 5:6 and 9:10-14). The Bible indicates few external problems in the first decades of Solomon’s reign.

In his old age, however, Solomon encountered several difficulties, which the author attributes to Solomon’s idolatry (to see link click BxSolomon’s Wives). ADONAI decided to punish Solomon but left David’s descendants a portion of Isra’el to govern (First Kings 11:9-13). As a domestic punishment God allowed Jeroboam to emerge as a rebel leader (see Bz The Prophecy of Ahijah). More will be heard from him later. As a further punishment the LORD raised up Edomite foes to the southeast and Aramean enemies in the north (see By The Fall of the House of David). Worse than that, Solomon’s allies in Egypt were overthrown by Pharaoh Shishak, who supported Solomon’s domestic and foreign enemies (First Kings 11:14-40). Clearly, Solomon’s death found Isra’el in a weakened position both at home and abroad.

The Divided Kingdom: Immediately after Solomon’s death the nation was split into two parts. Jeroboam managed to take ten northern tribes, while Rehoboam, Solomon’s son, retained Judah and Benjamin – two southern tribes (see Dc – A House Divided). Tensions had always existed in the northern tribes, yet the author states that the division occurred as a direct result of Solomon’s sin of spiritual adultery and according to God’s word through the prophet Ahijah (First Kings 11:29-39). Once again YHVH directed human events. After the split “Isra’el” became two different nations, with two names, with two capitals, in two separate locations (see CzThe Divided Kingdom: The Rise of Idolatry).

The northern kingdom of Isra’el and the southern kingdom of Judah warred periodically until Isra’el was destroyed by Assyria in 722 BC. Jeroboam and Rehoboam fought one another (First Kings 15:6), as did Asa and Baasha (First Kings 15:16-17) and Jehoash and Amaziah (Second Kings 14:8-14). Yet, at times the two nations fought together against common foes (for example: First Kings 22:1-40; Second Kings 3:1-27 and 8:28-29). Obviously, then, Isra’el and Judah were both friends and enemies through the centuries. The greatest threat to the two countries, however, came from other powers.16

Egypt: Isra’el’s history was impacted by Egypt most during the years after Solomon’s reign and during the decades just before the great destruction of Jerusalem. Pharaoh Shishak invaded Jerusalem and stripped the Temple of its gold (First Kings 14:25-27). Shishak’s invasion left Judah too weak to attack Isra’el, which helped keep the two nations apart. In 609 BC Pharaoh Neco marched north to aid Assyria’s efforts against Babylon (Second Kings 23:29). For reasons not stated in the Bible, Josiah, Judah’s last righteous king, confronted Neco and was killed (Second Kings 23:29-30). Egypt could not overcome Babylon at that time but was able to dominate Judah’s political scene until 605 BC. Thus, just as Pharaoh Shishak’s invasion partially contributed to the nation’s division, so Neco’s killing of Josiah effectively removed Judah’s last godly king and paved the way for her final destruction.

Aram (Syria): Syria posed a great threat to the Northern Kingdom’s security during the ninth century BC. Two powerful kings, Ben-Hadad I (around 880-840 BC) and Hazael (around 840-805), led Syria to become perhaps the chief power in northeast Judea. Ben-Hadad first enters the biblical story when he breaks an alliance with Isra’el’s King Baasha to ally himself with King Asa (see DdAsa King of Judah). Ben-Hadad’s friendship, however, was costly since Asa was forced to strip his palace and the Temple of its gold and silver to purchase the Syrian’s “loyalty.” With Judah’s money in hand, Ben-Hadad gladly annexed several of Isra’el’s cities (First Kings 20:1-12). Omri (see Ds – Omri King of Isra’el) tooks steps to ward off the Syrian threat, including marrying his son Ahab to Tyre’s princess Jezebel, thus linking Isra’el with another anti-Syrian country (First Kings 16:31). Indeed, the Syrian problem remained so serious that Isra’el and Judah joined forces to fight Syria during the days of Ahab and Jehoshaphat (First Kings 22:1-4), and Ahab died fighting his longtime foe (First Kings 22:29-40; Second Chronicles 18:28-34).

Syria continued its domination under Hazael. Though annoyed for a time by Assyria, Syria ravaged Isra’el during Jehu’s reign (Second Kings 10:32-33), captured Gath of Philistia (Second Kings 12:17), and only spared Jerusalem because Josiah paid him a large sum of money (Second Kings 12:18). Syrian’s power was finally broken after Hazael’s death, when Assyria laid siege to Damascus and forced the king to pay tribute money. Assyria did not threaten Isra’el or Judah at that time, however, so they enjoyed a half-century of peace and prosperity.

Assyria: Assyria was the fiercest, most cruel, and most oppressive foreign power ever to threaten Isra’el and Judah. That ambitious, seemingly relentless nation terrorized Palestine from the mid-eighth century BC to the late seventh century BC. Assyrian’s power was especially devastating to the northern kingdom of Isr’ael, since Assyria conquered and destroyed the entire nation in 722 BC. Judah also felt the sting of Assyrian oppression in 701 BC when they nearly captured Jerusalem under King Hezekiah. Only a miracle of God saved the City (see below).

Three Assyrian kings figured prominently in Isra’el and Judah’s history during the period from 750 to 700 BC. First, Tiglath-Pileser III (745-727 BC) began a new foreign policy. His campaigns differed from those of his predecessors in that they were not tribute-gathering expeditions, but permanent conquests. That new policy made the Assyrians more dangerous than other invading armies. Syria, Isra’el, Philistia, and a few other smaller nations opposed Tiglath-Pileser, but Judah’s King Ahaz adopted a pro-Assyrian foreign policy (Second Kings 16:7-9). The Assyrian king invaded the area from 734 to 732 BC and punished the coalition by defeating Gaza and Damascus (Second Kings 16:9), and by annexing parts of northern Isra’el (Second Kings 15:29). Judah’s pact with Assyria saved her, but the Northern Kingdom was then in serious trouble.

Shalmaneser V (727-722 BC) finished what Tiglath-Pileser began in Isra’el. After Tiglath’s death King Hosea sought to free the Northern Kingdom from Assyrian domination. In a colossal miscalculation, he withheld tribute money from Shalmaneser (Second Kings 17:3-4), who depended on Egypt for help (Isaiah Chapters 30 and 31). Egypt, always a poor ally to Isra’el, failed to respond, and Assyria laid siege to Samaria. After three years the city surrendered (Second Kings 17:5-6). Then, it was burned to the ground; and the state of Isra’el was abolished and absorbed into the Assyrian Empire. No less than 27,290 of its inhabitants were reportedly taken off to Assyria and Media. Tiny Judah was all that remained of the covenant nation.

Sennacherib (704-681 BC) nearly obliterated Judah in 701 BC. Judah’s King Hezekiah decided to break with Assyria when the old oppressor had difficulties with Babylon. Nevertheless, Sennacherib invaded Judah (see the commentary on Isaiah GpThe Timeline of Sennacherib’s Invasion of Judah) and laid siege to Jerusalem. The prophet Isaiah counseled Hezekiah to resist, trusting only in God’s power (see Isaiah GvI Will Save This City for My Sake and for the Sake of David My Servant). Because Hezekiah obeyed, Ha’Shem obliterated the Assryian army in a single night (see the commentary on Isaish GwThen the Angel of the LORD Put To Death a Hundred and Eighty Five Thousand Men in the Assyrian Camp), then removed Sennacherib from power (Second Kings 19:35-37). After Hezekiah’s death, however, his son Manasseh reverted to appeasing Assyria and not trusting in the LORD (Second Kings 21:1-18).

Babylon: Like Assyria, Babylon exerted her power and influence intermittently over several centuries. It was from 605 to 539 BC, however, that this nation impacted Judah the most. In 612 BC, Babylon conquered Nineveh, Assyria’s capital, thus becoming the dominant force in the ancient world. It took the Babylonians until 610 BC to eliminate Assyrian opposition and until 605 BC to place Judah under servitude, but once in control they didn’t relinquish power for nearly seven decades.

When Nebuchadnezzar subdued Egypt at Carchemish in 605 BC (see the commentary on Jeremiah DhA Message Concerning Egypt), thus establishing Babylon’s dominance in the region (Second Kings 24:7), he found Jehoiakim, hand picked by Egypt (see Jeremiah CaJehoiakim Ruled For 11 Years from 609/608 to 598 BC), on Judah’s throne. At that time Babylon started the first of three deportations (see Jeremiah Gt In the Thirty-Seventh Year of the Exile Jehoiachin was Released from Prison), taking Dani’el and his friends (Dani’el 1:1-2). Jehoiakim served Babylon for three years, then rebelled (Second Kings 24:1). Though according to Second Kings 24:2-4 God sent various raiders from neighboring lands to harass Jehoiakim, Babylon itself did not move to punish his rebellion until 598 BC, the year Jehoiachin succeeded his father (see Jeremiah DuJehoiachin Ruled For 3 Months in 598 BC). Nebuchadnezzar removed Jehoiachin from power after only three months, deported Ezeki’el and other Isreaelites, stripped the Temple of its wealth, and placed Zedekiah on the throne (Second Kings 24:10-17; Jeremiah 24-29). Therefore, Babylon gave Judah one more chance to be a loyal vassal.

Zedekiah governed Judah during the last decade of her existence (see Jeremiah DzZedekiah Ruled For 11 Years from 598/597 to 586 BC). The only notice Second Kings offers about why Babylon finally decided to destroy Jerusalem is the brief comment: Now Zedekiah rebelled against the king of Babylon (Second Kings 24:20). Perhaps nationalistic fervor had risen, but no clear reason for this rebellion can be determined. Regardless of the reasons for Zedekiah’s actions, his decision caused Nebuchadnezzar to eliminate his troublesome vassal. He captured the City (see Jeremiah GaThe Fall of Jerusalem), burned its walls and important buildings (to see link to video click here , including the Temple (see Jeremiah GbThe Destruction of Solomon’s Temple on Tisha B’Av in 586 BC), and appointed his own governor (see Jeremiah GcGedaliah Ruled For 3 Months in 586 BC). Zedekiah was blinded, but only after seeing each of his sons killed (Second Kings 25:6-7). No part of Isra’el or Judah was left free. All twelve tribes were then in exile or enslaved in their own land. However, hope for the future remained (see Jeremiah EoI Will Make a New Covenant with the People of Isra’el), but that was blunted by the present reality that God had thrust them from His presence (Second Kings 24:20). 17

2023-01-18T19:56:01+00:000 Comments

Ae – The Chronology of First and Second Kings

The Chronology of First and Second Kings

Even a casual reading of First and Second Kings produces some apparent chronological questions. For example, the author lists how long the kings of Isra’el and Judah reigned and synchronized the monarchs with one another. Oddly, however, when those numbers are added up, one kingdom seems to have more years than the other. Just as strangely, Second Kings 9:29 says Ahaziah became king of Judah during Joram’s eleventh year as king of Isra’el, while Second Kings 8:25 places Ahaziah’s reign in Joram’s twelfth year. Similar statements are made about Ahab’s son Joram in Second Kings 1:17, 3:1 and 8:16. The length of Omri’s reign does not seem to coincide with the author’s synchronization of Omri with Asa (First Kings 16:28-29), nor does the biblical account of Hezekiah’s deeds match Assyrian records at first glance. These and other difficulties have led some scholars to take a dim view of the book’s accuracy, which sheds doubt on the inerrancy of the Scriptures.

Fortunately, these difficulties can be explained by consulting other ancient chronologies and by examining how Judah and Isra’el counted the length of a monarch’s reign. Assyrian records set the date for the battle of Qarqar at 853 BC, which is the same year King Ahab died. This fixed date has helped scholars figure the years before and after 853 BC. In fact, other Assyrian texts preserve the names of three kings of Isra’el: Menahen, Pekah, Hoshea, and one of king of Judah: Ahaz. They also add that Assyrian inscriptions and Babylonian documents clarify events surrounding the last years of both Isra’el and Judah and help set dates for the destruction of Samaria and Jerusalem. Studies like these have the dual effect of establishing the basic veracity of the biblical texts and of identifying fixed dates that help synchronize the biblical data.

Perhaps the most significant analysis of the chronological methodology employed in First and Second Kings is E. R. Thiele’s Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1983. Certainly, other studies have made significant contributions to this issue, but Thiele’s work examines the most problems, deals with the issues fairly, and presents answers with great clarity. He claimed most of the problems with synchronization can be solved when readers realize that Judah and Isra’el counted the beginning of reigns differently. Normally, Judah used the accession-year system, which began counting a king’s first year at the first of the calendar year. Isra’el, on the other hand, began counting the regnal years from when the reign began. Thus, a year’s difference could exist even when the two kings began to rule on the same day. During one period both nations used the same system. Further, the nations began their calendar year six months apart, which also would affect the counting of years. Finally, kings acted as co-regents with their fathers before the older man’s death. Again, this factor, if unknown to the reader, would seemingly make some synchronisms impossible to accept.

Because of the information offered by the Assyrian and Babylonian records and by studies like Thiele’s, it is possible to affirm the historical reliability of the chronologies of First and Second Kings. It has also become possible for scholars to present an accurate table of when kings ruled. Minor disagreements remain, but usually do not entail a significant number of years for any important date.14

2023-01-04T17:44:18+00:000 Comments

Cx – Fe y Disciplina 12: 1-11

Fe y Disciplina
12: 1-11

El escritor nos acaba de decir: Lo es, porque por la fe fueron aprobados nuestros mayores (Hebreos 11:2); citando a Habacuc 2:4b: pero el justo por su fe vivirá y ahora dice: Por lo cual también nosotros, teniendo alrededor nuestro una tan grande nube de testigos, desprendiéndonos de todo peso, y del pecado que nos asedia, corramos con paciencia la carrera que nos es puesta delante (12:1).

Los anunciantes modernos trabajan duro para vender al público los beneficios de su producto. Pero, ¿por qué el escritor de Hebreos, hablando a una comunidad mesiánica ya desanimada, los muestra en la compañía de aquellos cuya fe trajo sufrimiento? ¿No sería más sabio resaltar los beneficios eternos y mantenerse alejados de cualquier dolor que puedan experimentar aquí y ahora? ¿O pintar una imagen aún más optimista de lo que podría estar a la vuelta de la esquina?

El problema es, por supuesto, que una vida de fe no es un lecho de rosas. Aquellos que promueven la salud y la riqueza ignoran el hecho de que los creyentes son herederos de los mismos problemas que plagan a toda la humanidad. También ignoran la advertencia de las Escrituras. Sí, todos los que quieran vivir piadosamente en Jesús el Mesías, padecerán persecución (Segunda Timoteo 3:12). Tarde o temprano, la realidad de esta verdad se establece. De hecho, los primeros lectores de esta carta ya estaban sufriendo dificultades. Lo que necesitaban no era palabrería, sino ayuda. Lo que ellos necesitaban, y lo que necesitamos hoy, por más difícil de entender que parezca, es la capacidad de poner nuestro dolor y sufrimiento en perspectiva y reconocer que nuestras tribulaciones son regalos de un Dios amoroso.360

PÁGINA SIGUIENTE: Estamos rodeados por una gran nube de testigos Cy  

Volver al esquema del contenido

2022-10-15T14:02:44+00:000 Comments

Cw – Fe para correr la maratón del creyente 12:1 a 13:25

Fe para correr la maratón del creyente
12:1 a 13:25

Las figuras retóricas son herramientas de enseñanza efectivas y se usan a menudo en la Biblia. Varias veces se compara la vida de un creyente con la guerra. El apóstol Pablo (rabino Saulo) nos aconseja que soportemos las penalidades: Comparte sufrimientos como buen soldado de Jesús el Mesías (Segunda Timoteo 2:3) y que nos revistamos de toda la armadura de Dios, para que podáis estar firmes contra las asechanzas del diablo (Efesios 6:11). También usa el boxeo como comparación: boxeo no como golpeando el aire (Primera Corintios 9:26; Segunda Timoteo 4:7). A menudo se habla del creyente como de un siervo de Jesús el Mesías. Pablo frecuentemente se refiere a sí mismo como esclavo o siervo de Cristo (Romanos 1:1; Filipenses 1:1; Tito 1:1). Jesús habló de sus seguidores como luz y sal de la tierra (Mateo 5:13-16). Pedro se refiere a los creyentes como niños y como piedras vivas (Primera de Pedro 2 y 5). Pero al apóstol Pablo (rabino Saulo) le gustaba especialmente la figura de una carrera. Usa frases como correr la carrera (Primera Corintios 9:24), correr bien (Gálatas 5:7) y correr en vano (Filipenses 2:16). Esta es también la figura que usó el escritor de Hebreos para los judíos a quienes se animaba a correr con paciencia la carrera que nos es puesta delante (12:1c-2a).358

Pero todos los judíos a quienes se dirigió el libro sufrían persecución a causa de su ruptura con el judaísmo. Ésta provenía de sus amigos y parientes judíos a quienes les molestaba que dieran la espalda a las costumbres y tradiciones religiosas en las que se habían criado. La aflicción había sido mayormente en forma de presión social y económica, aunque algunos de ellos habían sido encarcelados (10:34). El escritor los animó a no olvidar la Palabra de Dios ya que su sufrimiento por causa del Mesías produciría santidad. No deben mirar al monte Sinaí con temor, sino al monte Sion, que representa a la Jerusalén celestial, en busca de gracia. El capítulo 12 es un llamado, pues, a perseverar mirando a Cristo como nuestro ejemplo. Él soportó la vergüenza de la cruz para traernos a la comunión con ADONAI. De la misma manera debemos mantener nuestros ojos en Él mientras corremos la carrera de la vida. Hemos recibido la ciudadanía en un Reino inquebrantable, así que mostremos gratitud y ofrezcamos nuestras vidas en un servicio aceptable para Él.

Los primeros once capítulos de Hebreos no enfatizan mandatos específicos para los creyentes. Hay una evidente falta de exhortaciones prácticas. Esos capítulos son pura doctrina y están dirigidos casi exclusivamente a judíos que habían recibido la Buena Nueva, pero necesitaban ser afirmados en la superioridad del Brit Hadashah. Las exhortaciones del capítulo 12 son generales, animándolos a correr la carrera de la fe con paciencia. Pero las exhortaciones prácticas específicas para los creyentes se encuentran en el Capítulo 13. Esto se ajusta al patrón de la enseñanza del Nuevo Pacto, que siempre es doctrina y luego deber, posición y luego práctica. El capítulo 13 no es una ocurrencia tardía, sino que es fundamental para el mensaje del libro de Hebreos: la fe verdadera exige vida verdadera. 359

PÁGINA SIGUIENTE: Fe y Disciplina Cx 

Volver al esquema del contenido

2022-10-15T14:00:14+00:000 Comments

Cv – La fe a través de las pruebas 11: 32-40

Fe a través de las pruebas
11: 32-40

La fe a través de las pruebas ESCUDRIÑAR: ¿Por qué tantas personas en nuestro mundo han sido perseguidas por su fe? ¿Deberían los creyentes sorprenderse cuando vienen las pruebas? ¿Por qué si o por qué no? En los versículos 39-40, cuando glorificamos a Dios con nuestra fe en Él, ¿cuál es el resultado de nuestra fe? ¿Cómo demostró la fe Gedeón? ¿Cuál fue la fuente del valor de Sansón? ¿Cómo fue fiel David? ¿Por qué cree que el Ruaj HaKodesh seleccionó a Samuel como ejemplo de fe? ¿Qué dio coraje a los justos del TaNaJ que sufrieron por su fe? Aunque ninguno de ellos recibió lo prometido, ¿qué era ese algo mejor que Dios tenía planeado para ellos y para nosotros?

REFLEXIONAR: En el versículo 36, piense en los otros que no recibieron milagros ni liberación por su fe. En cambio, sufrieron e incluso murieron. ¿Por qué tiene sentido aferrarse a su fe incluso si no lo libera de su sufrimiento? ¿Cómo le ayuda su fe a mantenerse firme en un mundo tan malo?

Para un judío convertirse en creyente en el primer siglo siempre fue costoso. A menudo le costó sus amigos, su familia, los privilegios de la sinagoga, el trabajo, el estatus social y el respeto de la comunidad. Quizás algunos de los judíos al borde de la salvación que recibieron esta carta a los Hebreos fueron tentados a regresar a Jerusalén y al antiguo sistema de sacrificios levíticos. En este capítulo se muestra a tales judíos vacilantes que no eran como ellos, los fieles seguidores de ADONAI. Cuando los justos del TaNaJ escogieron a Dios, estaban completamente comprometidos porque tenían una visión correcta de quién es YHVH. La fe correcta se basa en la teología correcta. Cree y obedece a Dios porque la fe sabe que Él no puede mentir, no puede equivocarse, no puede hacer el mal, no puede ser derrotado y no puede ser superado. Se puede confiar en un Dios como este. De hecho, con un Dios así, no tiene ningún sentido hacer otra cosa que confiar en Él. La incredulidad, por supuesto, es ciega a Dios y por lo tanto ve la confianza y la obediencia a Él como tonterías. Porque la palabra de la cruz ciertamente es necedad para los que se pierden, pero para nosotros los salvos, es poder de Dios (Primera Corintios 1:18). Nunca hay pruebas suficientes para la incredulidad, que se mueve por la vista.347 El justo vivirá por fe (Hebreos 10:38 citando Habacuc 2:4).

Otros innumerables: hubo demasiados héroes de la fe para que el escritor los trate en detalle. ¿Y qué más digo? Porque el tiempo me faltará para relatar acerca de Gedeón, de Barac, de Sansón, de Jefté, de David, y también de Samuel y de los profetas (11:32). Así, el autor destaca a los tres jueces más conocidos; un general, David, que es también el rey más conocido; Samuel el juez-profeta; y otros profetas anónimos.

Gedeón (Jueces 6:11 a 8:35), juez y líder militar, había reunido a 32.000 hombres para luchar contra los madianitas y los amalecitas. Para evitar que Israel pensara que la victoria venidera fue ganada por su propio poder, Ha’Shem redujo sus fuerzas a 10.000 y luego a solo 300. Esos 300 fueron elegidos únicamente en base a cómo bebieron agua de un manantial. El enemigo, por el contrario, era como multitud de langostas, y sus camellos eran incontables como la arena que está a la orilla del mar (Jueces 7:12b). Sin embargo, los hombres de Gedeón estaban equipados solo con trompetas y cántaros con antorchas adentro. Con incluso menos hombres y menos esfuerzo que el usado para derrotar a Jericó, todo el ejército enemigo pagano fue derrotado (Jueces 7:16-22). Solo un tonto hubiera intentado un enfoque tan valiente para la batalla sin la dirección y el poder de Dios. Sin embargo, desde la perspectiva de la fe, solo un necio no intentaría tal cosa cuando tiene la dirección y el poder del SEÑOR (11:32b).348

Barac (Jueces 4-5): es desconocido en las Escrituras fuera del breve relato en Jueces 4-5 y la mención de su nombre en Hebreos 12:32. No se nos dice nada de sus antecedentes o formación. A través de Débora, la jueza, Ha’Shem prometió que Israel sería librado de Jabín, el rey cananeo, cuyo gran comandante, Sísara, tenía un ejército grande y poderoso que se jactaba de sus 900 carros. De acuerdo con las instrucciones del SEÑOR, Débora le pidió a Barac que reuniera un ejército israelita de solo 10.000 hombres, tomados de dos tribus, Neftalí y Zabulón. Al resto de las tribus no se les pidió que participaran, aparentemente para mostrarles a Israel y a los cananeos que YHVH podía salir victorioso con solo un ejército simbólico de una pequeña parte de Israel. Barac reunió a sus hombres en el monte Tabor y atacó a Sísara como Dios le había mandado. Y YHVH destrozó a Sísara, con todos sus carros y todo su ejército a filo de espada delante de Barac; y Sísara bajándose del carro, huyó a pie (Jueces 4:15). Barac y sus hombres sin duda lucharon valientemente, pero el éxito de la campaña fue de ADONAI. De lo contrario, Israel habría sido sacrificado. A Barac se le dijo de antemano que la gloria de la victoria no sería suya. Dios no solo peleó la batalla por su pueblo, sino que permitió que una mujer, Débora, matara a Sísara (Jueces 4:9), de modo que Barac tendría aún menos motivos para reclamar el crédito para sí mismo.

Y Barac le respondió: Si tú vas conmigo, entonces iré, pero si no vas conmigo, no iré (4:8). Barac creyó en la promesa de victoria de Dios y no le preocupaba en lo más mínimo que una mujer se llevara el crédito por matar a Sísara. De hecho, insistió en que Débora fuera a la batalla con él (Jueces 4:8). Él quería su ayuda espiritual, no militar. Ella era la ungida del SEÑOR en aquellos días y Barac quería al ungido del SEÑOR con él. El hecho de que él la quisiera consigo era otra indicación de su confianza en ADONAI. Como profeta de Dios, ella era de mayor valor para él que sus 10.000 hombres. A Barac no le preocupaba el poder de Sísara porque él tenía el poder de Dios. Con tan valiente fe el conquistó reinos (11:32b).349

Jefté precedió a Sansón como juez de Israel, y su responsabilidad era someter a los amonitas, uno de los muchos enemigos de Israel. A pesar de su tonto voto (Jueces 11:30-31), la confianza de Jefté estaba en ADONAI (Jueces 29 y 32). Incluso la gente de fe comete errores, y Dios honró a Jefté por su fe (11:32b).

Sansón (Jueces 13-16); no es más recordado por su fe, sino por su fuerza física y ingenuidad personal. En muchos sentidos era inmaduro y egocéntrico, incapaz de hacer frente al poder milagroso que Ha’Shem le había dado. Sin embargo, era un hombre de fe. Nunca dudó de que Dios era la fuente de su poder, del cual su cabello era solo un símbolo.

Sansón fue juez de Israel y se le dio la tarea especial de oponerse a los filisteos, quienes entonces gobernaban sobre Israel. Los propios motivos de Sansón para luchar contra los filisteos a menudo eran mixtos, pero él sabía que estaba haciendo la voluntad de ADONAI en el poder de ADONAI. Desde su temprana edad adulta, el Ruaj HaKodesh había estado con él, y se nos dice específicamente que fue el Espiritu Santo quien lo fortaleció en sus asombrosas batallas individuales (Jueces 13:25, 14:19, 15:14, 16:28).

Sansón sabía que Ha’Shem lo había llamado y que Ha’Shem lo había facultado para que él comenzara a librar a Israel de mano de los filisteos (Jueces 13:5b). Dios le había prometido ese poder y Sansón confió en Dios para ese poder. Se enfrentó a los filisteos no con el valor de su destreza física sino con el valor de la fe. Nos inclinamos a juzgar a Sansón por su debilidad. Pero YHVH lo alaba por su fe (11:32b).350

David se destaca como uno de los obviamente grandes hombres del TaNaJ. Su confianza en ADONAI comenzó cuando era niño, cuidando ovejas, matando leones y osos, y derrotando a Goliat con una honda. Cuando David enfrentó a Goliat, estaba sumamente seguro de que Ha’Shem le daría el poder para derrotar al gigante filisteo. Mientras el resto de Israel, incluyendo al Rey Saúl y los propios hermanos de David, temblaban de miedo, David caminó valientemente hacia Goliat y anunció: Hoy YHVH te entregará en mi mano, y yo te heriré, y te cortaré la cabeza, y entregaré la carroña del campamento de los filisteos a las aves de los cielos y a las bestias de la tierra, para que toda la tierra sepa que hay Dios en Israel (1 Samuel 17:46). Parece que a David nunca se le ocurrió no confiar en el SEÑOR. Como los otros héroes de la fe, David no era perfecto, sin embargo, Dios levantó a David como rey, de quien dio también testimonio, diciendo: Hallé a David, el de Isaí, un varón conforme a mi corazón, el cual hará todos mis deseos (Hechos 13:22). Agradó a Dios por el valor de su fe para confiar en Él y hacer Su voluntad (11:32b).

Samuel se agrega a esta lista de guerreros, aunque no era un guerrero. Pero peleó una batalla igual a cualquiera que enfrente soldados. Sus mayores enemigos fueron la idolatría y la inmoralidad. Tuvo que ponerse de pie en medio de una sociedad contaminada (suena familiar, ¿no es así?) y proclamar sin temor la verdad de Dios. Con frecuencia, sus oponentes más severos no eran los filisteos, los amorreos o los amonitas, sino su propio pueblo. A menudo se necesita más coraje para enfrentarse a nuestros amigos que a nuestros enemigos. La presión social puede ser más aterradora que el poder militar. Este profeta de Dios, que también era el último juez de Israel comenzó cuando Samuel ministraba en presencia de YHVH siendo niño, ceñido de un éfod de lino (1 Samuel 2:18), y continuó siendo fiel a ADONAI durante toda su vida. Él gobernó con fe y profetizó (11:32b).

…los profetas (11:32b); quienes por fe conquistaron reinos, hicieron justicia, alcanzaron promesas… (11:33a). Note que los profetas no tienen nombre excepto Samuel. Como el escritor había mencionado anteriormente que llevaría demasiado tiempo contar todas las historias de fe (11:32a), no tiene tiempo para entrar en detalles sobre las muchas otras personas fieles del TaNaJ, o incluso mencionarlos a todos por su nombre. Estos profetas, al igual que Gedeón, Barac y los demás, arriesgaron todo por el SEÑOR. Aceptaron alegre, valiente y confiadamente las órdenes de Ha’Shem y enfrentaron cualquier oposición que se presentara. No pelearon en los campos de batalla, pero tuvieron muchas victorias en ADONAI porque creyeron en Él; vencieron por el valor de la fe (11:32b). 351

Las proezas de 11:33-34 son generales y se refieren colectivamente a las personas de arriba. Por la fe conquistaron (griego: katagonizomai que significa literalmente pelear, por lo tanto, luchar contra o vencer y significa una contienda desesperada) reinos, hicieron justicia, alcanzaron promesas, cerraron bocas de leones (11:33), extinguieron la violencia del fuego, escaparon al filo de espada, recibieron poder en su debilidad, se hicieron fuertes en la batalla, pusieron en fuga ejércitos extranjeros. Cuando dice: cerraron bocas de leones cita a Daniel 6:22 y extinguieron la violencia del fuego (Daniel 1:6, 3:1-30). Elías y Eliseo estuvieron entre los que escaparon al filo de la espada (Primera de Reyes 17:8-24; Segunda de Reyes 6:31ss). Dios se especializa en convertir las debilidades en fortalezas. Él quiere tomar su mayor debilidad y transformarla.

Continuaron en sufrimiento: No todos los que tenían fe experimentaron una liberación milagrosa. Mujeres hubo que recibieron por resurrección a sus muertos; otros fueron torturados al no aceptar liberación, para alcanzar otra resurrección mejor (11:35), refiriéndose a la resurrección inmortal352. Aunque la viuda de Sarepta de Sidón y las mujeres de Sunem recibieron por resurrección a sus muertos, que resucitaron a través de los ministerios de Elías y Eliseo, muchos no lo hicieron. De los libros apócrifos aprendemos cómo en los días de los macabeos, el maestro de la Torá El’azar, de noventa años, voluntariamente eligió morir ‘al Kidush Ha’Shem (“para santificar el nombre de Dios como en Hechos 7:59-60), en lugar de comer carne de cerdo y parecer públicamente que había abandonado el judaísmo. La palabra torturado del griego: tumpanizo, significa tortura con un instrumento en forma de rueda, sobre el cual se estiraba a los criminales y luego se golpeaba horriblemente con garrotes. …Y otros sufrieron la prueba de escarnios públicos y azotes, además de cadenas y cárcel (11:36) como se ve en Jeremías 20:2, 37:15 y 38:6.

Otros…fueron apedreados (11:37a) esto es muerte por lapidación, un método de ejecución bien establecido como se ve en la lapidación de Acán después de la caída de Jericó (Josué 7:24-26). Zacarías, uno de los justos del TaNaJ, un hombre fiel, también fue apedreado (2 Crónicas 24:20-22). Era, de hecho, el medio para ejecutar la pena de muerte en Israel. Sin embargo, cuando nació Jesús, los romanos quitaron el derecho de los judíos a usar su método de ejecución y en su lugar implementaron la cruz, el método romano de ejecución. Es por eso que Jesús fue ejecutado en la cruz y no apedreado hasta la muerte.

Ellos fueron aserrados (11:37b). Esta era una forma comúnmente conocida de torturar a la gente hasta la muerte, y según el libro del primer siglo, La Ascensión de Isaías, el profeta Isaías fue asesinado de esta manera. El Talmud da esta descripción, Rabí Shim’on ben-‘Azzai dijo: “Encontré un rollo genealógico en Yerushalayim (Jerusalén) y está escrito allí que el Rey Manasés asesinó a Isaías.” Raba dijo: “Antes de matarlo, Manasés organizó un juicio y dijo: “Porque los hombres no me verán y vivirán (Éxodo 33:20); pero tú dices: vi yo al Señor sentado sobre un trono alto y sublime, y la orla de su manto llenaba el templo (Isaías 6:1b).” Isaías respondió: “Es bien sabido que no aceptas lo que la gente te dice; así que, si respondo a tus acusaciones, solo te convertiré en un asesino voluntario”. Entonces Isaías dijo un Nombre [de Dios, considerado como un poder sobrenatural] y fue tragado por un cedro. Sin embargo, el cedro fue traído y aserrado en dos; y cuando la sierra alcanzó la boca de Isaías murió; [este fue su castigo] por haber dicho: Vivo entre un pueblo de labios inmundos (Isaías 6:5a) (Yevamot 49b).353 Sin embargo, como Abel, continúa hablándonos incluso después de la muerte.

Y… murieron porque no negaron su fe (11:37c). La gran fe vence al gran miedo. Pero debemos recordar que más creyentes han sido asesinados y aún hoy están siendo asesinados.

Estos fieles anduvieron errantes vestidos con pieles de ovejas, con pieles de cabras, indigentes, afligidos, maltratados (11:37d); ¡el mundo no era digno de ellos!, deambulando por desiertos y montes, en las cuevas y cavernas de la tierra (11:38). La descripción encaja con Elías (1 Reyes 19:9), así como con los judíos piadosos que huyeron de la persecución de Antíoco IV en la época de los Macabeos (1 Macabeos 2:38). Juan tenía su vestido de pelos de camello y un cinto de cuero alrededor de su cintura, y su comida era langostas y miel silvestre (Mateo 3:4) y llevaba una vida similar, mientras que Jesús dijo: Las zorras tienen guaridas y las aves del cielo nidos, pero el Hijo del Hombre no tiene dónde recostar la cabeza (Lucas 9:58). En otras palabras, los justos del TaNaJ no fueron recompensados ni apreciados durante su vida; la otra cara de esa moneda se ve cuando el autor escribe que ¡el mundo no era digno de ellos! (11:38a).354

El mundo no es digno de tener gente así en medio de él, así como estas personas no merecían los sufrimientos recibieron. Por infligir sufrimiento, el mundo será juzgado y castigado; por haber soportado el sufrimiento, los fieles serán recompensados. Ellos sabían, como el apóstol Pablo (rabino Saulo), que los sufrimientos del tiempo presente no son dignos de ser comparados con la gloria venidera que va a ser revelada en nosotros (Romanos 8:18), y esperaban como Pedro una herencia incorruptible, incontaminada e inmarcesible, reservada en los cielos para vosotros (Primera Pedro 1:4). Dios no nos promete la liberación de todo sufrimiento. Yeshua dijo: un siervo no es mayor que su señor. Si a mí me persiguieron, también a vosotros os perseguirán; si guardaron mi palabra, también guardarán la vuestra (Juan 15:20).355

Contando con la Salvación: La fe verdadera tiene el coraje de contar con la salvación. Ellos sabían muy poco sobre la naturaleza del momento o los medios de la salvación de Dios. Pero ellos sabían que vendría, y esta era la base de su confianza. Tenían una confianza permanente en que un día ADONAI haría lo necesario para redimirlos y recompensarlos. Y todos éstos, aunque alcanzaron buen testimonio mediante la fe, no recibieron la promesa (11:39), es decir, solo previeron que se cumpliría y murieron en fe: habiendo Dios provisto para nosotros alguna cosa mejor, para que ellos no fueran perfeccionados aparte de nosotros (11:40). ADONAI proporcionará algo mejor también para nosotros eso es para aquellos bajo el Brit Hadashah. Es decir, no fue sino hasta después de la cruz que su salvación pudo completarse o perfeccionarse. Hasta el derramamiento de la sangre más superior del Mesías ninguna salvación era completa, por grande que fuera la fe que los justos del TaNaJ pudieron haber tenido (haga clic en el enlace y vea Bz El mejor tabernáculo purificado con mejor Sangre). La salvación de ellos se basó en lo que Cristo haría, la nuestra se basa en lo que Cristo ha hecho. Su fe esperaba una promesa futura; la nuestra se remonta a un hecho histórico.356

Como aprendemos de este capítulo, la vida de fe no siempre es fácil. Muchos de los héroes de la fe han sufrido persecución, privaciones o martirio. Sabiendo esto, no se sorprenda cuando las pruebas se le presenten, sino espérelas como una parte normal de la vida de fe. Medite en los siguientes versículos para prepararse para enfrentar su próxima prueba: Hechos 14:22; Romanos 8:18; Primera Corintios 10:13; Filipenses 1:29-30; Santiago 1:2-4; Primera de Pedro 2:20-21 y 5:10.357

PÁGINA SIGUIENTE: Fe para correr la maratón del creyente Cw 

Volver al esquema del contenido

 

2022-10-15T13:58:04+00:000 Comments

Ad – Glossary

Glossary

Abba: An Aramaic word used as an affectionate term of address to someone’s father. Yeshua used it to refer to God as His Father, and believers in Jesus also use it today to address God as Father. In modern Hebrew, this common name means Dad, Daddy, or Papa (also see Mark 14:36 and Romans 8:15).

Adar: the twelfth month of the Jewish biblical calendar.

Adonai: literally, my Lord, a word the TaNaKh uses to refer to God.

ADONAI: The Tetragrammaton, meaning the four-letter name of YHVH. Since its pronunciation is not known, and also out of respect for God’s name, Jews traditionally substitute the words ADONAI and Ha’Shem. ADONAI, however, is more of an affectionate name like daddy (also see Exodus 3:15; Jeremiah 1:9; Psalm 1:2, Matthew 1:22; Mark 5:19; Luke 1:5; John 1:23).

ADONAI Elohei-Tzva’ot: the LORD God of heaven’s angelic armies.

ADONAI Elohim: This is the Hebrew word for LORD God. This title links Isra’el’s God, the God of the Covenant, with God as Creator of the universe (also see Genesis 2:4; Isaiah 48:16; Psalm 72:18; Luke 1:32; Revelation 1:8).

ADONAI Nissi: the LORD my Banner (see Exodus 17:15; Psalm 20:1).

ADONAI Shalom: the LORD of Peace.

ADONAI Tzidkenu: the LORD our Righteousness.

ADONAI-Tzva’ot: The LORD of heaven’s angelic armies (see Joshua 5:13-15; Second Kings 19:31; Psalm 24:10; Second Corinthians 6:18).

Adversary, the: Satan, the devil, the prince of the power of the air, and the old dragon.

Afikomen: Literally, “That which comes after.” Piece of matzah that is hidden during the Seder, to be found and eaten after the third cup of redemption.

Amen: At the end of a prayer, this word means, “It is true,” or “Let it be so,” or “May it become true,” indicating that the readers or listeners agree with what has just been said. Although everything Yeshua said was true, “amen” adds special emphasis (also see Deuteronomy 27:25; Jeremiah 28:6; Psalm 41:14; Nehemiah 8:6; Matthew 5:26; Mark 10:15; Luke 23:43; John 10:1).

Anti-missionaries: Today they are Orthodox Jews who champion Jews for Judaism. They do not limit their mischief to harassing missionaries; any Jewish believer is a target. It is unfortunate that so many of these anti-missionaries feel their ends justify certain unethical means. In order to “protect” Judaism, they do or encourage others to do what Judaism condemns. In Paul’s day, they were the Judaizers who wanted Gentile believers to add obedience to the 613 commandments of Moshe, circumcision, and eating kosher to Paul’s salvation equals faith-plus-nothing gospel.

Ariel: lion of God, fireplace on God’s altar.

Aviv: the first month of the biblical year, corresponding to the modern Jewish month of Nisan.

Avraham: Abraham

Azazel: a scapegoat or goat demon sent out in the wilderness on Yom Kippur.

Ba’al: the chief male god of the Phoenicians and Canaanites. The word means lord or master.

Bar Mitzvah: Hebrew for “Son of the Commandment.” Although not specifically mentioned in the Bible, it is a Jewish coming of age ritual in which a young man, or Bat Mitzvah for a young woman, chooses to follow the commandments of their forefathers and takes responsibility for their own relationship with the God of Isra’el. This ceremony normally takes place at age 13 for boys or age 12 for girls. Afterwards, he/she is theoretically considered to be an adult, but in modern Judaism this is mostly symbolic, and a twelve-year-old is not treated like an adult.

Beit-Lechem: Bethlehem, the birthplace of David and Yeshua, meaning house of bread.

Bnei-Yisrael: The children of Isra’el.

B’rit Chadashah: Hebrew for the New Covenant. Gentiles commonly call it the New Testament.

Chesed: “mercy,” “lovingkindness,” and/or “covenant-loyalty.” It is a complex word that summarizes God’s complex and overwhelming love for His people, going beyond the concepts of love, mercy or kindness all together (also see Isaiah 63:7; Zechariah 7:1; Psalm 13:1; Psalm 86:1; Psalm 107:1; Psalm 118:1; Psalm 136:1).

Chupah: In traditional Jewish weddings, it is a canopy under which the wedding takes place.

Cohen of Ha’Elyon: Priest of the God Most High.

Cohen Rosh Gadol: The Great High Priest who served as the head religious official, the only one to enter the Most Holy Place. Aaron, the brother of Moses, was the first man appointed as the Cohen Gadol. In later times, the Cohen Gadol was in charge of the Temple and its administration. The Cohen Gadol Caiaphas, played a key role in questioning Yeshua at His trial. The writer of Hebrews describes Messiah as our great Cohen Gadol, who gives us access to God’s throne in the heavenly sanctuary (also see Leviticus 21:10; Haggai 1:14; Nehemiah 3:1; Matthew 26:57ff; Mark 14:61ff; John 18:19ff; Hebrews 4:14ff and 10:19-22).

Cohen: A priest, a man who offered sacrifices and performed other religious rituals at the Temple in Jerusalem.

Cohanim: Plural, the Cohanim were descended from Aaron, the brother of Moses. The Sadducees were from the priestly sect of Judaism.

Covenant: Theologically, it speaks of the contractual relationship between God and His people. The Hebrew term is b’rit. Also see B’rit Chadashah, Hebrew for New Covenant (see Genesis 6:18 and 17:2; Jeremiah 31:30; Nehemiah 9:32; Matthew 26:28; Mark 14:24; Luke 1:72).

Diaspora, the Dispersion: the scattering of the Jewish people in exile throughout the world. Today almost 7 million Jews live in Isra’el, and over 8 million more Jews live in the Diaspora (also see Isaiah 11:10; John 7:35).

Drash: A drash is a long d’var.

D’var: Is a short talk on topics relating to a parashah, the weekly Torah portion.

Echad: The Hebrew word for “one” or “unity.” Echad is used in the Shema (Deuteronomy 6:4).

Elyon: A title for God, meaning the Most High God (see Luke 1:35 and 76; Acts 7:48). A longer form is El Elyon, God Most High (also see Deuteronomy 32:8; Isaiah 14:14; Psalm 91:1; Acts 16:17).

Elohim: God” in general terms, or as Creator. Compared with ADONAI, God’s “covenant name” used especially in His relationship to the Jewish people. Elohim is the plural form of El, also found in the Bible occasionally with the same meaning. Yeshua is sometimes called Ben-Elohim, the Son of God (also see Genesis 2:19; Isaiah 61:11; Matthew 4:3; Mark 1:1; Luke 1:35; John 11:4).

El Shaddai: God Almighty

Emissaries: Apostles

God-fearers: These were Gentiles who became convinced that ADONAI was the only true God, they abandoned their paganism and idolatry, but they did not choose to become a proselyte in any form, and hence there was no adoption of Jewish customs or practices (see the commentary on Acts, to see link click Bb An Ethiopian Asks about Isaiah).

Goyim: Nations, non-Jews, or Gentiles

Gehenna: The word for “hell,” the place of perpetual misery and suffering after this life. It comes from the Greek word Genna and the Hebrew word Gei-Hinnom, which means the valley of Hinnom. There was actually such a valley by that name south of the Temple in Jerusalem. It was used as a garbage dump, and fires were always burning there, making it a suitable picture of life in hell. In Jewish sources, the term is used as the opposite of Gan-Eden, or the Garden of Eden or Paradise (Matthew 23:33; Mark 9:43).

Gentiles: A term for individuals or groups who are not Jewish. In Hebrew a common word for Gentile is goy or goyim is the plural form (see Isaiah 8:23; Matthew 10:18; Mark 10:33).

Go’el: Literally, a redeemer, used both for God and of people. In the book of Ruth, go’el means the kinsman-redeemer, a close relative obligated to defend and protect his kin. The go’el could buy back (redeem) land or someone who sold himself into slavery, and could marry a widow in the family in order to protect her future. The human go’el is a picture of God the greater Go’el who protects and redeems us, the members of His family (see Ruth 3:9-12).

Grace: Receiving what we don’t deserve.

Hag ha’Matzah: The Feast of Unleavened Bread

Halakhah: are rules governing Jewish life and comes from the Hebrew root to walk. The rabbis used the term to refer to the legal way to walk out the commandments of the Torah. It can also refer to the Oral Law (see the commentary on The Life of Christ EiThe Oral Law). A (one) halakhah is a specific ruling given regarding a particular issue, “the halakhah” being the ruling accepted and observed by the Jewish community.

Hametz or Chametz: The Hebrew word for leaven, or yeast, which makes bread rise. God commanded Isra’el not to eat hametz during Passover, Yeshua teaches that both good and evil spread, the same way hametz leavens the whole batch of dough (Also see 16:6-12; Mark 8:15; Luke 12:1 Exodus 12:20; Leviticus 7:13; Amos 4:5; Matthew 13:33 and 13:21).

Hanukkah: Meaning dedication, the feast commemorating the victory of the Maccabees over the armies of Antiochus Epiphanes in 165 BC and the rebuilding and dedication of the Temple after its desecration by Syrian invaders.

Ha’Shem: The Tetragrammaton, meaning the four-letter name of YHVH. Since its pronunciation is not known, and also out of respect for God’s name, Jews traditionally substitute the words ADONAI and Ha’Shem. While ADONAI is more of an affectionate name like daddy, Ha’Shem is a more formal name like sir (also see Exodus 3:15; Jeremiah 1:9; Psalm 1:2, Matthew 1:22; Mark 5:19; Luke 1:5; John 1:23).

Hellenist: In the B’rit Chadashah, it refers to Jews who lived in the Diaspora, or had moved to Isra’el from the Diaspora, spoke Greek, and were more Greek in their culture, than traditional Jewish people brought up in Isra’el (Acts 6:1, 9:29, 11:20).

Immerse: To dip the whole body under water as an act of dedication to the LORD, or as a profession of faith in Yeshua. The word is often seen in other translations as “baptize.” The ceremony of dipping is called “immersion” or “baptism.” Yeshua’s cousin was known as John the Immerser (Matthew 3:1; Mark 6:14; Luke 7:20).

Imputation: To reckon or charge to one’s account. When the Spirit gives life (John 6:63a), that means that all the righteousness of Christ is transferred to your spiritual account at the moment of faith. What is true of Messiah is true of you, minus His deity.

Incarnation: The divine revelation (Hebrews 1:1-2) of YHVH becoming one with humanity as an ordinary human being in the person of Yeshua Messiah. He was one-hundred percent man and one-hundred present God. The Triune God knew that the Second Person would come to earth to be subject to numerous evils: hunger, ridicule, rejection, and death. He did this in order to negate sin, and therefore, its evil effects.

Judaizers: Jewish false teachers, who taught that obedience to the 613 commandments of the Torah were necessary to have a relationship with God, and opposed Paul at every turn. Everywhere Paul went, the Judaizers were sure to follow. Once Paul established a church in Galatia, as soon as he left, they would come in and distort the gospel of Messiah (see the commentary on Galatians AgWho Were the Judaizers).

Justification: The act of God whereby, negatively, He forgives the sins of believers and, positively, He declares them righteous by imputing the obedience and righteousness of Messiah to them through faith (Luke 18:9-14). It is not a reward for anything good we have done. It is not something we cooperate with God in (in other words, it is not sanctification). It is an utterly undeserved free gift of the mercy of ADONAI (Romans 3:24; Titus 3:7). It is entirely accomplished by God, once and for all, at the moment of salvation. It results in good deeds (James 2:14-26) and sanctification over our lifetime.

Kadosh: The Hebrew word for ‘holy.” This term describes the people set apart for God. ADONAI Himself is kodosh (Leviticus 19:1-2). Many letters to Christ’s newly formed communities (churches) address Yeshua’s followers as the Kedoshim (also see Jeremiah 2:3; Nehemiah 8:10; First Corinthians 1:2; Ephesians 1:1; Philippians 1:1; Colossians 1:2).

Kedoshim: The holy ones

Ketubah: In traditional Jewish weddings it is the legally binding marriage contract or covenant.

Korban: A sacrifice or offering dedicated to God, especially to fulfill a vow. If something was to be dedicated to God, it generally could not be used for other purposes. Some Pharisees and teachers of the law wrongly used this as an excuse not to provide for their parents in their old age, even though Jewish teaching insisted that the commandment to honor one’s father and mother extended to providing for their physical needs (see Mark 7:11).

Kosher: Kosher foods are those that conform to the Jewish dietary regulations of kashrut, primarily derived from Leviticus and Deuteronomy. Food that may be consumed according to halakha is termed kosher in English, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term kashér, meaning “fit”.

Levite: Descendants of the tribe of Levi, who served in the Tabernacle and Temple as gatekeepers, musicians, teachers, and assistants to the priests. The scribes, or Torah-teachers, originally came only from among the Levites and were the forerunners of the Pharisees. The Pharisees later expanded to include members who were from all tribes, with no affiliation with Levi required. (Also see Exodus 4:14; Ezeki’el 48:12; Ezra 1:5; John 1:19).

LORD: When the translators of the King James Bible in the 1600’s came to the Hebrew word YHVH, they needed to distinguish it from the word Lord, meaning master. So, they capitalized it. Therefore, LORD is actually the Tetragrammaton, meaning the four-letter name of YHVH.

LXX (Septuagint): The “official” Greek translation of the TaNaKh, dating from the third century BC through the fourth century AD. The original translation was of the Torah (the five books of Moshe), which the Letter of Aristeas records was allegedly made by seventy Jewish scholars in Alexandria (Egypt) from which it gained its name (Septuaginta). It is commonly referred to by the abbreviation, LXX (70).

Malki-Tzedek: Melchizedek.

Mashiach (Hebrew): Messiah, the Anointed One (Matthew 26:63; Mark 1:1; John 20:31).

Matzah (singular) or Matzot (plural): Unleavened bread, which is made without yeast, eaten especially during the feast of Passover. Also see hametz (also see Exodus 13:6; Leviticus 2:5; Ezeki’el 45:21; Matthew 26:17; Mark 14:22; Luke 22:19; John 13:26).

Masoretic Text: The official text of the TaNaKh edited by the Massoretes, or Jewish grammarians, during the sixth to tenth centuries AD. This text is “pointed” with various vowel signs and accents which were lacking in the previous texts.

M’chitzah, the: The middle wall of separation (see the commentary on Acts Cn Paul’s Advice from Jacob and the Elders at Jerusalem).

Megillah (singular) or Megillot (plural): The five books in the Writings used for special readings during the holidays: Song of Songs, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes and Esther.

Menorah (singular) or Menorot (plural): The seven branched lampstand(s) designed and commanded by God for service in the Tabernacle/Temple (Exodus 25:32; First Kings 7:49; Zechariah 4:2).

Mercy: Not getting what we deserve.

Messiah (Greek): Christ, the Anointed One, often used in speaking of a Redeemer sent from God to free His people from exile and oppression (also see Matthew 1:16; Mark 8:29; Luke 2:11 and John 1:41).

Midrash (singular) or Midrashim (plural): allegorical interpretation or application of a text. The listener is expected to understand that the writer of the midrash is not expounding the plain meaning of the text, but introducing his own ideas.

Mikveh: a bath or pool with a flow of fresh water; used in Orthodox Judaism to this day for ritual purification or ceremonial cleansing, performed at various times in a person’s life (see Matthew 3:13 and Titus 3:5).

Mitzvah (singular) or mitzvot (plural): A commandment from God. Another, more modern, meaning is “a good deed,” more broadly, a general principle for living (Deuteronomy 11:22; Second Kings 17:37; Proverbs 6:20; Matthew 26:10; Mark 14:6).

Moshe: Moses.

Olam haba: “The age to come,” or “the world to come.” It describes a time after the world is perfected under the rulership of Messiah. This term also refers to the afterlife, where the soul passes after death. It can be contrasted with olam ha-zeh, “this world” (Matthew 12:32; Mark 10:30; Luke 18:30 and 20:35; Ephesians 1:21; Hebrews 6:5; Revelation 20-21).

Omer: Meaning “sheaf,” the bundle of barley used in the Firstfruits offering. After the Temple period it came to be identified with Sefirat ha’Omer, or the counting of the omer, the counting of the days from Firstfruits to Shavu’ot.

Pesach: Passover. The Jewish festival commemorating deliverance from Egyptian bondage. In Biblical times Jews used to journey to the Temple, sacrifice lambs there, and eat a special meal commemorating the departure of the Jews from slavery in Egypt. It was one of the three “pilgrimage festivals” that all able-bodied Jews were expected to celebrate before YHVH in Yerushalayim. Today, Passover is celebrated at home with a special meal called a seder. Yeshua celebrated Passover with His apostles (Matthew 26:18; Mark 14:12; Luke 22:7; John 13:1).

Pharisees: One of the sects of Judaism in the first century. The Pharisees had their own views of how exactly to keep Torah. They were especially concerned with ritual impurity and (unlike the Sadducees) they believed in the resurrection of the dead. While the Sadducees were more involved with the Temple, the Pharisees were concerned more with home and synagogue life.

Propitiation: The averting of God’s wrath by means of the substitutionary and efficacious (producing the desired effect) sacrifice (death) of Yeshua Messiah (the atonement). It is the work of Messiah that satisfies every claim of God’s holiness and justice so that Ha’Shem is free to act on behalf of sinners.

Proselytes at the Gate: There were three levels of Gentile relationship to Judaism. After God-fearers and proselytes of the Gate were the second level. The Gate was the middle wall of separation (Ephesians 2:14) in the Temple compound that Gentiles were not allowed to go beyond under penalty of death (see the commentary on Acts Bb An Ethiopian Asks about Isaiah 53). These were Gentiles who adopted many Jewish practices like celebrating Shabbat and the feast of Isra’el, but did not become a full proselyte. Most of these were men because it didn’t require circumcision.

Proselytes of the Covenant: In the third level of Gentile relationship to Judaism (see above), there were proselytes of the Covenant. They entered into the Covenant of Sinai as a full Jew, so to speak. Most of these were women because this level required circumcision.

Purim: Meaning “lots,” is the holiday based on the story of Esther.

Qumran: The documents which were discovered at Khirbet Qumran on the Dead Sea and frequently known as the Dead Sea Scrolls. These texts include partial copies and fragments of most of the biblical books (the only whole copy is Isaiah), apocryphal writings such as Enoch, and texts produced by the community itself (the manual of Discipline and the Thanksgiving Hymns). The texts are referred to according to the number of the cave in which they were discovered (for example, 1Qs [Community Rule], 11Q Temp [Temple Scroll]).

Rasheet: One of several names for the Festival of First Fruits.

Redeemed: Setting free from slavery, buying back something lost, for a price.

Righteous of the TaNaKh: Old Testament believers.

Rosh Ha’Shanah: Hebrew for “Head of the Year.” Known as the Jewish New Year, or the Feast of Trumpets.

Ruach: The Hebrew word for “spirit,” “breath,” or “wind.” Yeshua explains wind and Spirit to Nicodemus in John 3:5-8. Scripture frequently refers to the Ruach ha’Kodesh, the Holy Spirit (Exodus 35:31; Numbers 11:25; Malachi 2:15; Acts 2:2 and 10:44; Romans 8:4-17).

Ruach Ha’Kodesh: The Hebrew name for the Spirit of God, or the Holy Spirit (Isaiah 63:11; Psalm 51:13; Matthew 1:20; Mark 1:8; Luke 1:16; John 14:26).

Sadducees: One of the sects of Judaism in the first century. From the Sadducees came the leading priests who managed the affairs of the Temple. In contrast to the Pharisees, they did not believe in the resurrection of the dead (Matthew 16:12; Mark 12:18; Luke 20:27).

Sanhedrin: Literally, the gathering of the seated, like being a judge seated on a bench – a legal term for an officiating judge. This was the Supreme Court of ancient Isra’el. It exercised legislative and judicial authority (Matthew 26:59; Mark 15:1; Luke 22:66; John 11:47).

Sanctification: To be set apart, specifically, to the holy use and purposes of God. It is a process that takes a whole lifetime. It is the work of God in which you cooperate (Romans 12:1-2; First Corinthians 10:13; Hebrews 12:3-4; First Peter 5:8-9); and is a process Ephesians 4:11-16), trusting in God, apart from whom we can do nothing (John 15:5; Ephesians 3:16; Colossians 1:11; Hebrews 2:18 and 4:14). He who began a good work in you will carry it on to completion until the day of Christ Jesus (Phil 1:6).

Septuagint: The Septuagint is the Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures and was presumable made for the Jewish community in Egypt when Greek was the common language throughout the region. It is also called the translation of the Seventy because tradition states that the Septuagint was translated by seventy rabbis. In academia, the Septuagint is often abbreviated as LXX (the Roman numeral for seventy) in honor os this translation.

Shabbat: The Sabbath Day, the seventh day of the week, when work ceases. On this day God’s people are beckoned to rest and renew our relationship with our Creator, who also rested on the seventh day. Shabbat begins on Friday evening at sundown and ends Saturday evening after three stars appear (Exodus 20:10; Nehemiah 9:14; Matthew 12:10; Mark 1:21; Luke 23:56; John 9:14).

Shaddai: A common name for God in the TaNaKh, usually translated as Almighty. The name is often used in a combination such as El Shaddai, or God Almighty (Genesis 17:1; Ezeki’el 1:24; Job 11:7).

Shalom: Shalom speaks of the practical result of God’s grace in our lives. Peace is the usual Hebrew greeting. But the Hebrew shalom means more than “peace” does in English. It doesn’t necessarily mean the absence of strife, but the presence of positive blessings. It implies the prosperity of the whole person, especially his spiritual prosperity. Shalom transcends our circumstances and is anchored in our intimate relationship with ADONAI. That is God’s shalom, which passes all understanding (Philippians 4:7a). It is also a greeting used when meeting or departing (Genesis 26:31; First Samuel 16:4; Second Chronicles 18:16; Matthew 10:13; Mark 9:50; Luke 1:28; John 14:27).

Sh’khinah: The visual manifestation of the glory of God.

Shavu’ot: the festival of Weeks (Hebrew) or Pentecost (Greek), since it comes seven weeks after Pesach; also called Pentecost, from the Greek word for fifty because one counts fifty days after Passover. It is one of the three “pilgrimage festivals” that all able-bodied Jews were expected to celebrate before YHVH in Yerushalayim. It originally celebrated the harvest, but later commemorated the day God gave the Torah to Isra’el. After Yeshua’s resurrection, the disciples waited for God’s gift of the Ruach Ha’Kodesh, which also came on Shavu’ot (Exodus 34:22; Second Chronicles 8:13; Acts 2:1 and 20:16; First Corinthians 16:8).

Sh’ol: The Hebrew equivalent of the Greek “Hades,” the place where the dead exist. It had two compartments, a place of torment and paradise, separated by a great divide (see the commentary on The Life of Christ HxThe Parable of the Rich Man and Lazarus). Paradise was emptied after Messiah preached to the tormented lost sometime during the three days that His body lay in the tomb, and then He led the righteous of the TaNaKh to heaven.

Shofar: A ram’s horn, used in the Bible for summoning armies, calling to repentance, and in other situations. Blasts of various lengths and numbers signified different instructions. Metal trumpets were also used for similar purposes, but exclusively by the cohanim. Today, the shofar is used on Rosh ha’Shanah of Yom Kippur, the Jewish High Holy Days. The shofar also ushers in the Year of Jubilee (Leviticus 25:9-10; Zechariah 9:14; Matthew 24:31; First Corinthians 15:52; First Thessalonians 4:16-17).

Sinai: the mountain in the desert between Egypt and the land of Isra’el.

Shuwb: turn, turning, and the big idea of Jeremiah.

Son of Man: A name that Yeshua commonly used to refer to Himself. It comes from Dani’el 7:13-14, in which the Son of Man is given all authority. This name sometimes emphasizes Yeshua’s humanity and sometimes His deity (Matthew 9:6; Mark 9:31; Luke 21:36; John 6:27).

Sukkot: the festival of Booths or Tabernacles, celebrating the forty years when the people of Isra’el lived in booths, tents, shacks, in the desert between Egypt and the land of Isra’el. The Hebrew word sukkah means booth and sukkot is the plural and means booths. Sukkot is one of the three “pilgrimage festivals” that all able-bodied Jews were expected to celebrate before YHVH in Yerushalayim (Leviticus 23:34; Zechariah 14:16; Second Chronicles 8:13; Matthew 17:4; Mark 9:5; Luke 9:33).

Synagogue: A place of assembly for Jews for hearing the Torah, praying and worshipping God. There were many synagogues throughout Isra’el and the Greco-Roman world (Matthew 4:23; Mark 5:22; Luke 4:16; John 9:22).

Tabernacle, the: A temporary dwelling, such as the booths constructed during Sukkot. It is also used in the TaNaKh of the tent in which God dwelt among the Jewish people, both in the wilderness and in the land of Isra’el. When the word is used as a verb, it refers to Yeshua coming to dwell among His people (John 1:14), reminding us of the wilderness Tabernacle and also of the Feast of Tabernacles (Exodus 25:9; First Chronicles 6:17; John 1:14 and 7:2).

Talmid (singular) or Talmudin (plural): Student or students.

Talmud: The codified body of Jewish Oral Law (see the commentary on The Life of Christ EiThe Oral Law); includes literary creations, legends, scriptural interpretations, comprised of the Mishnah and the Gemara.

TaNaKh: The Hebrew word TaNaKh is an acronym, based on the letters T for “Torah”, N for “Nevi’im” (Prophets), and K for “Ketuv’im” (Sacred Writings). It is a collection of the teachings of God to human beings in document form. This term is used instead of the phrase, “the Old Testament,” which sounds “old” and outdated.

Torah: Literally, this Hebrew word means teaching or instruction (Exodus 13:9; Isaiah 2:3; Psalm 1:2; Matthew 5:17; Mark 1:22; Luke 24:44; John 7:19; Romans 7:1ff; First Corinthians 9:20-21; Galatians 3:21). It can be used for the five books of Moshe, or more generally to God’s commandments, or the whole TaNaKh (John 10:34). Uncapitalized, torah can be understood generally as a law or principle (Romans 7:21-8:2).

Torah-Teacher: A Torah scribe engaged in interpreting and transmitting the Torah. They wrote Torah scrolls, bills of divorce, and other legal documents. The Hebrew term is sofer.

Tree of Life: The tree at the center of the garden of Eden (Genesis 2:9, 3:24), the source of eternal life. Scripture points to a future in the B’rit Chadashah, with access to the Tree of Life. In the meantime, the Torah is like the Tree of Life to those who embrace her, and blessed will be all who hold firmly to her (Proverbs 3:18 also see Revelation 2:7, 22:2 and 14).

Tzitzit: A fringe that was put on a garment in accordance with Numbers 15:37-41.

Tziyon: Zion, Mount Zion, was originally the City of David, south of the modern Old City of Yerushalayim. Later the name Tziyon came to refer metaphorically to the Temple Mount, Jerusalem, or the people of Isra’el. The hill now called Mount Tziyon was given its name in the fourth century AD (Isaiah 1:27; Psalm 65:2; Matthew 21:5; John 12:15).

Yeshua: The Hebrew name for our Messiah, known in English as Jesus, and is a masculine form, and a word play on yeshu’ah (salvation) (Matthew 1:21; Mark 6:14; Luke 2:21; John 19:19).

Yerushalayim: Jerusalem.

Y’hudah: Judah.

YHVH: The Tetragrammaton, meaning the Name, the four-letter name of God. Therefore, God does not have many names, He has only one name – YHVH (Yud Hay Vav Hay). All the other names in the Bible describe His characteristics and His attributes.

Yisra’el: Isra’el.

Yochanan: John.

Yom ha’Bikkurim: One of several names for The Feast of Firstfruits.

Yom Kippur: The Day of Atonement, the close of the High Holy Days, and considered the holiest day of the year in traditional Judaism.

2024-05-14T18:26:55+00:000 Comments

Ac – The Life of Solomon from a Messianic Jewish Perspective

The Life of Solomon
from a Messianic Jewish Perspective

To Rabbi Barney Kasdan of Kehilat Ariel Messianic Synagogue in San Diego, California. Faithful shepherd of his flock and great teacher of the Word. He makes the Scriptures come alive and has the true heart of a servant.

As an ancient document, the Old Testament often seems something quite foreign to the men and women of today. Opening its pages may feel, to the modern reader, like traveling a kind of literary time warp into a whole other world. In that world, sisters and brothers marry, long hair mysteriously makes men superhuman, the Temple altars daily smell of savory burning flesh and sweet incense. There, desert bushes burn but leave no ashes, water gushes from rocks, and cities fall because people march around them. A different world indeed!

Even God, the main character in the Old Testament, seems a stranger compared to His more familiar New Testament counterpart. Sometimes the divine is portrayed as a loving father and faithful friend, someone who rescues people from their greatest dangers or generously rewards them for heroic deeds. At other times, however, God resembles more of a cruel despot, one furious at human failures, raving against enemies and bloodthirsty for revenge. Thus, skittish about the Old Testament’s diverse portrayal of God, some readers carefully select which portions of the Bible to study, or they just avoid the Old Testament altogether.1

Even some preachers find it difficult to construct sermons from Old Testament texts. Misconceptions about Old Testament history, such as its supposedly boring, non-theological nature, cause Gentile believers to question the book’s value for devotional reading. Not only that, believers from all walks of life doubt the practicality of studying events that occurred three thousand years ago. Even diligent Bible students may get discouraged trying to fit the kings, foreign enemies, and relevant dates into a coherent whole.

But these barriers can be overcome. Pastors can, and should, prepare doctrinally sound, relevant messages from Kings, Ecclesiastes, and Chronicles. They should teach and preach through books of the Old Testament. Believers can, and should, glean important insights for daily living and dealing with the stresses of this world. Historical situations such as war, poverty, political corruption, and oppression are just as relevant today as they were in ancient times. Likewise, faithfulness, loyalty, and obedience remain marks of God’s people. Also, crucial Biblical doctrines like God’s sovereignty, redemption, wrath and love permeate these books.2 My hope is that your walk with God will be just as blessed by reading this commentary as mine has been in writing it.

First Kings:

Author: Though it is obvious that the author utilized various source materials in writing First and Second Kings, the book bears the marks of single rather than multiple authors. Some of the indicators are the choice of materials recorded (for example, the records of the deeds and evaluations of the kings, and the ministries of several prophets), the emphases which run throughout the books (for example, the ministries of the prophets and the evaluation of the kings in relation to the Torah, and the primacy of the Davidic dynasty), the method of expressing the beginnings and endings of the kings’ reigns (for example, First Kings 14:31, 15:1-3 and 23-26), and phrases and terms that reappear from beginning to end (for example, now the rest of the act are . . . are they not written . . . evil in the sight of ADONAI . . . he reigned . . . years and his mother’s name was . . . as surely as ADONAI lives).3

The identity of the author is unknown. But according to the Talmud (B. Bat. 15a), he was the prophet Jeremiah. This is not accepted by modern scholars who contend that events which took place in Babylon after Jeremiah’s death are recorded in the books of Kings. But what can be safely said is that the majority of the book bears the markings of one author, who, as an eyewitness of the Jewish nation’s final demise, was concerned to show the divine reasons for that fall. In doing so, he utilized many sources, weaving the details together to graphically show Isra’el’s failure to keep the covenant.4

Date: The book of Kings was originally written on one scroll. Today’s division into First and Second Kings is merely an arbitrary point marking the middle of the narrative. First Kings begins at the end of David’s reign, which would be in 970 BC. And the last event mentioned in Second Kings is the release of Jehoicachin (or Jeconiah) from a Babylonian prison in the thirty-seventh year of his exile, which would make it 562 BC or 561 BC. There is no mention of a return to the Land in 536 BC (as is the case with the books of the Chronicles), so it would have to have been written sometime between the year 562/561 BC and 536 BC, with the date of 550 BC probably the best guess.

Character and aim: The books of Kings continue the history of the monarchy, begun in the books of Samuel, down to the Babylonian captivity. They tell how God’s promise to David of a continuous succession was fulfilled in the life of his son Solomon and his successors. It persists through the books to their end where there is a record of the surviving prine of the Davidic line, though a captive in Babylon.

The books of First and Second Kings dwell on three institutions which symbolize the Presence of God among His people: the Temple, prophecy, and the Davidic dynasty. The omission of any one of them would negate the promise of ADONAI to David, thus endangering the peace and existence of the nation. The dominant purpose of the narratives is religious instruction. The historical records are but the vehicle of the moral and spiritual truths which are conveyed to the reader.

The account of the rise and fall of Solomon drives home in an impressive manner, the lesson that so long as we walk the path of righteousness all is well; but no sooner do we yield to the flesh and go our own way that we become subject to God’s discipline. This is true of the king as well as his subjects. The sinfulness of idolatry in all its forms, the duty of wholehearted devotion to ADONAI are fully illustrated, and, as with the individual, a people’s obedience to God is rewarded by national security and prosperity, while disobedience is punished by national calamity.5

Ecclesiastes:

Author: Our guide on this journey in Ecclesiastes is called Qoheleth, or as we know him in English, the Teacher. Before we go any further it is important to clarify this man’s identity. The Hebrew root of the word qoheleth literally means to gather or assemble. Some take this as a reference to the way the author collected wise sayings. But in the TaNaKh the verbal form of this word typically refers to gathering a community of people, especially for the worship of ADONAI. So think of Qoheleth as a teacher speaking wisdom to the people of God.

The Church has long identified Solomon as the Teacher of Ecclesiates. According to this point of view, the old king looked back over his life, particularly the period after his apostasy from ADONAI (to see link click BxSolomon’s Wives), repented of his wicked ways and turned back to YHVH. A surface reading of the text supports this identification: The words of Qoheleth, son of David, king in Jerusalem (Ecclesiastes 1:1). These words seem most naturally to point to Solomon, the biological son of King David, who was a king living in Jerusalem, and who ruled the kingdom after his father. Ecclesiastes, then, is his memoir, or last testament, in which he tells us what he learned form his hopeless attempt to live without God.6

In the autobiographical section (see Cd – The Search for Satisfaction) he said he was wiser than anyone who had ruled over Jerusalem before him (Ecclesiastes 1:16), that he was the builder of great projects (2:4-6), and that he possessed numerous slaves (2:7), incomparable herds of sheep and cattle (2:7), great wealth (2:8), and a large harem (2:8). In short, he claimed to be greater than anyone who lived in Jerusalem before him (2:9). Given that understanding, only Solomon could have been the author of Ecclesiastes, even though his name is never explicitly used in the book.7

As the Keil and Delitzsch Commentary on the TaNaKh (published in 1861) says: The epilogue (see CyThe Conclusion of the Matter), written from the same hand as the book, seals its truth: Ecclesiastes is written as from the very soul of Solomon. The Midrash regards it as written by Solomon in the evening of his days; while the Song of Solomon was written in his youth, and Proverbs when he was of middle age. And the Soncino Commentary on Ecclesiastes (1947) also assumes the author is Solomon. Bloch, in his work on the origin and era of Ecclesiastes (1872), is right in saying that all objections to the canonicity of the book leave the Solomonic authorship without doubt.8 Therefore, both historically and currently, Jews believe that Solomon was the author of Ecclesiastes.

A common mistake interpreters make is to take Solomon’s comments as incorrect conclusions about life made by a man who was out of fellowship with God. On the contrary, the teachings of Ecclesiastes are not of an unscriptural nature, but rather insights and counsel from a man who observed some of the frustrating characteristics of life in this world. Even though believers began enjoying the indwelling of the Spirit of God after Shavu’ot, that reality does not remove the fact that many of life’s experiences remain a mystery and many people experience frustrations similar to Solomon’s.9

Title: Ecclesiastes comes from Greek, not Hebrew. It is a form of the word ekklesia, which is the common word in the B’rit Chadashah for “church.” Taken most literally, Ecclesiastes means one who speaks to the congregation – in a word the Teacher.

Date: Life in this world does not fundamentally change, and we do not need a date for Ecclesiastes in order to receive its message. It is part of the genius of the Teacher’s thought that it stands on its own feet at any time or at any place. The book, in fact, provides few clues to its date, language, or possible dependence on foreign thought.10

Why Ecclesiastes: There are several good reasons to study Ecclesiastes. This book helps us ask the biggest and hardest questions that people still have today – questions that lie in a fallen world: What is the meaning of life? Why is there so much suffering and injustice? Does God even care? Is life really worth living? The writer asks the tough intellectual and practical questions that people always have, and he is not satisfied with the easy answers that children usually get. In fact, part of his spiritual struggle is with the answers he has always been given. If you are the kind of person who always says, “Yes, but . . .”, then this book is for you.

Here is another reason to study Ecclesiastes: it helps us worship the one true God. For all its doubts and dissatisfaction, this book teaches many great truths about ADONAI. It presents Him as the Mighty Creator and Sovereign LORD, the all-powerful Ruler of the universe, the only wise God. So reading this book will help you get to know Him better.

Ecclesiastes will also help you live with God and not only ourselves. Solomon had more money, enjoyed more pleasure, and possessed more wisdom than anyone else in the world, yet it all ended in tears. The same thing could happen to us, but it doesn’t have to. “Why make your own mistakes,” Solomon is constantly saying to us, “when you can learn from an expert like me instead?” Then he helps us with everyday issues such as money, sex, power and death, which may be the most practical issue of all. Solomon had it all, but discovering that “having it all” nearly destroyed him. Fortunately for us, when he “climbs the golden ladder of ultimate success and looks over the brink, he actually has the good sense to step back down, and tell the rest of us, “There’s nothing up there!”

Finally, Ecclesiastes also helps us to be honest about the troubles of life. Perhaps this explains why some call it “the truest of all books.” More than anything else in the Bible, it captures the futility and frustration of a fallen world: the drudgery of work, the emptiness of foolish pleasure and the mind-numbing tedium of everyday life. Reading it helps us to be honest with God about our problems – even those of us who trust in the goodness of ADONAI. It is a “kind of back door” that allows believers to have the sad and skeptical thoughts that they would never allow to enter the front door of their faith.”11

Chronicles:

Date and Author: The books of Chronicles, which are actually a single work only artificially divided in two, are of unknown authorship. Early Jewish traditions designated Ezra as the author of Chronicles. But we will refer to the author as “the Chronicler” in this devotional commentary. The date is generally, but not precisely, known. The final two verses of Second Chronicles show that the perspective of the whole work is that of a time later than the Babylonian Exile, in other words, after 539 BC. This means that it probably belongs in the period between that year and 331 BC during which the Persian Empire exercised sovereignty over what was then the rather small and politically weakened province of Judah, the sole remnant of Isra’el with its once mighty royal house. This places Chronicles somewhere in the fourth century BC. It’s position roughly in the middle of the English Old Testament disguises that fact. The TaNaKh, however, places it last.12

A sermon: What seems at first glance to be a casual re-telling of Samuel/Kings turns out to be something quite different. Indeed, there are considerable differences between the two histories. Under the inspiration of the Ruach, the Chronicler writes history of an unprecedented sweep, going back to the very beginning of mankind; and where he does cover the same ground as Samuel/Kings, he uses those books as a source, but with great freedom, adding quite as much as he omits. So although he may seem in some ways an unattractive writer, with a number of bees in his bonnet, eccentric ideas as to what is important and interesting, and a tendency to exaggerate, he can at any rate be seen as a helpful provider of extra information about the history of God’s people.

But this neglected book deserves a better rehabilitation than that. It is more than merely an alternative history. It is a sermon. Its object is the fostering of a right relationship between God and His people. It sees in the records of Isra’el the great overall pattern of failure and judgment, then grace and restoration, with a perceptive eye to those events in the nation’s history which highlight that pattern.

The last book of the TaNaKh: A reader new to Chronicles might see it wrongly as a valley of dry bones, as alternative history, as popular morality, or as inventive story-telling. It is unlikely that he would see it as the last book of the TaNaKh! Unless, that is, he was reading in Hebrew – for then he would find it right at the end – it closes the canon of the Hebrew scriptures. There is no agreement as to why it stands in that position; but it seems a fitting one. The Chronicler’s selectivity is not unlike that of the writer of the last book of the Gospels, reflecting on innumerable memories of the earthly life of Messiah, and making a new selection from them to teach in a new way, old fundamental truths. Similarly, the way the Chronicler summarizes such truths, teaching nothing which could not be found elsewhere in Scripture, yet teaching with a sense of vividness, contrast and drama which are all his own, must bring to our memory the last book of the B’rit Chadashsh. Like John and Revelation, Chronicles rounds off an entire major section of Scripture. The countless people that our writer has named and chronicled for us are not dry bones; they are part of the army of the living God. They were real, and they make real for us truth by which God’s people in every generation are to live.13

The Use of the Complete Jewish Bible: Because I am writing this commentary on the book of Second Corinthians from a Jewish perspective, I will be using the Complete Jewish Bible unless otherwise indicated.

The use of ADONAI: Long before Yeshua’s day, the word ADONAI had, out of respect, been substituted in speaking and in reading aloud for God’s personal name, the four Hebrew letters yod-heh-vav-heh, variously written in English as YHVH. The Talmud (Pesachim 50a) made it a requirement not to pronounce the Tetragrammaton, meaning the four-letter name of the LORD, and this remains the rule in most modern Jewish settings. In deference to this tradition, which is unnecessary but harmless, I will be using ADONAI where YHVH is meant. In ancient times when the scribes were translating the Hebrew Scriptures, they revered the name of YHVH so much that they would use a quill to make one stroke of the name and then throw it away. Then they would make another stroke and throw that quill away until the name was completed. His name became so sacred to them that they started to substitute the phrase the Name, instead of writing or pronouncing His Name. Over centuries of doing this, the actual letters and pronunciation of His Name were lost. The closest we can come is YHVH, with no syllables. The pronunciation has been totally lost. Therefore, the name Yahweh is only a guess of what the original name sounded like. Both ADONAI and Ha’Shem are substitute names for YHVH. ADONAI is more of an affectionate name like daddy, while Ha’Shem is a more formal name like sir.

The use of TaNaKh: The Hebrew word TaNaKh is an acronym, based on the letters T (for “Torah”), N (for “Nevi’im,” the Prophets), and K (for “Ketuvim,” the Sacred Writings). It is the collection of the teachings of God to human beings in document form. The term “Old Covenant” implies that it is no longer valid, or at the very least outdated. Something old, to be either ignored or discarded. But Jesus Himself said: Don’t think I have come to abolish the Torah and the Prophets, I have not come to abolish but to complete (Matthew 5:17 CJB). I will be using the Hebrew acronym TaNaKh instead of the phrase the Old Testament, throughout this devotional commentary.

The Use of the phrase, “the righteous of the TaNaKh,” rather than using Old Testament saints: Messianic synagogues, and the Jewish messianic community in general, never use the phrase Old Testament saints. From a Jewish perspective, they prefer to use the phrase, “righteous of the TaNaKh.” Therefore, I will be using “the righteous of the TaNaKh,” rather than Old Testament saints throughout this devotional commentary.

2023-01-06T13:16:55+00:000 Comments

Ab – The Outline for the Life of Solomon

The Outline for the Life of Solomon

The Life of Solomon from a Messianic Jewish Perspective (Ac)

Glossary (Ad)

The Chronology of First and Second Kings (Ae)

The Political Situation in First and Second Kings (Af)

What is the Difference between Kings and Chronicles? (Ag)

The Message of Ecclesiastes (Ah)

I. King Solomon: Money, Sex, and Power – First Kings 1:1 to 11:43 (Ai)

A. Solomon’s Rise to Power – First Kings 1:1-53 (Aj)

1. King Me – First Kings 1:1-10 (Ak)

2. A Royal Conspiracy – First Kings 1:11-31 (Al)

3. The Party’s Over – First Kings 1:32-53; First Chronicles 29:21-25 (Am)

B. Solomon’s Consolidation of Power – First Kings 2:1-46 (An)

1. David’s Last Words – First Kings 2:1-11; First Chronicles 29:26-30 (Ao)

2. Putting the Kingdom First – First Kings 2:12-46 (Ap)

C. Solomon Asks for Wisdom – First Kings 3:1-28 (Aq)

1. Historical Issues Related to First Kings 3:1 to 4:34 (Ar)

2. Solomon’s Wish – First Kings 3:1-15; 2 Chronicles 1:1-13 (As)

3. A Wise Ruling – First Kings 3:16-28 (At)

D. Solomon’s Kingdom – First Kings 4:1-28 (Au)

E. Solomon’s Wisdom – First Kings 4:29-34 (Av)

F. Practical Applications from First Kings 3:1 to 4:34 (Aw)

G. Solomon’s Temple – First Kings 5:1 to 7:51 and Second Chronicles 2:1-18 (Ax)

1. Historical Events Related to First Kings 5:1 to 9:9 (Ay)

2. Materials and Labor for the Temple – First Kings 5:1-18; 2 Chronicles 2:1-18 (Az)

3. This New House – First Kings 6:1-14; Second Chronicles 3:1-17 (Ba)

4. Inside Solomon’s Temple – First Kings 6:15-38 (Bb)

5. God’s House – First Kings 7:13-51; Second Chronicles 4:1 to 5:1 (Bc)

a. Hiram, a Master Craftsman – First Kings 7:13-14; Second Chronicles 4:1 (Bd)

b. Two Bronze Pillars – First Kings 7:15-22 (Be)

c. The Bronze Sea – First Kings 7:23-26 and Second Chronicles 4:2-5 (Bf)

d. Ten Mobile Bronze Wash-Carts – First Kings 7:27-39; 2 Chronicles 4:6 (Bg)

e. The Summary of Hiram’s Work – First Kings 7:40-47; Second Chron 4:11-18 (Bh)

f. The Gold Furniture in the Temple– First Kings 7:48-51; 2 Chronicles 4:7-10 (Bi)

H. The Ark Brought to the Temple – First Kings 8:1-11 and Second Chron 5:2-14 (Bj)

I. Solomon’s Prayer – First Kings 8:12-66 and Second Chronicles 6:1 to 7:10 (Bk)

1. Solomon’s Blessing – First Kings 8:12-21 and Second Chronicles 6:1-11 (Bl)

2. Solomon’s Prayer of Dedication – First Kings 8:22-30; 2 Chronicles 6:12-21 (Bm)

3. Solomon’s Prayer of Intercession – 1 Kings 8:31-53; Second Chronicles 6:22-42 (Bn)

4. Fire from Heaven – First Kings 8:54-66 and Second Chronicles 7:1-10 (Bo)

6. His Love Endures Forever – Psalm 136:1-26 (Bp)

J. Solomon Builds His Palace – First Kings 7:1-12 (Bq)

K. Solomon’s ChoiceFirst Kings 9:1-28 and Second Chronicles 7:11-22, 8:1-18 (Br)

L. Historical Details Related to First Kings 9:10 to 11:43 (Bs)

M. Practical Application from First Kings 9:10 to 11:43 (Bt)

N. Solomon and the Queen of Sheba – First Kings 10:1-13; Second Chronicles 9:1-12 (Bu)

O. Solomon’s Treasure – First Kings 10:14-29; Second Chronicles 1:14-17 and 9:13-28 (Bv)

P. Solomon’s Decline – First Kings 11:1-42 (Bw)

1. Solomon’s Wives – First Kings 11:1-13 (Bx)

2. The Fall of the House of David – First Kings 11:14-25 (By)

3. The First Prophecy of Ahijah – First Kings 11:26-40 (Bz)

4. Solomon’s Death – First Kings 11:41-43 and Second Chronicles 9:29-31 (Ca)

II. Ecclesiastes: Finding Joy within the Frustrations of Life – 1:1 to 12:14 (Cb)

A. The Failure of Earthly Things – Ecclesiastes 1:1-11 (Cc)

B. The Search for Satisfaction – Ecclesiastes 1:12 to 2:26 (Cd)

1. Wisdom is Pointless – Ecclesiastes 1:12-18 (Ce)

2. Pleasure is Pointless – Ecclesiastes 2:1-11 (Cf)

3. Death Renders Wisdom and Folly Pointless – Ecclesiastes 2:12-17 (Cg)

4. Work is Pointless – Ecclesiastes 2:18-23(Ch)

5. The Life of Faith – Ecclesiastes 2:24-26 (Ci)

C. All in Good Time – Ecclesiastes – 3:1-15 (Cj)

D. Death and Injustice – Ecclesiastes – 3:16 to 4:3 (Ck)

E. The Rat Race – Ecclesiastes 4:4-8 (Cl)

F. The First Summary: A Backward Glance Over Ecclesiastes 1:1 to 4:8 (Cm)

G. Interlude: Some Reflections, Maxims and Home Truths – Ecclesiastes 4:9 to 5:12 (Cn)

H. The Bitterness of Disappointment – Ecclesiastes 5:13 to 6:12 (Co)

I. A Second Summary: A Backward Glance Over Ecclesiastes 4:9 to 6:12 (Cp)

J. Interlude: More Reflections, Maxims and Home Truths – Ecclesiastes 7:1-12 (Cq)

K. The Crook in the Lot – Ecclesiastes 7:13-22 (Cr)

L. The Search Goes On – Ecclesiastes 7:23-29 (Cs)

M. Frustration – Ecclesiastes 8:1-17 (Ct)

N. Love or Hate? – Ecclesiastes 9:1-18 (Cu)

O. A Third Summary: A Backward Glance Over Ecclesiastes 7:1 to 9:18 (Cv)

P. Interlude: Be Sensible – Ecclesiastes 10:1-20 (Cw)

Q. Work Diligently, Live Joyfully and Responsibly – Ecclesiastes 11:1 to 12:8 (Cx)

R. The Conclusion of the Matter – Ecclesiastes 12:9-14 (Cy)

III. The Divided Kingdom: The Rise of Idolatry – 1 Kgs 12:1 to 16:34; 2 Chron 10:1 to 17:1 (Cz)

A. Historical Details Related to First Kings 12:1 to 16:34 (Da)

B. The Personal Implications of 1 Kings 12:1 to 16:34 and 2 Chronicles 10:1 to 17:1 (Db)

C. A House Divided – First Kings 12:1-24 and Second Chronicles 10:1 to 11:4 (Dc)

D. Golden Calves at Dan and Bethel – First Kings 12:25-33 (Dd)

E. Rehoboam Fortifies Judah – Second Chronicles 11:5-23 (De)

E. A Tale of Two Prophets – First Kings 13:1-34 (Df)

F. The Second Prophecy of Ahijah – First Kings 14:1-20 (Dg)

G. The Kings of Judah – First Kings 14:21 to 15:29; Second Chronicles 12:1 to 17:1 (Dh)

1. Rehoboam King of Judah – First Kings 14:21-31 and Second Chronicles 12:1-16 (Di)

2. Abijah King of Judah – First Kings 15:1-8 and Second Chronicles 13:1 to 14:1 (Dj)

3. Asa’s Reforms – Second Chronicles 15:9-19 and 2 Chronicles 14:2-15 (Dk)

4. Asa’s Spiritual Compromise – Second Chronicles 15:16 to 16:14 (Dl)

5. Jehoshaphat King of Judah – First Kings 22:41-50; Second Chronicles 17:1-19 (Dm)

H. The Kings of Isra’el – First Kings 15:25 to 16:34 (Dn)

1. Nadab King of Isra’el – First Kings 15:25-33 (Do)

2. Baasha King of Isra’el – First Kings 15:33 to 16:7 (Dp)

3. Elah King of Isra’el – First Kings 16:8-10 (Dq)

4. Zimri King of Isra’el – First Kings 16:11-20 (Dr)

5. Omri King of Isra’el – First Kings 16:21-28 (Ds)

6. Ahab King of Isra’el – First Kings 16:29-34, 22:1-28; Second Chronicles 18:1-34 (Dt)

End Notes (Du)

Bibliography (Dv)

2024-08-07T21:52:49+00:000 Comments

Aa – The Life of Solomon Where Life and the Bible Meet

The Life of Solomon
Where Life and the Bible Meet

1. Look at the outline (Ab), and the Introduction (Ac) before starting on the commentary itself.

2. The DIG and REFLECT questions are in bold teal and will help to give you a deeper understanding of the book and make it more personal to you. Go slowly and give yourself time to answer these questions. They really strike at the heart of the commentary. What are the DIG questions for? To dig into the Scripture “story.” To find out what’s going on, to figure out the main idea, the plot, the argument, the spiritual principle, and so on. What are the REFLECT questions for? To apply the “story” in the Scripture to your own life; to take personal inventory and to decide what you are going to do about it! Many of the DIG and REFLECT questions are taken from the Serendipity Bible.

3. I would strongly suggest that you look up the references that are given in each section. Many times this will greatly enhance the background, and hence, your understanding of the Scriptures that you are reading on a particular day. Take your time, read only as much as you can digest.

There are times when I refer you to either another file in Isaiah, or a file in another book of the Bible, to give you more detail on a particular person, topic, concept or theology. An example might be something like the Great Sanhedrin (see my commentary on The Life of Christ Lg The Great Sanhedrin). If you feel you already know enough about the Great Sanhedrin, you can skip the reference and continue reading. But if it interests you, or if you don’t know what the Great Sanhedrin is, you can go to that file and read it first before continuing. It’s your choice. 

4. All Scripture is in bold print. The NIV is used unless indicated otherwise. However, sometimes the purpose of the bold print is merely for emphasizing a certain point. When bold maroon is used, it is for special emphasis. The words of Yeshua are bold in red.

5. When bold teal is used in the text, it is quoted from one of the two Jewish commentaries listed in the bibliography. This will give you the moderate Orthodox Jewish interpretation. It is useful for word studies, but its Christology is obviously entirely wrong. Where rabbinical interpretation is cited, I will add, “The rabbis teach. . .” in front of the passage. Although it is not a Christian interpretation, I think it is interesting to see how the rabbis interpret these passages.

6. Read the Scriptures for a particular day first, then skim the DIG or REFLECT questions, read the commentary and reflect on it; answer the DIG or REFLECT questions, then read your Bible again. Hopefully, it will have greater meaning for you the second time you read it. Then live it out.

7. If you come to a Jewish word or phrase that you don’t understand, see the Glossary at the end of the book (see Ad – Glossary).

8. To download a pdf file, click on the red rectangle on the top of any page.

9. You can download anything you want from this devotional commentary for bible study © 2022 but all rights are reserved by Jay David Mack, M.Div and nothing can be sold.

2024-05-17T16:55:54+00:000 Comments

Cu – La fe de Rahab en Jericó 11: 30-31

La fe de Rahab en Jericó
11: 30-31

La fe de Rahab en Jericó ESCUDRIÑAR: Explique ¿por qué Rahab estaba dispuesta a ayudar a escapar a los dos espías? (Josué 2:9-11) Compare los comentarios de Rahab acerca de Dios (Josué 2:8-14) con los comentarios de los israelitas (Deuteronomio 1:27-28). ¿Cómo describiría la diferencia entre los dos? ¿Qué tiene de sorprendente que Rahab termine en el árbol genealógico mesiánico y en el Salón de la Fe?341

REFLEXIONAR: ¿Qué situación de las que se encuentran en el Salón de la Fe habría sido la más difícil para usted? ¿Por qué? ¿Qué significa para usted que no todas estas personas de fe hayan tenido “éxito” según el mundo? ¿Qué le ha costado su fe? ¿Cómo ha atraído su fe a quienes lo rodean en su vecindario o en la escuela, o en su familia, amigos o trabajo? Con respecto a las personas mencionadas en el Salón de la Fe, ¿con quién cree que tiene más en común? ¿Por qué? ¿Con quién tiene menos en común? ¿Por qué? ¿Cómo ha cambiado su vida como resultado de su fe en Dios?

Después de la entrega de la Torá en el Monte Sinaí, Moisés había designado a Josué para que tomara su lugar antes de morir (vea el comentario sobre Deuteronomio Bi – El Estipulaciones del Pacto). Entonces ADONAI trajo a la nación de regreso a Cades Barnea donde habían sido desobedientes unos cuarenta años antes (vea el comentario sobre Números). La situación no era fácil. De hecho, se parecía mucho al dilema que Moisés y los israelitas enfrentaron en el Mar Rojo. En ambos casos el obstáculo ocurrió al inicio del ministerio de él. Ambos eran imposibles de superar por medios naturales. Ambos exigían una confianza tácita y una dependencia absoluta del poder obrador de milagros de Dios.

Josué había sido uno de los doce espías que habían explorado la Tierra Prometida cuarenta años antes. Ahora, mientras que él miraba hacia el oeste y veía la tierra que Dios había prometido al otro lado del río Jordán, era natural que quisiera recopilar la mayor cantidad de información posible para una batalla exitosa. Asomándose en medio de su camino estaba la ciudad amurallada de Jericó, la ciudadela clave del valle del Jordán, que controlaba los pasos hacia las tierras altas centrales. Pero antes de atacarla, Josué necesitaba información completa sobre la fortaleza: sus puertas, torres fortificadas, fuerza militar y la moral de su gente. Como resultado, dos espías secretos fueron elegidos y enviados a una misión cuidadosamente oculta. Ni siquiera los israelitas debían saberlo, a menos que un informe desfavorable los desanimara, como les sucedió a sus padres en Cades Barnea. Por la providencia de Dios, los dos hombres fueron conducidos a la casa de Rahab.342

Por fe Rahab, la ramera, no pereció junto con los que no creyeron, pues acogió a los espías en paz (11:31). Rahab era una candidata improbable para los fieles del Salón de la Fe. Para empezar, ella era una prostituta. Es más, ella era gentil, y además cananea. Ella era, de hecho, de raza amorrea, la cual YHVH había señalado mucho antes para destrucción (Génesis 15:16). Sin embargo, así es como obra la gracia de ADONAI. Su misericordia está disponible para todos los que la reciban, y Su gracia siempre ha estado disponible para los gentiles, incluso durante la Dispensación de la Torá: Bendeciré a los que te bendigan, y maldeciré al que te maldiga, y en ti serán benditas todas las familias de la tierra (Génesis 12:3).343

Rahab escondió a los espías y los ayudó a escapar. A cambio, pidió que ella y su familia se salvaran cuando la ciudad fuera tomada. Sus palabras a los espías nos dan una visión única de la diferencia entre el miedo y la fe. La suya no era una fe ciega. Ella estaba bien informada acerca de las hazañas de Israel. Yo se que YHVH os ha dado la tierra, y que el terror vuestro ha caído sobre nosotros, y que todos los habitantes de la tierra desfallecen ante vosotros. Porque hemos oído cómo YHVH hizo secar las aguas del Mar Rojo delante de vosotros cuando salisteis de Egipto, y lo que hicisteis a los dos reyes del amorreo allende el Jordán: a Sehón y a Og, a quienes destruisteis por completo. Y cuando lo oímos, se nos derritió el corazón, y no ha quedado más aliento en hombre alguno por causa de vosotros, porque YHVH vuestro Dios, Él solo es ’Elohim arriba en los cielos y abajo en la tierra (Josué 2:9-11). Para mostrar su fe, ató una línea de hilo escarlata en su ventana, presagiando la sangre del Mesías, así cuando los israelitas regresaron y conquistaron Jericó, Rahab y su familia estaría a salvo (Josué 2:18 y 21).

Rahab no tenía más luz que cualquier otro habitante de Jericó. Todos estaban asombrados por los milagros que Ha’Shem había realizado y estaban convencidos de que había dado Canaán a los israelitas y estaban aterrorizados. Sin embargo, a pesar de lo que sabían y temían, lucharon contra el pueblo de Dios y resistieron Su voluntad conocida. Oyeron la voz de YHVH pero rehusaron rendirse. Todos menos Rahab, ella reconoció a ADONAI como el Dios del cielo y de la tierra. Ella también escuchó la voz de Dios en los informes de lo que había hecho por su pueblo. Y en lugar de resistir, Rahab acudió a Dios en busca de refugio. Y por fe Rahab, la ramera, no pereció junto con los que no creyeron, pues acogió a los espías en paz. Por su valor fiel, Rahab no solo se salvó, sino que fue honrada. Ella se convirtió en la madre de Booz, quien se casó con Rut, la tatarabuela de David y por lo tanto ella llegó a ser antepasado de Jesús (Yeshua el Mesías). Vea el comentario sobre Rut Bd – Coda: La Genealogía de David y también vea el comentario sobre La Vida de Cristo Ai – Las genealogías de José y María.

Conocer la verdad acerca de Dios todavía provoca una de dos respuestas. Los seres humanos o lo rechazan y resisten Su voluntad, como los ciudadanos de Jericó, o se rinden y buscan refugio en Él por la fe, como lo hizo Rahab porque el justo vivirá por fe; y si retrocediere, no agradará a mi alma (Hebreos 10:38 citando Habacuc 2:4).344

Sucedió que estando Josué cerca de Jericó, levantó sus ojos y he aquí que vio a un varón en pie frente a él con su espada desenvainada en su mano. Y Josué fue hacia él y le dijo: ¿Eres tú de los nuestros o de nuestros adversarios? (Josué 5:13). Este era el mismo hombre con el que se encontró Abraham sobre las ciudades de Sodoma y Gomorra (Génesis 18:2). Era la segunda Persona de la Trinidad, el Mesías pre-encarnado sin él saber quién era. Y él dijo: No, Yo soy Príncipe del ejército de YHVH que he venido ahora. Y Josué cayó en tierra sobre su rostro y adoró, y le dijo: ¿Qué dice mi Señor a su siervo? Respondió el Príncipe del ejército de YHVH a Josué: Quita el calzado de tu pie, porque el lugar donde tú estás es santo. Y Josué hizo así (Josué 5:14),

Ahora bien, a causa de los hijos de Israel, Jericó estaba cerrada y bien atrancada. Nadie salía y nadie entraba. Entonces YHVH dijo a Josué: He aquí he entregado en tu mano a Jericó con su rey y sus hombres valerosos. Rodearéis pues la ciudad todos los varones de guerra, yendo alrededor de la ciudad una vez, y esto harás durante seis días. Y siete sacerdotes cargarán los siete cuernos del jubileo delante del Arca. Al séptimo día daréis siete vueltas a la ciudad, y los sacerdotes soplarán el shofar. Y sucederá que cuando hagan resonar con fuerza el cuerno del carnero, cuando escuchéis el sonido del shofar, todo el pueblo gritará con gran alarido, entonces la muralla de la ciudad caerá a plomo y el pueblo subirá, cada uno hacia el frente (Josué 6:1-5). Las instrucciones no tenían sentido militar, pero los israelitas actuaron según las órdenes de su Comandante invisible. Cuando se completó el séptimo circuito por fe cayeron los muros de Jericó después de ser rodeados durante siete días (11:30).345

Los muros de Jericó eran estructuras enormes y eran lo suficientemente anchos en la parte superior para que dos carros viajaran uno al lado del otro. Jericó era una ciudad fortaleza fronteriza, ubicada estratégicamente cerca de la desembocadura del río Jordán, y sus murallas estaban diseñadas para protegerla del ataque enemigo más fuerte. Jericó fue el primer obstáculo en Canaán, y desde una perspectiva humana parecía una tarea imposible para la multitud heterogénea de hebreos que habían estado vagando en círculos por el desierto durante tantos años. Su ubicación era estratégica; sus muros eran altos y gruesos, y sus soldados estaban bien entrenados y bien armados. Más tarde, Dios usaría el ejército de Israel para conquistar la Tierra Prometida, pero Su plan para Jericó era que el pueblo no hiciera nada más que unos pocos actos simbólicos para mostrarles a ellos y a los cananeos Su poder.

Una de las cosas más sorprendentes del plan de Dios fue que la gente no expresó ni una sola palabra de duda o queja. Creyeron en el informe de Josué de ADONAI, e inmediatamente comenzaron a prepararse para la marcha. Durante una semana completa, cuidadosa y fielmente marcharon, y esto fue un hito de fe en la vida de Israel.

El SEÑOR se deleita en matar el orgullo de la humanidad. El mató el orgullo de la ciudad de Jericó haciendo que los muros de la ciudad se derrumbaran de la manera más tonta posible, así como algunos años más tarde enviaría a un jovencito para matar al gigante Goliat y hacer huir a los filisteos. En la derrota de Jericó, Él también demolió cualquier orgullo que pudieran haber tenido los israelitas. Era obvio que la parte de ellos era bastante simbólica. No podían tomar absolutamente ningún crédito por sí mismos. Todo lo que Dios quería era su fe, y ellos se la dieron, porque por la fe cayeron los muros de Jericó.346

PÁGINA SIGUIENTE: La fe a través de las pruebas Cv

Volver al esquema del contenido

2022-10-15T13:55:39+00:000 Comments

Ct – La Fe de Moisés 11: 23-29

La Fe de Moisés
11: 23-29

La fe de Moisés ESCUDRIÑAR: ¿Cuál fue la base de la grandeza de Moisés? ¿Quién le enseñó acerca del Dios de Abraham, Isaac y Jacob? ¿Cómo difieren los estándares del mundo de los estándares de Dios, para evaluar la grandeza? ¿Cite algunos pasajes de la Biblia que señalan el hecho de que los placeres del pecado son solo temporales? Explique cómo Moisés consideró el vituperio de Cristo de mayor valor que los tesoros de Egipto cuando Yeshua aún no había nacido. ¿Qué significó que Moisés mirara hacia su recompensa? ¿Cuáles fueron algunas de las formas en que el Adversario trató de presionar a Moisés para que se ajustara al sistema mundial de su época? ¿Por qué Moisés no cedió ante la presión que enfrentó?

REFLEXIONAR: Cuando Moisés y los israelitas llegaron a la orilla del Mar Rojo, tuvieron que confiar en la promesa de Dios de que cruzarían con seguridad, sin ninguna seguridad visible de que pudieran lograrlo. ¿A veces le resulta difícil a usted creer en las promesas del Señor cuando no hay evidencia tangible de que se cumplirán? Si es así, memorice Segunda Corintios 5:7 y dedique algún tiempo a recordar algunos momentos de su vida en los que se han cumplido las promesas de ADONAI.329

El libro de Hebreos fue escrito para lectores judíos. En el Capítulo 11, el escritor quiere que su audiencia judía comprenda la prioridad absoluta de la fe. Eso es importante, porque en el judaísmo en este momento particular, las obras se habían convertido en el factor dominante. Entonces, el punto que el escritor está mostrando es que el Brit Hadashah (Capítulos 1-10) sólo es recibido por fe, y no por obras. A ADONAI no se pueden acercar por obras, ni siquiera a través de los sacrificios levíticos. Solo puede acercase por la fe simple: creer en Él y creyendo en Él aparte de cualquier obra personal. Salvación = fe + nada.

Los justos del TaNaJ ya nos han mostrado mucha fe: Abel nos mostró la obediencia de la fe; Enoc nos mostró cómo caminar por fe; Abraham nos mostró la peregrinación de la fe; Isaac, Jacob y José nos mostraron la victoria de la fe frente a la muerte, y ahora consideraremos a Moisés quien nos mostrará las opciones de fe.

Las decisiones correctas se toman sobre la base de la fe. A menudo no podemos ver las consecuencias de nuestras elecciones. El adversario trata de hacer que su camino parezca atractivo y bueno, y que el camino de Dios parezca duro e imposible. Cuando conocemos la voluntad de Dios en algún asunto, debemos elegirla por fe. Podemos tener confianza en nuestra elección porque sabemos que es la voluntad de Dios, incluso antes de ver los resultados. La voluntad de Dios es la única razón que necesitamos. Cuando escogemos el camino de Dios, nos ponemos el escudo de la fe, y las tentaciones de satanás son desviadas (Efesios 6:16).

Lo contrario de elegir el camino de Dios es elegir el camino tentador; y no creerle a Dios es creer al diablo. Sólo hay dos clases de alimento espiritual. Hay comida de ángel y comida de diablo, y si no está comiendo una, está comiendo la otra. Siempre que pecamos, le creemos al antiguo dragón; creemos que su camino es mejor que el de Dios. Cuando pecamos creemos en el padre de la mentira (Juan 8:44) por encima de nuestro Señor y Salvador Yeshua el Mesías.

Moisés vivió la mayor parte de su vida, antes de la entrega de la Torá en el Monte Sinaí. Pero incluso antes de que la Torá hubiera sido entregada en el Monte Sinaí, él creía en YHVH y vivía por fe, no por obras. Ninguna persona en la Biblia, aparte de Jesús, representa mejor que Moisés el poder de tomar la decisión correcta. Sus decisiones fueron correctas porque su fe era correcta. El siempre estará asociado con la entrega de la Torá, de hecho, a menudo se la conoce como la Torá de Moisés. Pero él era un hombre que vivía por fe, esa fue la clave de su vida. Él estableció un gran estándar para nosotros en las elecciones que debe hacer la verdadera fe. Porque el justo vivirá por fe (Hebreos 10:38 citando Habacuc 2:4).

Debido a que los judíos reverenciaban a Moisés como una de las figuras más respetadas en el TaNaJ, mostrar que él vivía por fe y no por los sacrificios levíticos, era uno de los argumentos más poderosos posibles para convencer a aquellos judíos a quienes les estaba escribiendo que Yeshua era en verdad el Mesías, y que el único camino a YHVH era por la fe.330

La fe acepta el plan de Dios: Por fe Moisés, después de nacer, fue escondido tres meses por sus padres, porque lo vieron niño hermoso, y no temieron el decreto del rey (11:23). En Éxodo 2:2 dice: La mujer concibió y dio a luz un hijo, y viendo que era hermoso, lo escondió tres meses. Ellos creyeron que ADONAI tenía un plan especial para su hijo. Para detener la explosión demográfica entre los esclavos hebreos en Egipto, Tutmosis I dio la orden de que todos los bebés varones hebreos fueran ahogados en el Nilo. Pero ellos no temieron el decreto del rey (faraón), y para proteger a su hijo recién nacido, primero lo escondieron durante tres meses y luego lo pusieron en una canasta impermeable y lo colocaron en el Nilo cerca del lugar donde se bañaba la hija del faraón, Hatshepsut. Él fue encontrado por la princesa y llevado para ser criado como su propio hijo. Sin embargo, Miriam, la hermana de Moisés, estaba observando y persuadió a la princesa para que dejara que una de las mujeres hebreas amamantara al bebé. Miriam, por supuesto, llevó el recién nacido a su madre, quien pudo criar a su propio hijo (vea el comentario sobre Éxodo Ak – Un hombre de la casa de Leví se casó con una mujer levita).

Y el niño creció, y ella lo llevó a la hija de Faraón y llegó a ser su hijo, y llamó su nombre Moisés, y dijo: En verdad lo he sacado de las aguas (Éxodo 2:10). La edad normal de destete de un niño en el antiguo Egipto era de cinco años. Nuestra autoimagen se establece a la edad de cinco años; por lo tanto, cuando Jocabed lo llevó a la hija de Faraón para que se convirtiera en su hijo, su judaísmo ya era parte de su personalidad. El nunca olvidaría sus raíces y sería la base de una decisión que cambiaría su vida y que él tomaría treinta y cinco años después (2:11-12). Por lo tanto, después de ser destetado a los cinco años, fue adoptado legalmente por Hatshepsut, para ser criado como su hijo en la corte real de Egipto.

Tratar de mejorar el plan de Dios es más arrogante que tomar un rotulador e intentar mejorar la Mona Lisa. Nuestros garabatos no harían más que arruinar la obra maestra. ADONAI necesita nuestra obediencia, no nuestra ayuda; nuestra confianza, no nuestro consejo. La fe obra a pesar de la adversidad y la fe acepta el plan de Dios.331

La Fe Rechaza el prestigio del Mundo: Por cuarenta años Moisés había sido el príncipe de Egipto, la sociedad más rica, culta y avanzada de esa época. Por lo tanto, él era muy educado y hábil, además de ser parte de la corte real. Y Moisés fue instruido en toda sabiduría de los egipcios, y era poderoso en sus palabras y en hechos (Hechos 7:22). Disfrutó de todo lo que Egipto tenía para ofrecer. Sin embargo, su entrenamiento en Egipto nunca embotó su conocimiento de la esperanza de Israel y de las promesas de ADONAI.

Cuando Moisés llegó a la edad de cuarenta años, se enfrentó a una decisión crucial. Él tuvo que decidir entre convertirse en un egipcio de pleno derecho, con absoluta lealtad y sin reservas, o unirse a su propio pueblo, Israel. El factor decisivo fue la fe. Por fe Moisés, ya grande, rehusó ser llamado hijo de la hija de Faraón (Hebreos 11:24), y en Éxodo 2:11 dice: Sucedió en aquellos días que, siendo ya mayor, Moisés salió a sus hermanos y observó su servidumbre. Vio también a un egipcio que azotaba a un hebreo de entre sus hermanos. En el mundo, la fama siempre trae una cierta cantidad de honor y Moisés estaba en la cima de la pirámide egipcia, por así decirlo. Desde una perspectiva mundana, estaba sacrificando todo por nada; pero desde una perspectiva espiritual, sacrificaba nada por todo. Antes de que el misionero Jim Elliot fuera asesinado por los indios quechuas de Ecuador, escribió en su diario: “No es tonto quien renuncia a lo que no puede conservar para ganar lo que no puede perder”. Las cosas que el mundo considera grandes no tienen nada que ver con lo que YHVH considera grandes. Moisés se unió gustosamente al pueblo escogido de Dios, aunque eran esclavos, antes que aprovecharse del prestigio y privilegios de Egipto.

De alguna manera Moisés sabía que los esclavos hebreos eran a los que ADONAI usaría para traer al Mesías judío, quien en Su Segunda Venida establecería un Reino mucho más grande que el del imperio egipcio. Así que fue un acto consciente por parte de Moisés. Intuitivamente conocía el programa de Dios. Sabía que Dios iba a usar a Israel y los sacaría de Egipto, y también sabía que él era el instrumento a ser usado. Quizás esto fue de su propia madre porque ella reconoció que él era un instrumento especial de Dios.350

La fe rechaza el placer del mundo: Una vez que Moisés supo que Ha’Shem lo había llamado para ser el redentor de Israel, escogió antes padecer aflicción con el pueblo de Dios, que tener el gozo temporal del pecado (11:25). Pero fue su elección, podía obedecer o desobedecer. Desobedecer tenía muchos atractivos, entre otras cosas, los placeres del pecado habrían sido mucho más fáciles y disfrutables a corto plazo. Ya es bastante difícil dejar de buscar cosas mundanas. Es aún más difícil renunciar a ellas una vez que las tiene, y Moisés tenía muchas cuando tenía cuarenta años. Tenía la mejor comida, la mejor vivienda, la mejor recreación, lo mejor de todo lo que Egipto tenía para ofrecer.

Alguien puede estar convencido de que el pecado a menudo es divertido, pero será solo por una temporada (Job 20:5, 21:7-13; Salmo 37; Santiago 5:5-6). Puede alimentar nuestro orgullo, satisfacer deseos físicos y ofrecer muchos otros placeres. Pero siempre es malo y siempre es fugaz. Así que no importa cuán temporalmente satisfactorio pueda ser, su satisfacción está destinada a desvanecerse. Sin embargo, parece que las personas mundanas son, en la superficie, exitosas, famosas, ricas y saludables en todas las formas imaginables. Por otro lado, muchos de los más fieles a Dios son pobres, enfermizos, fracasados en los negocios y ridiculizados. Si queremos preguntar como Jeremías: ¿Por qué prosperan los malvados, Y los traidores viven en paz? (Jeremías 12:1b), entonces el salmista responde cuando dice: Entonces ¿en vano he limpiado mi corazón, Y lavado mis manos en inocencia? Pues he sido azotado todo el día, Y mi castigo viene cada mañana. Si dijera yo: Hablaré como ellos, He aquí, a la generación de tus hijos sería infiel. Meditaba pues para entender esto, Y resultaba ardua tarea ante mis ojos. Hasta que entrando en el Santuario de Dios, Percibí el fin de ellos. Ciertamente los has puesto en deslizaderos, Y harás que caigan en la destrucción (Salmo 73:13-18).

Por lo tanto, Moisés escogiendo antes padecer aflicción con el pueblo de Dios, que tener el gozo temporal del pecado (11:25), rechazó su cargo en Egipto, una posición que le hubiera requerido contradecir el llamado de Dios en su vida y cometer el pecado de desobediencia. Pero lo dejó todo atrás. YHVH nos ha llamado a la santidad y a rechazar el pecado. La obediencia no siempre es fácil, pero al final el pecado es mucho, muchísimo más costoso. El camino de Dios no es solo para Su propio honor sino para nuestro propio bien. El camino de Satanás es para su honor y nuestro detrimento.333

La fe rechaza la abundancia del mundo: Moisés había sido un príncipe en Egipto durante cuarenta años, viviendo en uno de los palacios más lujosos de la historia humana. La palabra lujoso proviene de la ciudad de Luxor, donde Moisés se crió en el palacio del faraón.considerando mayor riqueza el vituperio del Mesías que los tesoros de Egipto, porque tenía la mirada puesta en el galardón (11:26). La palabra consideró (griego: hegeomai) implica un pensamiento cuidadoso, no una decisión rápida). Cristo proviene del griego: Christos o el Ungido. Como el apóstol Pablo (rabino Saulo) dijo: ¡cuántas cosas que eran para mí ganancias, las he estimado como pérdida por amor al Mesías! (Filipenses 3:7), antes también Moisés rechazó el poder y la riqueza de Egipto. Es decir, Moisés sufrió deshonra por causa de Cristo, el Ungido, porque se identificó con el pueblo y el propósito del Mesías mucho antes de que naciera Jesucristo. Pero, ¿cómo podría ser eso si Moisés vivió casi 1500 años antes de Cristo? No sabemos cuánto sabía Moisés sobre el futuro gran Libertador de Dios. Pero él tenía mucha más luz que Abraham, y Yeshua nos dice claramente que Abraham vuestro padre se regocijó de que vería Mi día, y lo vio y se alegró (Juan 8:56). De la misma manera, Moisés se regocijó ante la idea de ver a Jesucristo.334

Es fundamental que se mantenga enfocado en el plan de Dios para usted no en su dolor o problema. Así soportó Yeshua el dolor de la cruz, y nosotros somos llamados a seguir Su ejemplo: mantenga puestos los ojos en Jesús, el Autor y Consumador de la fe; el cual, por el gozo puesto delante de Él, soportó la cruz (Hebreos 12:2a). Corrie ten Boom, que sufrió en un campo de exterminio nazi, explicó el poder de la concentración: “Si miras al mundo, estarás angustiado. Si miras dentro, estarás deprimido. Pero si miras a Cristo, ¡descansa!” Su enfoque determinará sus sentimientos.

El secreto de la perseverancia es recordar que su dolor es temporal pero su recompensa será eterna. Moisés soportó una vida de problemas porque tenía la mirada puesta en el galardón (11:26b). El apóstol Pablo (rabino Saulo) soportó las dificultades de la misma manera. Él dijo: Porque esta leve tribulación momentánea, produce en nosotros un cada vez más excelente y eterno peso de gloria (Segunda Corintios 4:17). No se rinda al pensamiento a corto plazo, manténgase enfocado en el resultado final: Y si hijos, también herederos: por una parte, herederos de Dios, y por la otra, coherederos con el Mesías, ya que juntamente padecemos para que juntamente seamos glorificados. Pues considero que los sufrimientos del tiempo presente no son dignos de ser comparados con la gloria venidera que va a ser revelada en nosotros (Romanos 8:17-18).335

Por la fe Moisés rechazó la presión del mundo: Por fe dejó Egipto, no temiendo la ira del rey, y se sostuvo como viendo al Invisible (11:27). Cuarenta años después de que Moisés fuera llevado a la casa del faraón, Thutmosis III había tomado el control del trono porque Hatshepsut, la madre adoptiva de Moisés, había muerto. Fue el cuarto faraón de la Dinastía XVIII y creció odiando a Hatshepsut y a cualquiera asociado con ella (para conocer los detalles de esto vea el comentario sobre Éxodo Ak- Un hombre de la casa de Levi se casó con una mujer levita). No solo era Moisés el hijo adoptivo de Hatshepsut, sino que también era de la realeza y heredero indirecto del trono. Mientras Hatshepsut estaba viva, Moisés estaba en buenas manos. Pero después de la muerte de ella, Moisés ya no contó con la protección de su madre adoptiva. Por lo tanto, Thutmosis III emprendió una campaña para matarlo.

Tutmosis III fue quizás el más grande de todos los llamados faraones guerreros. Evidentemente emprendió diecisiete campañas victoriosas. Este faraón era general y un líder natural. Tomó decisiones militares impopulares que resultaron ser correctas. Planificó su ataque de tal manera que siempre tuviera el terreno elevado y dejara a su enemigo en desventaja. De hecho, Tutmosis III ha sido llamado el Napoleón del Antiguo Egipto, y fue temido tanto dentro como fuera de la tierra de Egipto.

La afirmación de que Moisés no temía a Thutmosis III parece ser una contradicción (vea el comentario sobre Éxodo Al – Moisés huyó del faraón y se fue a vivir a Madián). El relato del Éxodo parecería implicar que Moisés salió de Egipto porque tenía miedo del Faraón Guerrero; sin embargo, una lectura más atenta deja claro que Moisés salió de Egipto porque fue rechazado por su propio pueblo cuando le dijo: ¿Quién te ha puesto como príncipe y juez sobre nosotros? ¿Piensas acaso asesinarme como asesinaste al egipcio? Entonces Moisés tuvo temor, y dijo: ¡Ciertamente el asunto ha sido descubierto! (Éxodo 2:14)?336 Pero él sabía que tenía un medio de apoyo invisible pero poderoso. Por fe dejó Egipto, no temiendo la ira del rey, y se sostuvo como viendo al Invisible (11:27). Sabía que, sin importar lo que sucediera, lo que sea que tuviera que enfrentar, sería sostenido, fortalecido y recompensado. El creyó como David: YHVH es mi luz y mi salvación, ¿De quién temeré? YHVH es la fortaleza de mi vida, ¿de quién he de atemorizarme? (Salmo 27:1) Moisés era el tipo de hombre que era porque eligió enfocar su mirada en Dios en lugar de hacerlo en el faraón. Sin embargo, ¿cuántas veces nos derrumbamos o retrocedemos ante una amenaza mucho menor? La Fe rechaza la presión del mundo, sea cual sea.337

La Fe acepta la Provisión de Dios: Por fe celebró la pascua y el rociamiento de la sangre, para que el que destruía a los primogénitos no los tocara a ellos (11:28 y Éxodo 12:1-30). La palabra griega celebró es la traducción de poieo, que significa instituir. Este verbo está en el tiempo perfecto que habla aquí del significado continuo de la pascua (Pesaj); no es que se vea como una institución permanente, pues no lo es, siendo sólo una sombra de la Realidad a la que apuntaba. Su importancia, sin embargo, está en el tipo de sangre: la sangre superior del Mesías que es de valor permanente. Porque es imposible que la sangre de toros y de machos cabríos pueda quitar pecados (Hebreos 10:4).338

Moisés celebró la pascua (vea el comentario sobre Éxodo Bv – La Pascua en Egipto). La décima y última plaga que Dios envió sobre los egipcios fue la plaga de los primogénitos (vea el comentario sobre Éxodo Bu – Traeré una plaga más sobre Faraón). Para proteger a los israelitas de esta plaga se instituyó Pesaj: tomarán de la sangre y la pondrán sobre las dos jambas y el dintel de las casas en que lo coman (Éxodo 12:7). Obviamente, la sangre en sí misma no tenía poder para alejar al ángel de la muerte, pero ponerla allí como el SEÑOR lo había ordenado fue un acto de fe. La sangre simbolizaba el sacrificio del Mesías por el cual Él conquistó la muerte para todos los que creen en Él. El pueblo de Israel, incluyendo a Moisés, no entendieron el significado completo de la ceremonia, pero sabían que era parte del plan de Dios. Él lo exigió y ellos obedecieron. Moisés aceptó la provisión de Dios. La Fe siempre acepta la provisión de Dios, no importa lo extraña y sin sentido que pueda parecer a nuestro finito entendimiento humano.

Cuando un creyente acepta a Jesucristo por fe, él o ella acepta la provisión de Dios para la salvación. Para el mundo, las buenas obras parecen una forma mucho mejor de agradar a Dios que la fe. Pero el camino del mundo no es el camino de Dios. Para Él, todos nosotros somos como cosa impura, Y nuestra justicia como trapo de menstruo. Todos nosotros nos marchitamos como hojas, Y la mano de nuestras iniquidades nos arrastra como el viento (Isaías 64:6). La fe acepta toda la justicia de Yeshua transferida a nuestra cuenta bancaria espiritual (vea el comentario sobre La vida de Cristo Bw – Lo que Dios hace por nosotros en el momento de la fe). Este es el camino de ADONAI y por lo tanto el camino de la fe.339

La fe acepta la promesa de Dios: Por fe cruzaron el mar Rojo como por tierra seca, e intentándolo los egipcios, fueron sumergidos (Hebreos 11:29 y Éxodo 14:1 a 15:21) (vea el comentario sobre Éxodo Ch – El SEÑOR peleará por ti, solo necesitas estar quieto). Finalmente, la fe acepta la promesa de Dios. Cuando Moisés y los israelitas llegaron al Mar Rojo, Thutmosis III y su ejército no se quedaron atrás. Por todo lo que los israelitas podían ver, estaban atrapados, no había escapatoria. Al principio, el pueblo se desanimó y se quejó sarcásticamente dijeron a Moisés: ¿Por no haber sepulcros en Egipto nos tomaste para morir en el desierto? ¿Qué es esto que nos has hecho al sacarnos de Egipto? (Éxodo 14:11)? Pero se animaron de nuevo cuando Moisés respondió al pueblo: ¡No temáis! ¡Estad firmes y ved la salvación de YHVH que Él hace hoy por vosotros, porque los egipcios que visteis hoy, no los volveréis a ver nunca más! YHVH luchará por vosotros, y vosotros quedaos quietos (Éxodo 14:13-14). Así que por un tiempo ellos confiaron en Dios, y por la fe atravesaron el Mar Rojo en seco (vea el comentario sobre Éxodo Ci – Las aguas se dividieron y los israelitas atravesaron el mar por tierra seca).

La fe toma a Dios en Su palabra y es victoria para nosotros. Nuestra carne niega la palabra de Dios o trata de destruirla. Los egipcios repetidamente endurecieron sus corazones hacia YHVH y confiaron en su propia sabiduría y se ahogaron. La prueba de la fe es confiar en ADONAI cuando todo lo que tenemos son Sus promesas. Cuando las aguas se amontonan a nuestro alrededor y los problemas y peligros están a punto de abrumarnos, es cuando se prueba la fe y cuando el Señor se complace especialmente en mostrarnos Su fidelidad, Su amor y Su poder.

En cada decisión de nuestras vidas, elegimos cumplir la voluntad de Dios y estar llenos del Ruaj Ha-Kodesh, o elegimos cumplir nuestra propia voluntad y apagar el Espíritu. Cuando creamos verdaderamente en ADONAI, sabremos que en todo Él tiene en Su corazón nuestro mejor interés, y nosotros siempre lo elegiremos a Él.340

PÁGINA SIGUIENTE: La fe de Rahab en Jericó Cu  

Volver al esquema del contenido

2022-10-15T13:50:25+00:000 Comments
Go to Top